Bathsheba

Bathsheba[a] was the wife of Uriah the Hittite and later of David, according to
Bathsheba
the Hebrew Bible. She is most known for the biblical narrative in which she was
summoned by King David, who had seen her bathing and lusted after her. She
was the mother of Solomon, who succeeded David as king, making her the
Queen mother.

Contents
Biblical narrative
Judaism
Relationship to Ahithophel
In rabbinic literature
Christianity
Islam Bathsheba holding king David's
Critical commentary letter by Willem Drost, 1654, Louvre
Museum
Cultural references
Art – Bathsheba in her bath Queen consort of Israel
Literature
Spouse Uriah the Hittite
Film
Musical King David

See also Issue Unnamed son

Notes
Solomon
Nathan
References
Shammua
Sources
Shobab
Bibliography
House House of David
External links
Father Eliam
Mother Unknown
Biblical narrative Religion Judaism
Bathsheba was the daughter of Eliam (2 Samuel 11:3 (https://www.mechon-mam
re.org/p/pt/pt08b11.htm#3), Ammiel in 1 Chronicles 3:5 (https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a03.htm#5)). An Eliam is
mentioned in 2 Samuel 23:34 (https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b23.htm#34) as the son of Ahithophel, who is described
as the Gilonite. Bathsheba was the wife of Uriah the Hittite.

David's first interactions with Bathsheba are described in 2 Samuel 11 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nasb:2_Samuel.11–1

1), and are omitted in the Books of Chronicles. David, while walking on the roof of his palace, saw a very beautiful woman
bathing. He ordered enquiries and found out that she was Bathsheba, wife of Uriah. He desired her and later made her
pregnant.[2][3][4]
 In an effort to conceal his sin,
David summoned Uriah from
the army (with whom he was on
campaign) in the hope that
Uriah would have sex with her
and think that the child
belonged to him. But Uriah was
Jean-Léon Gérôme's depiction of unwilling to violate the ancient
Bathsheba bathing watched by kingdom rule applying to
David. David seducing Bathsheba.
warriors in active service.[5]
Rather than go home to his own Anonymous 17th century painting.

bed, he preferred to remain with the palace troops.

After repeated efforts to convince Uriah to have sex with Bathsheba the king gave the order to his general, Joab, that Uriah should
be placed on the front lines of the battle, where Uriah would be more likely to die. David had Uriah himself carry the message
that led to his death. After Uriah had been killed, David married Bathsheba.

David's action was displeasing to the Lord, who sent Nathan the prophet to
reprove the king. After relating the parable of the rich man who took away the
one little ewe lamb of his poor neighbor (2 Samuel 12:1–6), and exciting the
king's anger against the unrighteous act, the prophet applied the case directly to
David's action with regard to Bathsheba. The king at once confessed his sin and
expressed sincere repentance. Bathsheba's first child by David was struck with a
severe illness and died, unnamed, a few days after birth, which the king accepted
as his punishment. Nathan also noted that David's house would be punished for
Uriah's murder. William Blake's painting Bathsheba
at the Bath, Tate Britain[6]
Bathsheba later gave birth to David's son Solomon. In David's old age,
Bathsheba, based on David's promise, secured the succession to the throne by
Solomon, instead of David's elder surviving sons by his other wives, such as Chileab (2 Samuel 3:1–6 (https://www.mechon-mam
re.org/p/pt/pt08b03.htm#1)), Adonijah (1 Kings 1:11–31 (https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a01.htm#11)) and others (2
Samuel 3:1–6 (https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b03.htm#1)). David's punishment came to pass years later when one of
David's much-loved sons, Absalom, led an insurrection that plunged the kingdom into civil war. Moreover, to manifest his claim
to be the new king, Absalom had sexual intercourse in public with ten of his father's concubines, which could be considered a
direct, tenfold divine retribution for David's taking the woman of another man in secret (2 Samuel 16:20–23).

Judaism

Relationship to Ahithophel
John Gill mentions that in Rabbinic literature Bathsheba is supposed to have been the granddaughter of Ahitophel.[7] The
argument is that she is called the daughter of Eliam in 2 Sam. 11:3, and 2 Sam 23:34 mentions an Eliam, the son of Ahithophel
the Gilonite, one of David's "thirty". The assumption is then that these two Eliams are the same person.

