MCAT Subject Tests

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_________________________________________________________ GENERAL CHEMISTRY SUBJECT TEST 5

General Chemistry Subject Test 5

1. What is the approximate F-Xe-F bond angle in the 5. At STP, a 29.0 g sample of an unknown gas occupies a
compound XeF4? volume of 11.2 liters. This gas could be which of the
following?
A. 60°
B. 90° A. CO
C. 109.5° B. Ar
D. 120° C. B2H6
E. 160° D. Kr
E. C4H10

2. For which one of the following mixtures is the ideal gas

law most likely to produce an accurate prediction of 6. A mixture of gases is produced at a total pressure of
volume at STP? 234 torr. If the mixture contains 1.35 moles of H2(g)
and 2.07 moles of CO(g), what is the partial pressure of
A. HCl and HBr CO(g) in the mixture?
B. HCl and NH3
C. HF and HCl
D. HF and CH4 A. (1.35
2.07 ) 234 torr
E. HCl and CH4
B. (2.07
1.35 )234 torr
3. The equilibrium constant for Reaction 1 is K. What is C. (1.35234
+ 2.07
) torr
the equilibrium constant for Reaction 2?
D. (1.352.07
∞ 234
) torr
Reaction 1: A + 2B 2C + D

Reaction 2: 2C + D A + 2B E. (1.352.07
+ 2.07 )234 torr

A. K
B. –K 7. For a certain chemical reaction, ∆H = 128 kJ/mol and
C. 1/K ∆S = 64 J/mol•K. What is the minimum temperature at
D. K2 which this reaction will be spontaneous?
E. 1/K2
A. 500 K
B. 2000 K
4. The value of Kc for the reaction below is 2.0. C. 2K
D. 2000°C
C(s) + CO2(g) 2 CO(g) E. 2°C
What is the concentration of CO at equilibrium if the
CO2 concentration is 0.50 M? 8. Iron reacts with element X to form the compounds FeX
A. 2.0 M and Fe3X2. When copper reacts with element X, the
B. 1.5 M expected compound(s) should be
C. 1.41 M A. CuX and Cu3X2.
D. 1.0 M B. Cu2X and Cu6X.
E. 0.50 M C. Cu3X only.
D. CuX2 only.
E. Cu3X and Cu3X2.

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9. In which of the following is bromine in a +5 oxidation 13. For the reaction below, Keq = 96.2 at 450oC. What is the
state? equilibrium concentration of PCl3 at 450oC when the
equilibrium concentrations of Cl2 and PCl5 are 3.50 M
A. NaBr and 2.50 M, respectively?
B. BrO4-
C. NaBrO PCl5(aq) PCl3(aq) + Cl2(g)
D. HBrO3
E. BrO2- 2. 50
A. M
96. 2 × 3. 50
96. 2 × 2. 50
10. The unbalanced redox reaction shown below occurs in a B. M
3. 50
solution of aqueous base. Which species is the 2. 50 × 3. 50
oxidizing agent? C. M
96. 2
96. 2
K2Cr2O7(aq) + KClO(aq) ∅ Cr(OH)3(s) + KClO3(aq) D. M
2. 50 × 3. 50
96. 2
A. Cr in Cr2O72– E. M
B. Cl in ClO– 2. 50 × 3. 50
C. Cr in Cr(OH)3
D. Cl in ClO3–
14. Which of the following pairs of elements would form
E. K
the most ionic compound?

