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previously acquired.
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(і) Perception
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"The stimuli are received through the sensory organs namely eyes,
ears, nose, mouth and skin and sorted out by the brain and stored as
information."20 Perception helps to explain why different individuals
respond differently to the same stimuli under the same conditions. The
marketing company may provide stimulus to consumers through the
design, colour, shape, smell, taste, package and quality of product.
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Perceptions are being formed by the individual all the time and are
stored for future references. These stored perceptions are considered by
the individual when they take any consumption decision. Therefore it is
not the product, but it is the perception about a product that matters in
consumer behaviour. Perception is a vital factor for the success of the
product or service in the market. Hence, it is important for the marketing
executives to study how perceptions are formed and how they can be
changed.
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(іі) Motives
Motives are driving force within each person that impels him to a
particular action. "Marketers should identify as to which motive is
implying consumer for a specific behaviour."22 Motives can be classified
into following four major categories:
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(ііі) Attitudes
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someone or something.
which they interact. Learning plays a key role in attitude formation. Thus,
for attitude formation, marketers have to consider all those factors from
which a consumer learns. The formation of consumer’s attitudes is
strongly influenced by personal experience, the influence of family and
friends, direct marketing and mass media. Apart from these factors,
individual’s personality make up is also responsible for shaping his
attitudes.
(іv) Learning
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behaviour are changed and new ones are developed. Learning involves
reasoning, thinking, information processing and perception.
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Cues: Cues are weak stimuli which determine when, where and
rid of thirst.
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(v) Personality
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(vі) Beliefs
marketing perspective, the belief that the consumer has about a brand is
it. Marketing managers must attempt to study the beliefs that people carry
in their heads about their products and brands. Beliefs are helpful in
must ensure that consumers have all relevant and correct information
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(i) Income
but from the marketers’ view point disposable and discretionary incomes
are important.
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(іі) Education
to read articles and bulletins and obtain more information on the products
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(ііі) Lifestyle
spend time and money and how his or her values and tastes are reflected
opinions. "Lifestyle portrays the 'whole person' interacting with his or her
may lead quite different lifestyles. For instance, one consumer might like
into groups on the basis of the things they like to do, how they like to
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TABLE I-1
Lifestyle Dimensions
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(iii) Full Nest I Young married In the full nest-I the parents will
couple with give priority to their children by
children spending amount on their clothes,
food and medical expenses.
(v) Empty Nest Older married In the empty nest stage the
couples with no expenditure of a family is health
children living oriented. Large portion of income is
with them spent on maintaining good health,
travelling, exercising and
volunteering.
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falling sharply at the older married or older single stages." 36 Family life
Social Factors
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the family. The family is dynamic in nature and is always updating and
learning.
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strategies.
Reference groups can take many forms, and individuals can belong
to a variety of groups. When an individual is recognized as a member of a
group and has achieved acceptance status in that group, than such a group
is termed as membership group. Membership groups consist of primary
and secondary groups. The greatest influence and impact is exerted by
primary groups. The family, friends, peer groups, and co-workers are the
example of primary groups with whom a person interacts continuously
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Cultural Factors
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"Culture has a profound effect on why and how people buy and
(ііі) Sub-Culture
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India is well known for its rich culture. Great diversity of sub-
cultures is found in India. For instance, religion can serve as a parameter
to distinguish sub-cultures in India such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity
etc. Hinduism is further divided into various castes and each caste has its
own culture. Sub-cultures are important for marketing mangers, because
they represent groups of people with distinct values, customs and
purchasing pattern.
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Inputs
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Stimuli display
Intention Purchase
Significative
a. Quality
b. Price
c. Distinctive Confidence
d. Service Overt
e. Availability search Intention
Symbolic
a. Quality
b. Price Attitude
c. Distinctive Attitude
d. Service
e. Availability Stimulus
ambiguity
Social
Brand Brand
a. Family
Motives Compre- Comprehension
b.Reference
hension
groups
c. Social class
Choice
Criteria
Attention Attention
Percept-
ual bias
Perceptual Constructs
The central part of the model deals with the psychological variables
involved when the consumer is contemplating a decision. Perceptual
constructs are concerned with how the consumer perceives information
acquired from the input stimuli and other parts of the model. The
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perceptual bias. Stimulus ambiguity may happen when the consumer does
not understand the message from the environment. Perceptual bias occurs
if the consumer distorts the information received so that it fits his/her
established needs or experience.
Learning Constructs
Outputs
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Field one is divided into two subfields. The firm’s attributes and
the consumer’s attributes. The first subfield deals with the firm’s
attributes and communication efforts that affect consumer attitudes.
Advertising message which is sent from the firm will reach the
consumer’s attributes. Sub-field two includes consumer’s attributes and
predisposition. The firm’s message influences the predisposition of the
consumer towards the product or service. Through this message the
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consumer develops certain attitude towards the product and this newly
The output of field two (motivation) becomes the input for third
field. The third field covers the transformation of the motivation into the
act of purchase. It represents the consumer’s motivation towards the
firm’s product which results in actual purchase of the product.
Field 4: Feedback
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System-1 System-2
Id Super Ego
(Basic, instinctive, (Internal expression of
needs, desires, Society`s values and
GRATIFICATION impulses that demand Ideas, the moral
immediate conscience arm of
gratification) personality)
System-3
Ego
(individual`s conscious control,
Internal monitor to balance the
impulsive demands of the Id and
restraints put by the super Ego
Figure I-3: The inter-relation between the ‘id; ‘super ego’ and ‘ego’
systems of personality.