However in 1 Chronicles the names are very different: Bathsheba is called Bathshua the daughter of Ammiel in 1 Chronicles 3:5.
And in the list of David's thirty in 1 Chronicles 11:36 we have Ahijah the Pelonite.[7] Some have also questioned whether
Ahithophel would have been old enough to have a granddaughter.[8]
In rabbinic literature
Bathsheba was the granddaughter of Ahithophel, David's famous counselor. The Aggadah states that Ahithophel was misled by
his knowledge of astrology into believing himself destined to become king of Israel. He therefore induced Absalom to commit an
unpardonable crime (2 Sam. 16:21), which sooner or later would have brought with it, according to Jewish law, the penalty of
death; the motive for this advice being to remove Absalom, and thus to make a way for himself to the throne. His astrological
information had been, however, misunderstood by him; for in reality it only predicted that his granddaughter, Bathsheba, the
daughter of his son Eliam, would become queen (Sanh. 101b, YalḲ. Sam. § 150).[9]

The Midrash portrays the influence of Satan bringing about the sinful relation of David and Bathsheba as follows: Bathsheba was
bathing, perhaps behind a screen of wickerwork. Satan is depicted as coming in the disguise of a bird. David, shooting at the bird,
strikes the screen, splitting it; thus Bathsheba is revealed in her beauty to David (Sanhedrin 107a).

Christianity
In Matthew 1:6, "the wife of Uriah" is mentioned as one of the ancestors of Jesus.

In medieval typology, Bathsheba is recognized as the antetype foreshadowing the role of Ecclesia, the church personified, as
David was the antetype for Jesus.[10] As a queen and mother, she was also associated with the Blessed Virgin Mary as Queen of
Heaven. Bathsheba's son, King Solomon, rises to greet her, bows down in veneration, and furnishes her a seat at his right hand.
This demonstrates her exalted status and share in the royal kingdom.[11] Bathsheba acts as intercessor for her subjects, delivering
their petitions to the King: "Pray ask King Solomon—he will not refuse you—to give me Abishag the Shunammite as my
wife".[12][13][14][15][16][17]

When Jesus founds the Church, he maintains continuity with his hereditary House of David: Mary, who is mother of Christ the
King, is accorded the highly-favored status in Catholicism as the Queen Mother in the Kingdom of God, and continues to
intercede on behalf of the faithful who pray to her.[13][14][18][19]

Islam
In Islam David is considered to be a prophet, and some Islamic tradition views the Bible story as incompatible with the principle
of infallibility (Ismah) of the prophets. A hadith quoted in Tafsir al-Kabir and Majma' al-Bayan expresses that Ali bin Abi Talib
said: "Whoever says that David, has married Uriah's wife as the legends are narrate, I will punish him twice: one for qazf (falsely
accusing someone of adultery) and the other for desecrating the prophethood (defamation of prophet David)".[20]

Another hadith narrated from Shia scholars states that Ali Al-Ridha, during the discussions with the scholars of other religions
about prophets' infallibility, asked one of them, "What do you say about David?" he said "David was praying, when a beautiful
bird appeared in front of him, and David left his prayer and went after the bird. While David was walking on the roof of his
palace, he saw Bathsheba having a bath... so David placed her husband in the front lines of the battlefield, in order to get killed,
so that he could marry Bathsheba." Ali Al-Ridha got upset and said: "Inna Lillahi wa inna ilaihi raji'un, you assign sluggishness
in prayer to the prophet of God, and then accuse him of unchastity, and then charge him with the murder of an innocent man!" He
asked "so what is the story of Uriah?" and Ali Al-Ridha said "At that time, women whose husbands passed away or got killed in
the war would never get married again (and this was the source of many evils). David was the first person to break this tradition.
So after Uriah was incidentally killed in the war, David married his wife, but people could hardly accept this anomalous marriage
(and subsequently legends were made about this marriage.)[21]

Critical commentary
 Bathsheba's name appears in 1 Chronicles 3:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?o
sis=nasb:1_Chronicles.3:5–3:5) spelled "Bath-shua", the form becomes merely a
variant reading of "Bath-sheba". The passages in which Bath-sheba is mentioned
are 2 Samuel 11:2–12:24 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nasb:2_Samuel.1
1:2–12:24), and 1 Kings 1:2 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nasb:1_King
s.1:2–1:2)—both of which are parts of the oldest stratum of the books of Samuel
and Kings, part of that court history of David, written by someone who stood
very near the events and who did not idealize David. The material contained in it
is of higher historical value than that in the later strata of these books. Budde
Bathsheba with David's messenger, later connected it with the Jahwist document of the Hexateuch.[22]
as the king watches from his roof,
The only interpolations that concern the story of Bathsheba are some verses in
1562 Jan Massys
the early part of the twelfth chapter, that heighten the moral tone of Nathan's
rebuke of David. According to Karl Budde the interpolated portion is 12: 7, 8,
and 10–12; according to Friedrich Schwally and H. P. Smith, the whole of 12: 1–15a is an interpolation, and 12:. 15b should be
joined directly to 11: 27. This does not directly affect the narrative concerning Bathsheba herself. 1 Chronicles omits all reference
to the way in which Bathsheba became David's wife, and gives only the names of her children in 1 Chronicles 3:5 (https://www.bi
blica.com/bible/?osis=nasb:1_Chronicles.3:5–3:5) -- Shimea, Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon.[22]

