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Environmental assessment of air pollution in Khartoum

North thermal power generation

1. Air pollution:
1.1 Introduction:
the behaviors of the main air pollutants emitted from coal
and oil fired power station .there have been major change in
the last 25 years in the measured level of air pollutants, in
the methods available for monitoring such pollutants, and
attitudes and legislation concerning them . At start of this
period, the clean air act of 1956 was introduced in the UK to
control traditional pollutant from combustion of coal by
industry and domestic user.

In 1991 the scene is more complex, for example. The motor car is now a
major polluter and pollution issues have to be tacked on a global scale.
Such issues are now covered by the Environmental protection act (1990).
(1.Associated Plant. (1981). Modern Station Practice, Chemistry and
Metallurgy,
Volume E, Chapter ONE, 5rd Editions Published by PERG MON Press
Oxford. NewYork.Seoul.Tokyo)

Hundred-sixteen years later, coal burning was prohibited in London; and

In 1306, Edward I issued a royal proclamation enjoining the use of sea coal
In furnaces. Elizabeth I barred the burning of coal in London when
Parliament was in session. The repeated necessity for such royal action
Would seem to indicate that coal continued to be burned despite these
Edicts. By 1661 the pollution of London had become bad enough to prompt
John Evelyn to submit a brochure "Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of
The Are, and Smoke of London Dissipated (together with some remedies
Humbly proposed)" to King Charles II and Parliament. This brochure has
Been reprinted and is recommended to students of air pollution (1). It
Proposes means of air pollution control that are still viable in the twentieth
Century.
The principal industries associated with the production of air pollution
In the centuries preceding the Industrial Revolution were metallurgy,
ceramics,
And preservation of animal products. In the bronze and iron ages,
Villages were exposed to dust and fumes from many sources. Native copper
And gold were forged, and clay was baked and glazed to form pottery and
Bricks before 4000 BC Iron were in common use and leather was tanned
Before 1000 BC. Most of the methods of modern metallurgy were known
Before AD 1. They relied on charcoal rather than coal or coke. However,
Coal was mined and used for fuel before AD 1000, although it was not made
Into coke until about 1600; and coke did not enter metallurgical practice
Significantly until about 1700. These industries and their effluents as they
Existed before 1556 are best described in the book "De Re Metallica"
published
In that year by Georg Bauer, known as Georgius Agricola (Fig. 1-
1). this book was translated into English and published in 1912 by Herbert
Clark Hoover and his wife (2).
(14 march1909-17april1992 Fundamentals of Air Pollution, THIRD
EDITION
RICH.W.BOUBEL,DONALD.L.FOX,D.BRUCE.TURNER,ARTHURC.ST
ERN).
In accordance with clean air act, the U.S. Environmental protection Agency
(EPA) will propose new limits on emissions of hazardous air pollutants
released to the atmosphere from large power plant that burn coal and oil
to generate electricity for sale. EPA will issue the proposed rule by March
16/2011 as required by a court settlement (US District court consent
Decree 2010). The proposal will establish, for the first time, federal limits
on emissions of hazardous air pollutants from coal and oil-fired power
plant. Commonly abbreviated as HAPs, hazardous air pollutants are
chemical pollutants that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other
serious health effects, such as reproductive problem or birth defects and
the adversely affect the environment. At this time, EPA has identified 187
chemical pollutants as HAPs (USEPA 2010c).
Known formally as the national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants for utility boilers, this rule will apply
to all coal- and oil fired combustion units that generate more
than 25 megawatts of electricity. The new limits are to be
based on the emissions performance of the maximum
available control technology (MACT).According to the clean
air act; the MACT standards for existing sources are to be at
least as stringent as average emissions achieved by the best
performing 12 percent of existing sources. For new sources,
MACT standards are to be at least as stringent as the control
level achieved by the best controlled similar source. The set
of regulations and impending limits for electric generating
stations is known as the “utility air toxic rule “. Unlike most
industry sectors, coal – fired power plants are currently
subject to the federal limits on mercury and other HAP
emissions.
The American lung association commissioned environmental
health & engineering, inc. to prepare this report on HAPs and
power plants that generate electricity by burning coal. The
report is intended to be a resource for the non-scientific
community that summarizes:
 Releases of HAPs to the atmosphere from combustion
of coal (i.e., emissions)
 How these substances are transported and where they
end up in the environment (i.e., transport and fate).
 Hazards posed by these HAPs and their impacts on
human health and the environment (i.e., toxicity and
impact).
 Controls on releases of HAPs and the likely implications
of more widespread use on coal – fired power plants
(i.e., air pollution control technologies and their
benefits).
 ceramic and animal
(March 7-2011ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
&ENGINEERING 117 FORTH AVENUE).
Environmental monitoring can be defined as the
systematic sampling of air, water soil, and biota in
order to observe and study the environment as well to
 derive knowledge from this process monitoring can be
conducted for a number of purpose including to
establish environmental base line, trends and
cumulative effects to test environmental modeling
processes, to educate the public about environmental
conditions, to inform policy design and decision-
making to ensure compliance with environmental
regulations, to assess the effects of anthropogenic
influences, or to conduct an inventory of natural
resources.
1.2 objectives:
 Monitoring the gases emission on the environment.
 To address potential environmental problems at an early
stage.
 To suggest the corrective actions if needed.
1.3 work plan:
 first step:
 Site history, information and description.