(Source: Suja R. Nair, Consumer Behaviour, First edition, Himalaya Publishing House,
New Delhi, 2012, p. 104.)
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completely aware of his needs and has perfect information of the market,
products and services, their prices and utility. Price is considered to be the
they buy can be influenced by the culture they grew up in, by their family,
by their social status, by the groups they belong to and by the people they
influenced by the family, reference groups, social class, culture and sub-
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Family is the most influential primary group. "The members of the family
play different role such as influencer, decider, purchaser and user in the
and life styles and by changing his perception and attitudes towards
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E. ENVIRONMENT OF CONSUMPTION
The state of Rajasthan is located in the north western part of India.
It is the largest state of India from viewpoint of area. Its total area is 3.42
lakh sq.kms, which is equivalent to about 10.41% area of India. From
administrative point of view the state has been divided into seven
divisions and 33 districts. Jaipur is the capital of the state of Rajasthan.
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TABLE I-2
Working Women Population in Rajasthan (2011)
1 2 3 4 5
1. Jaipur 31,57,671 7,49,946 23.75
2. Dausa 7,76,622 2,86,344 36.87
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The role of Indian women has changed dramatically over the last
few decades. “Women in India have come a long way from just a skilled
homemaker who has today acquired skills and capabilities of not just
being a homemaker but being at par with their male counterparts.”58
Changes are taking place in the perception of the role of women in
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REFERENCES
3. Hutt, Max L., Isaacson, Robert L. and Blum, Milton L., Psychology: The
Science of Interpersonal Behaviour (Harper & Row, New York, 1996), p. 16.
9. Blackwell, Roger D., Miniard, Paul W. and Engel, James F., Consumer
Behaviour, ninth edition (Thomson South-Western: The Dryden Press, 2003),
p. 6.
10. Kothari, R.K., Mehta, Anil and Sharma, A.K., Marketing Management, third
edition (Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur, 2009), p. 4.3.
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13. Batra, Satish K. and Kazmi, S.H.H., Consumer Behaviour: Text and Cases,
first edition (Excel Books, New Delhi, 2004), p. 12.
15. Solomon, Michael R., Consumer Behaviour: Buying, Having and Being, sixth
edition (Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., Indian Branch, New Delhi, 2005), p. 27.
16. Nair, Suja R., Consumer Behaviour, first edition (Himalaya Publishing House,
Mumbai, 2012), p. 16.
19. Schiffman, Leon G. and Kanuk, Leslie Lazar, op. cit., p. 211.
21. Berelson, Bernard and Steiner, Gray A., Human Behaviour: An Inventory of
Scientific Findings (Harcourt, Brace and World, New York, 2004), p. 240.
22. Kothari, R.K., Mehta, Anil and Sharma, A.K., op. cit., p. 4.10.
23. Petty, Richard E., Unnava, H. Rao and Strathman, Alan J., "Theories of
Attitude Change" in eds. Thomas S. Robertson and Harold H. Kassarfian,
Handbook of Consumer Behaviour (Prentice-Hall, New York, 1991).
24. Krech, David, Crutchfield, Richard S. and Ballachey, Egerton L., Individual in
Society (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004), Ch. 2.
26. Schiffman, Leon G. and Kanuk, Leslie Lazar, op. cit., p. 218.
27. Prasad, L. M., Organisational Behaviour, fourth edition (Sultan Chand &
Sons, New Delhi, 2006), p. 107.
28. Wilkie, William L., Consumer Behaviour (John Willy and Sons, New York,
1990), p. 150.
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29. Blackwell, Roger D., Miniard, Paul W. and Engel, James F., op. cit., p. 212.
31. Kothari, R.K., Mehta, Anil and Sharma, A.K., op. cit., p. 4.13
34. Hoyer, Wayne D. and MacInnis, Deborah J., op. cit., p. 384.
35. Blackwell, Roger D., Miniard, Paul W and Engel James F., op. cit., p. 372.
36. Wilkes, Robert E., “Household Life-cycle stages, Transitions, and Product
expenditures”, (Journal of Consumer Research, June 1995), p. 27-40.
37. Blackwell, Roger D, Miniard, Paul W. and Engel, James F., op. cit., p. 360.
43. Blackwell, Roger D., Miniard , Paul W. and Engel, James F., op.cit., p.320.
44. Schiffman, Leon G. and Kanuk, Leslie Lazar, op. cit., p. 442.
45. Blackwell, Roger D., Miniard, Paul W. and Engel, James F., op. cit., p. 346.
46. Hoyer, Wayne D. and MacInnis, Deborah J., op. cit., p. 334.
48. Kothari, R.K., Mehta, Anil and Sharma, A.K., op. cit., p. 4.16.
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49. Blackwell, Roger D. Miniard, Paul W. and Engel, James F. op. cit., p. 72.
53. Schiifman, Leon G. and Kanuk, Leslie Lazar, op. cit., p. 137.
54. Marshall, Alfred, Principles of Economics (London: McMillan and Co., 1991.)
55. Kothari, R.K., Mehta, Anil and Sharma, A.K., op. cit., p. 4.19.
59. Nair, Suja R., Consumer Behaviour in Indian Perspective: Text and Cases,
second edition (Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 2013), p. 153.
60. Miglani, Surinder Kr., “Indian Women’s Buying Behaviour and Their Values
for the Market” (VSRD International Journal of Business and Management
Research; vol. 1 (3) 2011), p. 159-163.
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