A. Au and S
11. If 25 ml of 0.75 M NaOH(aq) is required to completely
B. Au and Cl
neutralize 150 mL of HCl(aq), what is the molarity of
C. Pt and Cl
the acidic solution?
D. La and Br
A. 0.125 M E. La and Cl
B. 0.15 M
C. 0.25 M
15. Silver hydroxide, AgOH, is a slightly soluble ionic
D. 0.75 M
compound whose Ksp = 1.5 x 10-8 at 20oC. What is the
E. 4.5 M
minimum pH at which AgOH will precipitate from a
solution, 0.010 M in Ag+?
12. The pH of a solution of a weak, monoprotic acid 4.5.
A. 6 - log(1.5)
The molarity of the acid solution is: (Ka = 4 x 10-6)
B. 8 + log(1.5)
C. 8 - log(1.5)
4 × 10 − 6
A. 2
D. 14 - log(1.5)
(10 −4.5 ) E. 14 + log(1.5)
4. 5
B.
(4 × 10− 6 )
2
16. What is the oxidation number on the arsenic atom in
arsenous acid, H3AsO3?
 4. 5 
C. − log  
 4 × 10− 6  A. -3
2 B. -2
(10 − 4.5
) C. 0
D. −6
4 × 10 D. +3
− log 4. 5 E. +5
E.
(
2 log 4 × 10 − 6 )

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17. Which of the following pairs of compounds could be 22. How much 2 M H2SO4 is required to neutralize 200 mL
mixed to produce a buffer solution? of 2 M NaOH ?

A. CH3NH3I and HI A. 75 mL
B. CH3NH2 and CH3NH3I B. 100 mL
C. CH3NH3I and NH4I C. 150 mL
D. HI and NH4I D. 200 mL
E. CH3NH2 and NH3 E. 500 mL

23. 20 mL of an ideal gas is placed in a piston with an

18. A voltaic cell is constructed by connecting a nickel initial pressure of 700 torr. If the pressure is decreased
electrode in a Ni2+(aq) solution to a tin electrode in a to 630 torr, and the temperature is held constant, what is
Sn2+(aq) solution. Given that the standard reduction the final volume of the gas?
potentials for Ni2+ and Sn2+ are -0.28V and -0.14V
respectively, what is the cell EMF? A. 14.4 mL
B. 18.8 mL
A. +0.84V C. 22.2 mL
B. +0.42V D. 26.4 mL
C. +0.14V E. 31.8 mL
D. -0.14V
E. -0.42V
24. Which of the following could be characteristic of a
reaction with a positive ∆H and a positive ∆S?
19. How many seconds will it take to produce 11.2 liters of
Cl2(g), measured at STP, by electrolysis of molten NaCl A. The reaction is spontaneous.
with a 12 amp current? (F = 96500 C/mol) B. The reaction is nonspontaneous.
C. The reaction is at equilibrium.
A. 96500/12 D. The reaction is exothermic.
B. 12/96500 E. Two of the above
C. (12)(96500)
D. (2)(12)/(96500)
E 96500/(2)(12) 25. Why is it more difficult to compress a liquid to a solid
than it is to compress a gas to a liquid?
20. 10.0 mL of 0.40 M CuSO4 solution contains what mass A. van der Waals forces exist within a liquid.
of CuSO4? B. Gas particles are close together.
C. Liquid molecules are close together.
A. 0.40 mg D. Liquid molecules possess more kinetic energy than
B. 4.0 mg gas molecules.
C. 384 mg E. Liquid molecules move at a slower speed than gas
D. 400 mg particles.
E. 638 mg

26. Which of the following processes involves an increase

21. If 625 ml of 0.75 M NaOH(aq) is diluted to 0.45 M in entropy?
NaOH(aq), the final volume, in mL, will be:
A. Condensation
A. (625)(0.75/0.45) B. Freezing
B. (625)(0.45/0.75) C. Sublimation
C. (1/625)(0.75/0.45) D. Cooling
D. (1/625)(0.45/0.75) E. Solidification
E. (625)(0.75 - 0.45)