(Project manager-legal plan-climatic conditions).

 Maps

(Building, reviewed aerial, photographs of the site).

 Second step:
 Visiting the site and identify the pollutant and
monitoring places

1.4 Methodologies:
 Identify appropriate point for the reading in the
selected location after reviewing the map or visiting.
 Read the identified parameters for the different
location as mentioned.
  1.5 Financial evaluation:
 Economical and Feasibility Studies will be done of air
pollution for the power plant and for environment of
air pollution to show possibility environment and reuse
of this air reduce cost of production avoid
contamination of Khartoum north era.

1.6Developments following the clean air act of 1956:

In the mid 1960.much air pollution monitoring in the Britain
was at fixed site set up to measure the contributions from
individual work in their immediate surrounding. Dust full,
smoke and sulphur dioxide were seen as the main items of
concern.

1.7The present situation.

Today, local pollution from individual works and in towns
may still be monitored at a limited number of sites. At some
sites this is to follow trends, at others to demonstrate
compliance European community directives and some are
used for studies in to any residual air pollution related health
effects.

1.8Emissions:
The emissions of individual pollutants from power station
chimney are not monitored continuously, but intermittent
analyses are made.

1.9flue gas constituents:

An approximate composition of the stack gases from modern
British coal fired power station.
2.0Rates of emission and dispersal of pollutants:
The effects at ground level depend on how the plume from
the stack disperses and not on gas composition as such.
Ground level concentrations are proportional to the rate of
emission divided by the square of the effective height of
discharge. This height includes the buoyant rise of the waste
gases due to their excess temperature over that of the
ambient air.

2.1legal controls applied to emissions:

The legal control of emissions from large above 50 MW
thermal power a station is administered by HM in spec orate
of pollution.

2.2emission trends:
The annual rate of emission of sulphur dioxide from the UK
as a hole has been estimated for recent years.

2.3measurements of pollutants:
The methods in regular routine use around power station are
briefly described in the following items.
 Total dust fall.
 Daily average sulphur dioxide.
 Daily average smoke.
 Hourly average sulphur dioxide.
 Hourly average dioxides of nitrogen.
 Hourly average ozone.
 Daily average rainwater constituents.
2.4The avoidance of local effect.
Since result s can be affected by local shielding or
exposures, the advices of the British stand on sitting deposit
gauges is following:
 The distance of the deposit gauge or collector or probe
or wind recorder
 The rim of the collecting bowl should not be more than
5m above the ground.
 100 m from emissions any single house, silo, non electric
engine or pump, sewerage farm, wood, stock-pile,
quarry, busy road or railway.
 1km from any village.
 10 km from any town, large work or the sea.

2.5pollution at ground level:

 Measurements at typical sites.
 Legal controls of air quality smoke and sulphur dioxide.
 Legal controls of air quality smoke and nitrogen
dioxide.
 Controls of ozone.

2.6The fate of pollutants:

2.7The CEGB research and development on

pollutants:

2.8Research projects:

2.9New technology:

3.0Public awareness: