CHÂU CƯƠNG CHÍ

UNIT 2: CUTURAL DIVERSITY

No. Example Transcription English definition Vocabulary Vietnamese

meaning
they erected altars to honor their a type of table used in Altar (n) Bàn thờ
1 /ˈɔl·tər/
ancestors religious ceremonies
She doesn't approve of my friends. to have a positive opinion of Approve of (v) Chấp thuận
/əˈpruːv/
someone or something
2
Does the wine meet with your the feeling of having a Approval (n) Sự chấp thuận
/əˈpruː.vəl/
approval? (= Do you like the wine?) positive opinion
What attracted you to this job? /əˈtrækt/ If something attracts you, Attract (v) Lôi cuốn, thu hút
you like it and find it
interesting
She felt an immediate physical /əˈtræk.ʃən/ the feeling of liking Attraction (n) Sự thu hút, sự hấp
attraction to him. someone, especially dẫn
sexually
3
I find him very attractive. /əˈtræk.tɪv/ very pleasing in appearance Attractive (a) Thu hút, quyến rũ
or sound
She is well aware of her /əˈtræk.tɪv.nəs/ the quality of being very Attractiveness (n) Vẻ quyến rũ, vẻ
attractiveness to men. pleasing in appearance or duyên dáng
Physical attractiveness is very sound
important to some people.
It's often very difficult to change /ˈæt.ɪ.tʃuːd/ a feeling or opinion about Attitude to/toward thái độ đối với cái gì
people's attitudes. something or someone, or a sth. đó; quna điểm
4
way of behaving that is
caused by this
Medieval banquets are held in the ˈbæŋ.kwɪt a large formal meal for Banquet (n) buổi tiệc,yến tiệc
5
castle once a month. many people
The children are supposed to be at to have to; to have a duty be supposed to do lẽ ra phải làm gì
6 school by 8.45 a.m. or a responsibility to sth(idm)
Dan didn't answer his phone, so I /səˈpəʊz/ to think that something is suppose(v) giả sử,giả định
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suppose (that) he's busy. likely to be true