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27. 23 g of ethanol (C2H5OH) is dissolved in 250 g of 29. Which of the following solutions will have the greatest
water. What is the approximate freezing point of this boiling point?
solution? (kf of water = 1.86_C_kg/mol)
A. 0.5 m NaCl
A. –9_C B. 1.5 m C6H12O6
B. –1.9_C C. 1.0 m Na3PO4
C. –2.7_C D. 1.5 m KCl
D. –3.7_C E. 1.0 m K2CO3
E. –7.6_C
30. The concentration of Pb2+ is 1.15 ∞ 10–3 M in a
saturated solution of PbF2. Calculate the Ksp of PbF2.
28. What is the boiling-point elevation when 60 g of
glucose (C6H12O6) is dissolved in 667 g of water? A. 1.3 ∞ 10–6
(kb of water = 0.51_C_kg/mol) B. 5.2 ∞ 10–6
C. 1.5 ∞ 10–9
( 0. 005)(1. 8 × 10 -5 ) D. 6.0 ∞ 10–9
A. E. 1.5 ∞ 10–10
0. 01
(180) (667 )
B. • (0 . 51)
( 6 )(1000)
(180) (1000)
C. • ( 0. 51)
( 667) (60 )
(1000)
D. 3- • ( 0. 51)
( 667)
( 60) (1000 )
E. • ( 0. 51)
(180 )( 667)

STOP! END OF TEST.

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THE ANSWER KEY AND EXPLANATIONS BEGIN ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY SUBJECT TEST 5

ANSWER KEY

1. B 7. B 13. B 19. A 25. C

2. E 8. E 14. E 20. E 26. C

3. C 9. D 15. B 21. A 27. D

4. D 10. A 16. D 22. B 28. E

5. E 11. A 17. B 23. C 29. C

6. E 12. D 18. C 24. E 30. D

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EXPLANATIONS

1. B
This is an example where an inert gas forms a compound with another element. The Lewis structure is:
F

F Xe F

F
Note that Xe has to expand its octet, which it can do because it is beyond the second period. According to VSEPR
theory, the six pairs of electrons (4 bonding, 2 non-bonding) will arrange themselves in an octagonal structure. The two
lone pairs will occupy opposite positions to be away from each other as far apart as possible, leaving the fluorine atoms in
the corners of a square planar molecular geometry:

F
F
Xe
F
F

The F—Xe—F bond angle, then, would be about 90°.

2. E
The ideal gas law assumes (among other things) that there are no intermolecular forces among the gas particles,
which hold the molecules tighter together, leading to a smaller volume than that predicted by the ideal gas law.
Intermolecular forces among neutral particles are due to hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion
forces (in the order of decreasing strength). For the ideal gas law to give an accurate prediction of the volume, then, we
are looking for gases that do not have a strong dipole moment. Methane, CH4, does not have a dipole moment: What little
dipole moments exist from the relatively nonpolar C–H bonds cancel one another because of the tetrahedral arrangement.
Between choices D and E, HF can participate in hydrogen bonding while HCl cannot. (Hydrogen bonding occurs when a
hydrogen atom is bonded to F, O, or N.) The intermolecular forces will be weaker overall for choice E than for choice D.

3. C
Note that reaction 2 is the reverse reaction of reaction 1. If a reaction has an equilibrium constant of K, then the
reverse reaction must have an equilibrium constant of 1/K.

4. D
The expression for the equilibrium constant for the given reaction is:
[CO]2
Kc = [CO ]
2

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The concentration of CO is squared because of the stoichiometric coefficient of 2 in the balanced equation. Carbon
does not appear in the expression because it is a pure solid. We are told that the value of Kc is 2.0, which enables us to
solve for the equilibrium concentration of CO:

[CO] = Kc[CO2] = 2.0 ∞ 0.50 = 1.0 = 1.0 M

5. E
One mole of any gas that behaves ideally will occupy a volume of 22.4 liters at STP. A volume of 11.2 liters thus
implies that there is 1/2 mole of gas. The sample has a weight of 29.0 g, which means that the gas has a molecular weight
of 29.0/(1/2) = 58.0 g/mol. Choice E, C4H10, has a molecular weight of 4 ∞ 12 + 1 ∞ 10 = 58 which is what we are
looking for.
Choice A, CO, has a molecular weight of 28 g/mol.
Choice B, Ar, has a molecular weight of 40 g/mol.
Choice C, B2H6, has a molecular weight of about 28 g/mol.
Choice D, Kr, has a molecular weight of about 84 g/mol.

