• GOAL: GENERATE, STORE & DISTRIBUTE POWER to all Systems in
a reliable way according to the requirements of each load.
• The design of an EPS means to determine:
• The solar arrays surface (depends on the orbit, spacecraft design,etc) • Dimension of Storage Capacity (Voltage, capacity, depends on the orbit and payload operation, battery pack arrangement) • Requirement of power of all spacecraft systems
• 1.- GENERATION: Solar cells
• 2.- STORAGE: Batteries • 3.- DISTRIBUTION: Power converters • Electric Power System (EPS): • 1.- SOLAR CELLS • Equivalent circuit model: Current source as a function of radiation.
Connection in: Series increases Voltage Parallel increases Current
High currents could
interfere with ACS operation
High voltages could produce
breakdown discharges • Electric Power System (EPS): • 1.- SOLAR CELLS • Power obtained from PV-cells depends on the operation point. • Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are needed in order to maximize power under different radiation contidions • Electric Power System (EPS): • 1.- SOLAR CELLS • MPPT algorithms • Perturb and Observe (PAO) • Incremental Conductance Technique (ICT • Constant reference voltage/current PAO Consists of continuously perturb the operation point and see if power increases/decreases Easy implementation and good performance for slow changes in irradiation • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERIES • We will focus in the Li-ion technology. • This technology offers the best specific ratios (J/kg, J/cm3) • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY PERFORMANCE METRICS • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY PERFORMANCE METRICS. Specific Energy vs Specific Power • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY PERFORMANCE METRICS. Specific Energy (mass vs volume) • For comparison: gasoline has 9700Wh/liter , 13000Wh/kg • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY PERFORMANCE METRICS. Life cycles. • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY PERFORMANCE METRICS. PROS & CONTRAS • PROS • High Energy density : 200Wh/kg ; 500Wh/dm3 • Could be designed for high energy or power • Chemistry with high voltage (3,2V-3,8V) • Low self-discharge ratio. Retains charge for months • No liquid electrolyte / Long life cycle ( 3000 deep cycles) • CONTRAS • Safety concerns: Battery Management System (BMS) required • Expensive (1€/Wh) • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS Charge at high C rates: - Heat dissipation - Capacity loss - Dendrite creation Charge Capacity (%)
High voltage can cause
electrolyte breakdown
Time (min) • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS. Influence of C rate • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS. Influence of Temperature
1C • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY MODEL
Open Circuit Voltage [V]
SOC [%] • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY MODEL
• There are many different models, each of them intended to
simulate some specific characteristic: • - life cycle, aging • - dynamic behaviour
• Estimation of SOC under operation is challenging
• We will focus on an equivalent cell dynamic model capable to
predict voltage as a function of charge/discharge current and temperature • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)
• GOAL: To keep all cells of the battery pack inside the SOA (Safe Operation Area) during charge and discharge • Voltage: Vmin<V< Vmax • Current: Limit current • Temperature: Limit temp • During Charge: BMS supervises the battery pack condition (Go/NoGo) and performs cell balancing. • During Discharge: BMS supervises cell voltage, temperature and SOC • Electric Power System (EPS): • 2.- BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) • Electric Power System (EPS): • 3.- POWER CONVERTERS (DC/DC)
• GOAL: Supply power according load requirements (voltage,
power, slew-rate, ElectoMagnetic Compatibility, etc). If necessary they can provide galvanic isolation.
• Two main approaches:
• - Linear PS: Poor efficiency, energy dissipation (not used) • - Switched PS: High efficiency, high power density • High performance switches (SiC, GaN) can be used to reduce switching losses and increase switching frequency. • Parallel modular architecture • Electric Power System (EPS): • 3.- POWER CONVERTERS (DC/DC)