That article was based on pure /ˌsʌp.əˈzɪʃən/ the fact of believing supposition(n) Sự giả định
supposition. something is true without
any proof or something that
you believe to be true
without any proof
It was a blessing that no one was /ˈbles.ɪŋ/ something that is extremely Blessing (n) Lời cầu chúc, phước
killed in the accident. lucky or makes you happy lành, sự may mắn
She found the routine of a regular job /ˈbles.ɪd/* bringing happiness or Blessed (a) Thần thánh, thiêng
a blessed relief. comfort liêng
7
Fortunately we were blessed with fine /blest/* to be lucky in having a be blessed with sth Được ban phúc cái gì
weather. particular thing (v)
She is blessed with both beauty and
brains.
8 We are conducting a survey to find /kənˈdʌkt/ to organize and perform a Conduct (v) tiến hành
out what our customers think of their particular activity
local bus service.
The club has a strict code (= set of /ˈkɒn.dʌkt/ behaviour Conduct (n) cách cư xử,sự quản lý
rules) of conduct.
the conduction of electricity /kənˈdʌk.ʃən/ the process by which heat Conduction (n) sự dẫn điện, nhiệt
or electricity goes through
a substance
9 She's nice, but I don't feel I can kənˈfaɪd to share your feelings and Confide in (v) Thổ lộ
confide in her. secrets with someone (Look for more in
She confided her troubles to a friends. UNIT 1)
10 a conical hat /ˈkɒn.ɪ.kəl/ shaped like a cone Conical (a) Có hình nón
a traffic cone /kəʊn/ Cone (n) vật có dạng hình nón
11 Are you under a contractual /kənˈtræk.tʃu.əl/ relating to or contained Contractual (a) bằng giao kèo
obligation to any other company? within a contract
They are contractually bound/obliged /kənˈtræk.tʃu.ə.li/ according to what is written Contractually (adv) theo thỏa thuận
to finish the work. in a contract
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They could take legal action against /ˈkɒn.trækt/ (1) a legal document that states Contract (n) hợp đồng
you if you break (the terms of) the and explains a formal
contract. agreement between two
different people or groups,
or the agreement itself
In spoken English, "do not" often /kɒnˈtrækt/ (2) to make or become shorter Contract (v) đính ước; co lại
contracts to "don't". or narrower or generally
As it cooled, the metal contracted. smaller in size
Cold causes contraction of the metal. /kənˈtræk.ʃ ə n/ the fact of something Contraction (n) sự co lại,chữ viết tắt
The contraction of this muscle raises becoming smaller or shorter
the lower arm.
12 The prime minister is to meet his /ˈkaʊn.tə.pɑːt/ a person or thing that has Counterpart (n) Đối tác
European counterparts to discuss the same purpose as
the war against drugs. another one in a different
place or organization
13 I demanded an explanation. /dɪˈmɑːnd/ to ask for something Demand sth/to do đòi hỏi
forcefully sth (v)
You can't give in to children's /dɪˈmɑːnd/ a strong request Demand for sth (n) sự yêu cầu khắt khe
demands all the time.
I’m trying to learn English, and I find /dɪˈmɑːn.dɪŋ/ needing a lot of time, Demanding (a) khó khăn
it very demanding. attention, or energy
14 She determined that one day she /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/ to make a strong decision Determine (v) quyết định, xác định
would be an actor.
You can't help but admire her /dɪˌtɜː.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ the ability to continue determination(n) sự xác định nhất
determination to succeed. trying to do something, quyết
although it is very difficult
She will get the job she wants - she's /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnd/ wanting to do something determined to do kiên quyết làm gì đó
a very determined person. very much sth(a)
She's determined to make a success
of this project.
In the phrases "my first boyfriend" /dɪˈtɜː.mɪ.nər/ in grammar, a word that is Determiner (n) Từ xác định
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and "that strange woman", the words used before a noun to show
"my" and "that" are determiners. which particular example of
the noun you are referring to
15 The diameter measures twice the /daɪˈæm.ɪ.tər/ Diameter (n) Đường kính
radius. / ˈreɪ.di.əs/ Radius (n) Bán kính
16 The wonderful diversity of our /daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ a range of different things Diversity (n) Sự đa dạng
region's wildlife is now coming under or people
threat.
New York is a very /daɪˈvɜːs/ including many different Diverse (a) Đa dạng
culturally/ethnically diverse city. types of people or things
People are advised to diversify their /daɪˈvɜː.sɪ.faɪ/ to start to include more Diversify (v) Đa dạng hóa
investments in the stock market to different types or things → diversify into Đa dạng hóa sản
reduce risk. phẩm đầu tư
The choice that the company are
facing is simple: diversify or go
bankrupt.
Many wheat farmers have begun to
diversify into other forms of
agriculture.
17 One box may look bigger than the /ˈiː.kwəl/ (1) the same in amount, Equal (a) bình đẳng
other, but in fact they are roughly (= number, or size
almost) equal in volume.
Throughout her marriage she never /ˈiː.kwəl/ (1) someone or something that Equal (n) người ngang hàng,
considered her husband as her has the same importance as vật ngang hàng
intellectual equal. someone
She works as an adviser on equality /iˈkwɒl.ə.ti/ (2) the right of different groups Equality (n) sự bình đẳng
and diversity at the Institute of of people to have a similar
Personnel and Development. social position and receive
the same treatment
In an ideal world, would everyone get /ˈiː.kwə.li/ (1) fairly and in the same way Equally (adv) bằng nhau
treated equally?
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They are putting pressure on the /ˈiː.kwə.laɪz/ (1) to make things or people Equalize (v) làm bằng nhau,cân
government to equalize state pension equal bằng tỉ số
ages between men and women.
18 She's doing the equivalent job in the /i'kwivələnt/ having the same amount, equivalent (adj) tương đương
new company but for more money. value, purpose, qualities,
etc.
Somewhere between print and /i'kwivələns/ the fact of having the same equivalence (n) sự tương đương
enunciation, the equivalence between amount, value, purpose,
sound and sense can get lost. qualities, etc.
19 I folded the letter in half and put it in /ˈen.və.ləʊp/ (1) a flat, usually square or envelope (n) Phong bì
an envelope. rectangular, paper container
for a letter
The entire area was enveloped in fog. /ɪnˈvel.əp/ (2) to cover or surround Envelop (v) Bao lại
something completely
20 The younger generation smokes /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ all the people of about the Generation (n) Thế hệ
less than their parents did. same age within a society or
within a particular family
There are many generational connected with a particular Generational (a) Thuộc về thế hệ
conflicts between the younger generation or with the
generation and former one. relationship between
different generations
The wind farm may be able to /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/ to produce energy in a Generate (v) Tạo ra, phát ra
generate enough power for 2,000 particular form; cause to
homes. exist; produce
The new construction project will
generate 500 new jobs.
Analysts say the business is strongly /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/ able to produce or create Generative (a) Có khả năng sản sinh
cash generative and has a solid something ra cái gì
business model.
The hospital's emergency /ˈdʒen.ər.eɪ.tər/ a machine that produces Generator (n) Máy phát điện
generators are designed to cope electrical power
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with power cuts.