6. E
Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is equal to the total pressure of
the mixture times the mole fraction. The mole fraction of gas A is the number of moles of A divided by the total number
of moles of gases present (including A itself). If a mixture of 1.35 moles of hydrogen and 2.07 moles of CO exert a total
pressure of 234 torr, then the partial pressure of CO is given by:
2.07
PCO= XCOPtot = 1.35 + 2.07 234 torr

7. B
Since _H and _S are both positive, the reaction will be spontaneous only at high temperatures. The minimum
temperature at which this reaction becomes spontaneous occurs when _G, the free energy change, is zero. We therefore
need to solve for T in the equation:
_G = _H – T_S = 0
128000 – 64T = 0
T = 128000/64 = 2000 K
Notice that _H is reported in kilojoules/mol while _S is reported in joules/mol•K.

8. E
Iron forms the +3 or the +2 ion: Fe3+ (ferric) and Fe2+ (ferrous). The fact that it reacts with X to form FeX and Fe3X2
suggests that X forms an anion with a –3 charge. X3– reacts with the ferric ion to form FeX, since both have a –3 charge,
but reacts with the ferrous ion to form Fe3X2 to balance the charge. Copper usually forms either the +1 or the +2 ion.
When the former reacts with X, then, there must be three Cu+ ions to balance the charge, resulting in Cu3X. When the
latter reacts with X, it does so in the same way that the ferrous ion does, forming Cu3X2.

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9. D
[Note: Throughout this explanation the following convention is used: oxidation numbers are written as
[charge][value], e.g. +3, and ionic charges are written as [value][charge], e.g. 2–. By sticking to a system you'll decrease
your chances of causing careless errors during redox reactions & oxidation state calculations].
The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a molecule or ion have to equal the charge of the molecule or ion.
The sum is either zero for a neutral molecule or the charge of the polyatomic ion. For single atoms, the oxidation state
equals the charge on the atom. Oxygen always gets a –2 oxidation number, unless it is in the form of a peroxide (e.g.
H2O2), in which case it is –1. Hydrogen always gets a +1, unless it is in the form of a hydride (e.g. LiAlH4), in which
case it is +1. The oxidation states of other atoms has to be deduced using the above rules, with a little help from the
periodic table (knowing how many electrons an atom wants to gain or lose based on its electron configuration helps
determine possible oxidation states). In choice A, Na is +1, so Br must be –1. In choice B, each O is –2, so four give a
total of –8. The charge of the polyatomic ion is 1–, so Br must be +7 (x + (–8) = –1; x = +7). In choice C, there is a Na is
at +1, an O at –2, and so Br must be +1. In choice D, there is a H is at +1, three O's (–2 each) giving a total of –6, and so
Br must be +5, the correct answer. In choice E we have two O's giving a total of –4, the charge of the ion is 1–, so Br
must be +3.

10. A
A reducing agent is the species that gets oxidized in a redox reaction, while an oxidizing agent is one that gets
reduced. Using the mnemonic OIL RIG, we remember that reduction is gain of electrons, and a decrease in oxidation
number. In choice A, the chromomium goes from +6 in Cr2O72- to +3 in Cr(OH)3, so it is an oxidizing agent (it gets
reduced). In choice B, the chlorine goes from +1 in ClO– to +5 in ClO3–, so is a reducing agent (it gets oxidized). [Cl is
in period 3, so it has a d subshell, allowing it to have multiple oxidation states.] In choice C, Cr(OH)3 is a product of the
reaction, so cannot be the answer. In choice E, K+ does not change during the reaction, as it is just a spectator ion.

11. A
To solve neutralization questions, we use the formula NAVA = NBVB;
eq
NA is the normality of the acid (N = L ). For any given acid with the general formula HxA, then N
= M _ x . For example, a 3 M H3PO4 is a 9 N H3PO4.
VA is the volume of acid used;

NB is the normality of the base. For any given base with the general formula B(OH)y, then N=M_
y. Bases that bind H+ are treated similarly, e.g. 2 M Na2CO3 is 4 N.
VB is the volume of base used.
Essentially, the formula states that the molar amount of acid equals the molar amount of base, which it must if the
solution has been neutralized.
Here, both the base and the acid are monoequivalent, so their normalities equal their normalities. Solving for the
NBVB (.75)(25) 75 1
normality of acid, NA = V = 150 = 600 = 8 = 0.12 M. If the same units for volume are used throughout the
A
equation, no conversion to liters is necessary.