The new range of engines all had a /dʒəˈner.ɪk/ shared by, typical of, or Generic (a) Dùng chung, không
generic (similar) problem with their relating to a whole group of cụ thể
fan blades. similar things, rather than to
any particular thing
21 The bride and groom walked down /ɡruːm/ a bridegroom Groom (n) Chú rể
the aisle together.
22 A person's gross income is the money /ɡrəʊs/ extremely unpleasant; (in) Gross (a) Gớm ghiếc, thô lỗ;
they earn before tax is deducted from total tổng thể
it.
"Oh, gross!" she said, looking at the
flies buzzing above the piles of dirty
plates.
I stared at the grossness of the /ˈɡrəʊsnəs/ the quality of being very Grossness (n) Sự gớm ghiếc
bathroom. unpleasant
23 Average incomes are rising more /ˈɪn.kʌm/ money that is earned from Income (n) Thu nhập
slowly. doing work or received from → income per head
investments
24 The film has maintained its position /meɪnˈteɪn/ (2) to continue to have; to keep Maintain (v) Sẵn lòng làm gì đó
as the critics' favorite for another year. in existence, or not allow to
become less
Old houses need a lot of /ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/ (1) the work needed to keep a Maintenance (n) Sự duy trì
maintenance. road, building, machine, etc.
in good condition
25 Sugar is a major cause of tooth decay. /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/ (1) more important, bigger, or Major (a) Quan trọng, chủ yếu
more serious than others of
the same type
The majority of the employees have /məˈdʒɒr.ə.ti/ (2) the larger number or part of Majority (n) Đa số
university degrees. something
It's only a minor problem. /ˈmaɪ.nər/ (1) having little importance Minor (a) Không quan trọng
Only a small/tiny minority of /maɪˈnɒr.ə.ti/ (2) a smaller number or part Minority (n) Thiểu số
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customers have complained about the → only a minority

changes.
people from ethnic minorities are
friendly.
26 Paul married Lucy four years ago. /ˈmær.i/ to become the legally Marry sb (v) Kết hôn
accepted husband or wife of
someone in an official or
religious ceremony
When did you get married? /ˈmær.id/ having a wife or husband Married (a) Kết hôn
→ get married
She was the child of a broken /ˈmær.ɪdʒ/ a legally accepted Marriage (n) Hôn nhân
marriage. relationship between two → marriage Cuộc hôn nhân giữa
The marriage between John and people in which they live between A and B A và B
Elizabeth; his marriage into a wealthy together, or the official → marriage to B Cuộc hôn nhân với B
family; her marriage to Jim ceremony that results in this → marriage into Hôn nhân vào…..
27 My friend works as a Master of /ˌmɑː.stər əv a person who makes certain Master of Người dẫn chương
Ceremonies ˈser.ɪ.mə.niz/ that official events happen Ceremonies (MC) trình
correctly
28 I don’t want my grandparents to live /ˈnɜː.sɪŋ haʊs/ a place where very old Nursing house (n) Viện dưỡng lão
in nursing house. people who are ill live and
receive medical treatment
29 The law obliges companies to pay /əˈblaɪdʒ/ to force someone to do Oblige sb to do sth bắt buộc
decent wages to their employees. something (v) = obligate
The medical examination before you /əˈblɪɡ.ə.tər.i/ If something is obligatory, obligatory (a) bắt buộc
start work is obligatory. you must do it because of a
rule or law, etc.
We needed a guide and he was only /əˈblaɪdʒ/ to please or help someone, oblige sb with sth giúp ai làm gì đó
too happy to oblige. especially by doing (v)
something they have asked
you to do
Doctors are legally obliged to take /əˈblaɪdʒd/ to be forced to do obliged to sb for sth biết ơn ai đó
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certain precautions. something (a)

He found an obliging doctor who /əˈblaɪ.dʒɪŋ/ willing or eager to help Obliging (a) hay giúp đỡ người
gave him the drugs he needed. khác
If you have not signed a contract, /ˌɒb.lɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ the fact that you are obliged Obligation (n) sự biết ơn
you are under no obligation to (= it to do something
is not necessary to) pay them any
money.
30 Confidence is the key to success in /ˈpɑːt.nə.ʃɪp/ the state of being a partner Partnership = Mối quan hệ
partnerships: the more happy relationship (n)
experiences the better.
31 My parents took lots of /ˈfəʊ.tə.ɡrɑːf/ (1) a picture produced using a Photograph (n) Bức ảnh
photographs of us when we were camera
small.
She's a professional photographer. /fəˈtɒɡ.rə.fər/ (2) a person who takes Photographer (n) Người chụp ảnh
photographs
She's taking an evening class in /fəˈtɒɡ.rə.fi/ (2) the activity or job of taking Photography (n) Nghề chụp ảnh
photography. photographs or filming
Her paintings are almost /ˌfəʊ.təˈɡræf.ɪk/ relating to, used for, or Photographic (a) Thuộc ngành nhiếp
photographic in their detail and (3) produced by photography ảnh
accuracy.
Television at the moment is /ˌfəʊ.təˈdʒen.ɪk/ having an appearance that Photogenic (a) Ăn
confined very largely to those who (3) is attractive in photographs
are photogenic.
32 Verbs usually precede objects in /prɪˈsiːd/ (2) to be or go before something precede(v) Đến trước
English. or someone in time or space
There are several precedents for /ˈpres.ɪ.dənt/ (1) an action, situation, or precedent (n) Tiền lệ
promoting people who don't have decision that has already
formal qualifications. happened and can be used as
a reason why a similar
action or decision should be
performed or made.
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The order of precedence for titled /ˈpres.ɪ.dəns/ (1) the order of importance Precedence (n) Quyền ưu tiên
nobility in Britain is duke, marquis, given to people in particular
earl, viscount, baron. societies, groups, or
organizations
33 Completing his degree at night was a /'prouses/ a series of actions or events Process (n) Quy trình
long process. performed to make
Graying hair is part of the aging something or achieve a
process. particular result, or a series
of changes that happen
naturally
Visa applications take 28 days to /ˈprəʊses/ to deal with documents in an Process (v) Xử lý
process. official way
34 The appeal was rejected by the /rɪˈdʒekt/ to refuse to accept, use, or Reject (v) Khước từ
court. believe something or
someone
In desperation the hockey team /ˈriː.dʒekt/ a damaged or faulty object, Reject (n) Vật bị bỏ đi, người bị
picked up a 35-year-old reject as a or a person who has had loại
backup goalie. many jobs because of not
being successful at any of
them
The government's rejection of the /rɪˈdʒek.ʃən/ the act of refusing to accept, Rejection (n) Sự từ bỏ
plans is a setback for us. use, or believe someone or
something
35 Responses to our advertisement /rɪˈspɒns/ an answer or reaction Response (n) Câu trả lời
have been disappointing.
I asked her what the time was, but /rɪˈspɒnd/ to say or do something as a Respond to (v) Đáp lại
she didn't respond. reaction to something that
has been said or done
36 My reading glasses have wire rims. /rɪm/ the outer, often curved or Rim (n) Vành nón
circular, edge of something
37 You used to be so romantic, but /rəʊˈmæn.tɪk/ relating to love or a close Romantic (a) lãng mạn
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now you never tell me that you love loving relationship