12. D
The chemical equation for the dissociation of a monoprotic acid is HA ∅ H+ + A–. The stoichiometry tells us that
the concentration of H+ must equal the concentration of A–. By solving for the concentration of H+ using the pH, we will
have found the concentrations of both. Since pH = –log [H+], then [H+] = 10-pH (since 10a = b can be expressed as log b=

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[H+][A–]
a). Here the [A–] = [H+] = 10–4.5. The acid dissociation constant for the reaction is Ka = [HA] . Solving for the
[H+][A–] (10–4.5)2
concentration of acid, [HA] = [K ] = 4 x 10–6.
a

13. B
This is a straightforward question that asks us to manipulate the formula for Keq and solve for an unknown
[PCl3][Cl2] Keq[Cl2]
concentration. For this reaction the Keq = [PCl ] . Rearranging for PCl3 and solving we get [PCl3] = [PCl =
5 5]
96.2 x 2.5
3.5 .

14. E
The two elements that would form the most ionic compound will have the greatest difference in electronegativities.
Electronegativity increases from left to right and from bottom to top on the periodic table of the elements. The elements
with the greatest difference in electronegativities will be the furthest apart from one another on the periodic table.
Lanthanum and chlorine are the furthest apart on the periodic table.

15. B
To answer this question, we must first solve for the concentration of OH–, then use that to figure out the pH. The
solubility product constant for this reaction is Ksp = [Ag+][OH–]. Solving for the concentration of OH– we get [OH–] =
Ksp 1.5 x 10–8 –6 –6
[Ag+] = 1 x 10–2 = 1.5 x 10 . To calculate the pOH we use the formula pOH = –log[OH] = –log(1.5 x 10 ) = –(log1.5
+ log10–6) = –(log1.5 –6) = 6 – log1.5. Now we can use the pOH so determine the pH. Since pH + pOH = 14, then pH =
14 – pOH = 14 – (6 – log 1.5) = 8 + log 1.5. It is essential to understand the mathematical rules involving logarithms, as
it goes hand in hand with acid/base chemistry.

16. D
Using the oxidation rules outlined in question 9, we have to determine the oxidation state of arsenic in the
polyatomic ion AsO33–. The oxygens give a total oxidation state of –6 (3 x (–2)), and the oxidation number of arsenic
plus that of the oxygens have to sum to the charge of the ion. Therefore arsenic must be +3 (x + (–6) = 3–; x = –3).
Alternatively, you could solve for the entire molecule, H3AsO3, with the hydrogens giving total oxidation state of +3 (3 x
(+1)), the oxygens –6, and arsenic +3 (x + 3 + (–6) = 0; x = +3).

17. B
Buffers are solutions that resist change in pH. A buffer is a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Weak
acids and bases must be used, since a strong acid or base would completely dissociate and not have any buffering
capacity. If the acid and base in the buffer were not conjugates, they would react with one another, producing salt and
water with no buffering capacity. Choice A is a weak acid and a strong acid, so cannot make a buffer. Choice B is the
correct answer, the buffer consists of the weak base methyl amine and the conjugate base methylammoniumiodide.
Choices C, D and E are not conjugates.

18. C
A voltaic or galvanic cell is a spontaneous cell that has a positive EMF (electromotive force) and a negative _G.
When given half reactions you have to determine which species will be oxidized and which we be reduced such that a
positive electrical cell potential is obtained. The half reactions with the corresponding reduction potentials are as follows:

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Ni2+(aq) + 2e– ∅ Ni(s) E_ = –0.28 V

Sn2+(aq) + 2e– ∅ Sn(s) E_ = –0.14 V

Since the nickel has the more negative reduction potential, it will get oxidized. The reaction for nickel above will
therefore proceed to the left. The reaction for the cell is:

Sn2+(aq) + Ni(s) ∅ Sn(s) + Ni2+(aq)

The EMF of the cell is the reduction potential of the species reduced minus the reduction potential of the species
oxidized, as expressed in the formula EMF = Ecathode – Eanode. The purpose of the subtraction is to reverse the sign of the
reduction potential since that species is getting oxidized. Be sure not to make the mistake of reversing the sign of reaction
occurring at the anode, and then insert it into the preceding equation--you will have reversed the sign twice and gotten the
answer wrong! For this reaction, EMF = (–0.14) – (–0.28) = +0.14 V.

19. A
This question requires dimensional analysis to solve, as it would take too many equations and way too much time so
solve directly. In dimensional analysis, a series of fractions are multiplied together, canceling the units you don't need
and eventually giving the units you are looking for. You start with a fraction that has the units you are solving for in the
numerator, and proceed to cancel out the denominator and subsequent units until you are left with the answer. This
question is asking for seconds, so we must start with a fraction with seconds in the numerator. The analysis proceeds as
follows:

(112secC ) x (96500
mol e )
C
– x (12mol Cl )
mol e
2
x (1 22.4 L )
mol Cl 2
x (11.2 L) = 96500
12 sec

current faraday's constant 2Cl- ∅ 2 Cl2 + 2e- gas law given volume

The trick is to recognize that amps are C/sec, and that coulombs can be canceled using Faraday's constant.

20. E
This is another question that can be solved using dimensional analysis:

(1 mol160CuSO
g
)4
x( 1L
0.40 mol
) x (.01L) = 0.64 g = 640 mg

21. A
This is an example of a dilution question, where the volume has been changed but not the molar amount of the
substance. The formula used is very similar to that used in neutralization questions: MiVi = MfVf:
Mi is the initial molarity of the solution.
Vi is the initial volume of the solution.
Mf is the final molarity of the solution.
Vf is the volume volume of the solution.
Essentially, since M x V = moles, the formula states ni = nf. This formula can only be used when the molar amount
M1V1
has not changed. This question is looking for the final volume, so solving and plugging in we get Vf = M =
2
(0.75)(625)
0.45 ; answer choice A.

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22. B
This is a neutralization question that is looking for the volume of acid. Using the techniques outlined in question 11,
NBVB (2)(200)
we rearrange the equation NAVA = NBVB for acid volume and solve; VA = N = (4) = 100 mL.
A

23. C
To solve this question we have to use Boyle's Law, P1V1 = P2V2. Rearranging the equation and solving for the final
P1V1 (700)(20) 1400
volume we get V2 = P = 630 ♠ 60 = 23 mL.
2

24. E
The change in enthalpy (∆H) and change in entropy (∆S) of a reaction are related to the change in free energy (∆G)
of a reaction by the formula ∆G = ∆H – T∆S. Since ∆H is positive and ∆S is positive, the reaction will be spontaneous
when temperatures are very high, and will be nonspontaneous when temperatures are very low. An example of this is ice
melting: ∆H is positive because breaking bonds requires energy, and disorder is increasing (solid _ liquid), so ice will
only melt when T > 0_C. Answer choice C is incorrect because when a reaction is at equilibrium, ∆S = 0. Answer choice
D is incorrect because a +∆H means heat is being absorbed, and is defined as endothermic.

25. C
As the phases of matter change from gas _ liquid _ solid, the molecules are becoming closer together. Since
molecules in the liquid phase are already close together, it is more difficult to compress them further into the solid phase
than it is to compress gas phase molecules (which are far apart). Answer choice A is incorrect because van der Waals
forces do not effect how easily a substance can be compressed. Choice B is incorrect because gas molecules are far apart
from one another, and are the least dense of all the phases of matter. Liquid molecules possess less kinetic energy than
gas molecules, since liquids exist at lower temperatures than gases, making choice D wrong, and although choice E is a
correct statement, it does not answer the question, as it does not address a correlaton between solids and liquids.