me.
I felt as though all the romance had /rəʊˈmæns/ the feelings and behaviour Romance (n) tình cảm lãng mạn
gone out of my marriage. of two people who are in a
He loves the romance of travelling loving and sexual
on a steam train. relationship with each other
Such sartorial romanticism, verging /rəʊˈmæn.tɪ.sɪ.zəm describing things in a way Romanticism (n) chủ nghĩa lãng mạn
on circus costume or military / that makes them sound more
display, was frowned upon by the exciting or mysterious than
smart set. they really are
38 Many women sacrifice interesting /ˈsæk.rɪ.faɪs/ to give up something that is Sacrifice sth for hy sinh
careers for their families. valuable to you in order to sb/sth (v)
help another person
We had to make sacrifices in order /ˈsæk.rɪ.faɪs/ the act of giving up Sacrifice (n) sự hy sinh
to pay for our children's education. something that is valuable to
you in order to help
someone else
/ˌsæk.rɪˈfɪʃ. əl/ Sacrificial (a) thuộc về cúng tế
39 My piano playing has improved /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt.li/ in a way that is easy to see Significantly (adv) có ý nghĩa quan trọng
significantly since I started with a or by a large amount
new teacher.
There has been a significant /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/ important or noticeable ➜significant(a) ≠ ➜quan trọng ≠ tầm
increase in the number of women /insɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/ ≠ small or not noticeable insignificant(a) thường
students in recent years.
The difference between the two
results was insignificant.
The discovery of the new drug is of /sɪˈnɪf.ɪ.kəns/ Importance ≠ the fact of ➜significance(n) ≠ ➜sự quan trọng ≠ sự
great significance for/to people /insɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kəns/ being small or not insignificance (n) tầm thường
suffering from heart problems. noticeable, and therefore not
Advances in astronomy have considered important
reinforced the utter insignificance of
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Earth on a celestial scale.

Nobody really knows what the /ˈsɪɡ.nɪ.faɪ/ to make something known; Signify (v) biểu thị,báo hiệu
marks on the ancient stones signify. to show
40 A recent survey /ˈsɜː.veɪ/ (1) an examination of opinions, Survey (n) cuộc điều tra
found/revealed/showed that 58 behaviour, etc., made by → to conduct/carry
percent of people did not know asking people questions out/do a survey
where their heart is.
He got out of the car to survey the /səˈveɪ/ (2) to look at or examine all of Survey (v) khảo sát
damage. something, especially
carefully
It took a team of surveyors about /səˈveɪ.ər/ (2) a person whose job is to Surveyor (n) nhân viên điều tra
three months to lay out this part of measure and record the
the new highway. details of areas of land
41 A heart shape is the symbol of love. /ˈsɪm.bəl/ a sign, shape, or object that Symbol (n) biểu tượng
is used to represent
something else
The skull at the bottom of the /sɪmˈbɒl.ɪk/ representing something else symbolic of sth (a) tượng trưng cho cái
picture is symbolic of death. gì đó
The lighting of the Olympic torch /ˈsɪm.bəl.aɪz/ to represent something Symbolize (v) là biểu tượng của
symbolizes peace and friendship
among the nations of the world.
42 The players have a very strong team /'spirit/ a particular way of thinking, Spirit (n) tinh thần
spirit (= loyalty to each other). feeling, or behaving,
especially a way that is
typical of a particular group
of people, an activity, a
time, or a place
Traditional ways of life fulfilled /ˈspɪr.ɪ.tʃu.əl/ relating to deep feelings and Spiritual (adj) mang tinh thần
both economic and spiritual needs. beliefs, especially religious
beliefs
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They showed great strength, both /ˈspɪr.ɪ.tʃu.əli/ in a way that relates to deep Spiritually (adv) về mặt tinh thần
morally and spiritually. feelings and beliefs,
especially religious beliefs
It was a spiritless performance. /ˈspɪr.ɪt.ləs/ having no energy and Spiritless (adj) nản chí,yếu đuối
enthusiasm
43 It is a western tradition for brides to /trəˈdɪʃ. ən/ a way of behaving or a Tradition (n) truyền thống
wear white. belief that has been
established for a long time,
or the practice of following
behavior and beliefs that
have been so established
The villagers retain a strong /trəˈdɪʃə.n. əl/ following or belonging to Traditional (adj) theo truyền thống
attachment to their traditional the customs or ways of
values/customs/beliefs. behaving that have
The school uses a combination of continued in a group of
modern and traditional methods for people or society for a long
teaching reading. time without changing
44 We were obviously wrong to put our /trʌst/ the belief that you can trust Trust in sb (n) sự tin cậy
trust in her. someone or something
My sister warned me not to trust /trʌst/ Believe in Trust (v) tin cậy
him.
A recent study showed that people /ˈtrʌstˌwɜː.ði/ able to be trusted Trustworthy (a) đáng tin cậy
with tattoos were seen as less
responsible and trustworthy.
Those actions have led you to doubt /ˈtrʌstˌwɜː.ði.nəs/ the quality or fact of being Trustworthiness (n) sự đáng tin cậy
his trustworthiness and integrity. trustworthy
45 I think you made a wise choice. /waɪz/ Wise(a) khôn ngoan ≠ không
/ʌnˈwaɪz/ ≠ unwise (a) khôn ngoan
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Sienna had very wisely left the party /ˈwaɪz.li/ showing good judgment Wisely(adv) một cách khôn ngoan
before all the trouble started. /ʌnˈwaɪz.li/ ≠ unwisely(adv) ≠ một cách không
Invest your money wisely. khôn ngoan