26. C
An increase in entropy means an increase in disorder. Sublimation is when solids become gases, with no liquid
phase in between. Since gas molecules are more disorder than solids, entropy increases. Condensation is when gases
become liquids, a decrease in entropy. Freezing and solidifaction are both processes by which liquids become solids, also
a decrease in entropy. Cooling is also a decrease in entropy, as the molecules are moving slower and less randomly.

27. D
The freezing point of a liquid decreases when a substance is dissolved in it according to the formula ∆Tf = kfm ;
where kf is the freezing point depression constant (a constant specific for a given solvent), and m is the molality (mol
solute/kg solvent) of the solution. Remember that the formula reports the change–if a question asks for the final
temperature, you must subtact ∆T from the initial freezing point of the liquid (Tf = Ti – ∆Tf). We are given 23g ethanol,
250 g H2O (= 1/4 kg), and a kf of 1.86_C_kg/mol. To calculate the molality we have to first determine the molar amount
m 23 g mol 1/
of ethanol added: n = MW = 46 g/mol = 1/2 mol. Therefore m = kg = 1/2 = 2 mol/kg. Finally, ∆Tf = kfm; = (1.86)(2) ♠
4
(2)(2) = 4_C. The freezing point of water is 0_C, so the new freezing point is –4_C. [Notice: calculations are usually
made easier when numbers are used in fractional format instead of decimals, and values are rounded to the nearest whole
number when possible.]

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28. E
Similar to freezing point depression is boiling point elevation. The boiling point of a solution increases according to
the formula ∆Tb= kbm ; where kb is the boiling point elevation constant. Remember, the formula reports the change, so if
a question asks for the final boiling point, the ∆Tb has to be added to the initial boiling point (Tf = Ti + ∆Tb). Before
doing any calculation, you should always look at the answer choices to help determine how the question is to be solved.
mol
Here, we are not required to do any math, we need only set up the formula: ∆Tb= kbm = (0.51)( kg ) =
m 60 g
MW 180 g/mol
( )
(0.51_C_kg/mol) kg = (0.51) ( )
1kg . After dropping the units and rearranging the complex fraction we get:
667g 1000g
(60)(1000)
(0.51)_(667)(180).

29. C
Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are colligative properties. Colligative properties depend on the
amount of the substance, and does not depend on the properties of the substance itself. If a molecule dissociates when it
dissolves, the molality has to be multiplied by the number of particles formed upon dissociation, that way the total number
of dissolved particles are taken into consideration when calculating the new freezing point or boiling point. We are given
a list of molalities and asked which will have the greatest boiling point. The solution with the greatest boiling point will
have the greatest number of dissolved particles in solution. Let's go through the individual answer choices and
determine the equivalent molality:
.5 mol NaCl 2 mol ions
A. kg _ mol NaCl = 1.0 m ions [1 mol Na+ and 1 mol Cl– are formed]

1.5 mol C6H12O6 1 mol

B. kg _ mol = 1.5 m [glucose does not dissociate]

1.0 mol Na3PO4 4 mol ions

C. mol _ mol Na PO = 4.0 m ions [3 mol Na+ and 1 mol PO43- are formed]
3 4

1.5 mol KCl 2 mol ion

D. kg _ mol KCl = 3.0 m ions [1 mol K+ and 1 mol Cl- are formed]

1.0 mol K2CO3

E. kg _ (3 ions,mol K2CO3) = 3.0 m ions [2 mol K+ and 1 mol CO32- are formed]

Since Na3PO4 has the greatest amount of particles in solution, it will increase the boiling point the most.
30. D
The formula for the dissolution of PbF2 is:

PbF2 Pb2+ + 2F- Ksp = [Pb2+][F-]2

The stoichiometry tells us that for every mole of PbF2 that dissolves, 1 mol of Pb2+ is formed and 2 moles of F- are
formed. If we let x = [Pb2+], then the [F-] = 2x. Plugging this into the formula we get Ksp = [Pb2+][F-]2 = (x)(2x)2 =
(x)(4x2) = 4x3. The [Pb2+] = 1.15 x 10–3 ♠ 1 x 10–3 and so Ksp = 4x3 = 4(1 x 10–3)3 = 4 x 10–9, which is close to choice
D.

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