I certainly hope to gain a little /ˈwɪz.dəm/ the ability to use your Wisdom(n) sự khôn ngoan
wisdom as I grow older knowledge and experience
to make good decisions and
judgments
EXERCISES
Use the proper form of the word in parentheses to fill in the blank
1. The plan will be submitted to the committee for official________ (APPROVE)
2. We need to make the club________ to a wider range of people (ATTRACT)
3. She likes to wear________ hats (CONE)
4. Are you under a________ obligation to any other company? (CONTRACT)
5. The teacher gave us a lot of ________tasks (DEMAND)
6. I’m ________to get this piece of work done today (DETERMINE)
7. Does television adequately reflect the cultural ________of the country (DIVERSE)
8. The survey found major ________differences in opinion (GENERATION)
9. There are thorough ________checks on each plane before take-off (MAINTAIN)
10. She went to live in another state after the break-up of her________ (MARRY)
11. It is ________for all employees to wear protective clothing (OBLIGE)
12. He had a second lung transplant after ________of the first (REJECT)
13. The new regulations are largely________ (SYMBOL)
14. It was a chance to prove his________ to them (TRUST)
15. In (COMPARE) ________ with their American ________ (PART), young Asians are considered to be less________ (ROMANCE)
16. This zone was completely________ (SECURE) during the war. Few people lived there
17. Do you believe in ________between men and women? (EQUAL)
18. I knocked on the door but there was no ________ (RESPOND)
19. The results of the research are ________at the end of the chapter (SUMMARY)
20. He was known to be a man of great________ (WISE)
21. All the evidence support this ________ (SUPPOSE)
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22. He ________to me that he had applied for another job (CONFIDE)

23. In 2007 Spain________ its desire to join the Council (SIGNIFICANCE)
24. He is very ________.You can always rely on him when you have problems (TRUST)
25. While girls lack ________,boys often overestimate their abilities (CONFIDE)
26. Your medical records are strictly________ ,we keep them in secret (CONFIDE)
27. Housework has ________ been regarded as women’s work (TRADITION)
28. The school pays for heating and the ________of the buildings (MAINTAIN)
29. They were very________ and offered to wait for us (OBLIGE)
30. The speakers came on the platform in order of________ (PRECEDE)
31. The room is arranged very________ (ATTRACT)
32. The two sets of figures are not ________different (SIGNIFICANT)
33. Both methods rely on the accurate ________of the pressure of the gas (DETERMINE)
34. In the nursing profession, women are in the ________ (MAJOR)

B. GRAMMAR REVISION
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES (Sự hòa hợp về thì)
1. Present tense in sequence
Nhìn chung, nếu động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở dạng Present tenses thì động từ trong mệnh đề phụ có thể là Present tense, Past tense,
Future tense
-Ta có 4 dạng Present Tense hay sử dụng trong mệnh đề chính là: Simple present, Present continous, Present perfect, và Present perfect
continous.
Ex: People think that he is very rich
They announce that the museum will close on Monday
I hope he bought the book I told him
She says he has got better in his English
2. Past Tense in Sequence:
Khi động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở dạng Past tenses thì động từ trong mệnh đề phụ phải ở dạng Past tense
Ta có 4 dạng past tenses hay sử dụng trong mệnh đề chính là: Simple Past, Past continous, past perfect và past perfect continous
Ex: I thought he passed the exam
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We were having dinner when he came

She had already gone to sleep when I came
They had been watching the movie for 1 hour when the light went out.
Các liên từ chỉ thời gian thường hay xuất hiện trong việc hòa hợp các thì sau:
1.Simple present - simple future:
1.After After she arrives here, she will buy a house.
2.Before I will finish the report before it gets dark.
3.Until We will wait until the rain stops.
4.As soon as He will eat lunch as soon as he comes home.
5.When When he comes here, I will tell him to call you.
2.Present Perfect- Simple Present:
S + have/ has + V3/Ved + since + S +V2/Ved
Ex: I haven’t visisted my grandparents since I moved to another city last month
I have played the guitar since I was a high school student.
3. Present perfect - Past perfect
1.When When we arrived, he had left the party
2.Before Before the ambulance came, he had died
3.By By the time the boss came, we had finished all the reports
4.Until The meeting had finshed until he came
5.After After Nam had graduated, he landed a job as an architect

C. PHONOLOGY
THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING “ED”
-Có 3 cách phát âm đối với động từ bất qui tắc ở quá khứ: /t/,/d/,/id/
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-phát âm là /id/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng các âm /t/ và /d/

Ex: started, decided, needed, wanted

-Phát âm là/t/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng các âm cuối là /∫/, /t∫/ , /k/, /f/, /s/, /p/

Ex: hoped, worked, laughed, addressed, published, watched

_phát âm là /d/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng các phụ âm còn lại và âm nguyên âm

Ex: rubbed, hugged, lived, surprised, changed, played

Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ:

Một số tính từ và trạng từ kết thúc bằng –ed, có đuôi-ed được phát âm là/id/
Aged /ˈeɪ.dʒɪd/ Cao tuổi,lớn tuổi
Blessed /ˈbles.ɪd/ Thần thánh,thiêng liêng
Beloved /bɪˈlʌv.ɪd/ Được yêu mến,được yêu quý
Crooked /ˈkrʊk.ɪd/ Cong,oằn,vặng vẹo
Dogged /ˈdɒɡ.ɪd/ Gan góc,gan lì,bền bỉ
Naked /ˈneɪ.kɪd/ Trơ trụi,trần truồng
Learned /ˈlɜː.nɪd/ Có học thức, thông thái,uyên bác
Ragged /ˈræɡ.ɪd/ Rách tả tơi,bù xù
Sacred /ˈseɪ.krɪd/ Thần thánh,thiêng liêng
Wicked /ˈwɪk.ɪd/ Tinh quái,ranh mãnh
Wretched /ˈretʃ.ɪd/ Khốn khổ,bần cùng,tồi tệ
Rugged /ˈrʌɡ.ɪd/ Gồ ghề,lỡm chỡm,xù xì
deservedly /dɪˈzɜːvidli/ Xứng đáng
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supposedly /səˈpəʊ.zɪd.li/ Cho là,giả sử là

markedly /ˈmɑː.kɪd.li/ Rõ ràng,rõ rệt
allegedly /əˈledʒidli/ Nghe nói là
EXERCISE

1. A. involved B. believed C. praised D. locked

2. A. remembered B. cooked C. closed D. cleaned
3. A. smiled B. regarded C. suggested D. naked
4. A. reversed B. choked C. played D. sentenced
5. A. minded B. hatred C. exchanged D. old-aged
6. A. proved B. looked C. stopped D. coughed
7. A. dated B. changed C. struggled D. agreed
8. A. called B. stared C. phoned D. hundred
9. A. behaved B. washed C. clicked D. approached
10. A. worked B. shopped C. missed D. played
11. A. coughed B. cooked C. melted D. mixed
12. A. signed B. profited C. attracted D. naked
13. A. walked B. hundred C. fixed D. coughed
14. A. watched B. practiced C. introduced D. cleaned
15. A. passed B. stretched C. comprised D. washed
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16. A. tested B. clapped C. planted D. demanded

17. A. intended B. engaged C. phoned D. enabled
18 A. married B. sniffed C. booked D. coughed
19. A. smiled B. denied C. divorced D. agreed
20. A. planned B. developed C. valued D. recognized