The father of Bathsheba was Eliam ("Ammiel" in 1 Chronicles 3:5 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nasb:1_Chronicles.3:5–

3:5)). As this was also the name of a son of Ahithophel, one of David's heroes (2 Samuel 23:34 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?o
sis=nasb:2_Samuel.23:34–23:34)), perhaps Bathsheba was a granddaughter of Ahithophel and that the latter's desertion of David
at the time of Absalom's rebellion was in revenge for David's conduct toward Bathsheba.[23]

Kenneth E. Bailey interprets the passage from a different perspective: he says that David's Jerusalem was tightly packed and
Bathsheba's house may have been as close as twenty feet away from David's rooftop; people in ancient times were exceptionally
modest about their bodies, so he suggests that Bathsheba displayed herself deliberately, so that instead of being an innocent
victim, it was actually she who seduced David in order to rid herself of Uriah, and move in with King David.[24]

David summoned Bathsheba for sex.[25][26][27] Lawrence O. Richards states that the biblical text supports the innocence of
Bathsheba, that David took the initiative to find out her identity and summon her, and that she was alone at the time and had no
way to refuse the requests of a King.[25] David J. Zucker writes that "[s]he is a victim of 'power rape'".[27] Andrew J. Schmutzer
stated that "David's 'taking' Bathsheba makes him responsible for her coming to him."[28] Antony F. Campbell states "The
'violation of Bathsheba' may be the least unsatisfactory terminology, especially given the ambivalence of the text's
storytelling."[2] According to Michael D. Coogan, the faulting of David is made clear in the text from the very beginning: "It was
springtime, the time when kings go forth to war... but David remained in Jerusalem" (2 Samuel 11:1 (https://www.biblica.com/bib
le/?osis=nasb:2_Samuel.11:1–11:1)); if David had been away at war, the incident would not have taken place.[29]

The Bathsheba incident leads to a shift in the book's perspective; afterwards David "is largely at the mercy of events rather than
directing them".[30] He is no longer able to control his family, and ends up being overthrown by Absalom. And in 2 Samuel 13 (ht
tps://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=nasb:2_Samuel.13–13) the story of David's son Amnon's rape of his sister Tamar, told so soon
after the incident of Bathsheba, seems to draw a parallel between the sexual misconduct of father and son.[31]

Cultural references

Art – Bathsheba in her bath

Along with Eve, Bathsheba was almost the only female whose nude depiction
could easily and regularly be justified in Christian art, and she is therefore an
important figure in the development of the nude in medieval art. Though
sometimes shown clothed at other points in her story, the most common
depiction, in both medieval and later art, was Bathsheba at her Bath, the formal
name for the subject in art showing Bathsheba bathing, watched by King David.
This could be shown with various degrees of nudity, depending on the pose and
the placing of clothes or towels. One of the most common placements in the 15th
century, perhaps surprisingly, was in miniatures illustrating a book of hours, a
personal prayer book, that overtook the psalter as the most popular devotional
book for laypeople. This was especially the case in France.[32]

In art the subject is one of the most commonly shown in the Power of Women
topos. As an opportunity to feature a large female nude as the focus of a history
Painting by Artemisia Gentileschi
painting, the subject was popular from the Renaissance onwards. Sometimes (more in Commons).
Bathsheba's maids or the "messengers" sent by David are shown, and often a
distant David watching from his roof. The messengers are sometimes confused
with David himself, but most artists follow the Bible in keeping David at a distance in this episode.

Paintings with articles include:

Bathsheba at Her Bath (Rembrandt), Louvre, the most famous painting of the subject.
Bathsheba at her Bath (Veronese), 1575, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, France. Atypically, Bathsheba is
clothed in this.

Literature
1588 David and Bethsabe, a play by George Peele
1874 The story of Bathsheba, David and Uriah is echoed in Thomas Hardy's novel Far from the Madding Crowd.
1893 The Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Crooked Man uses the David/Bathsheba story as its main
structure.
1984 The tragicomedic novel God Knows written by Joseph Heller. Narrated by king David, purports to be his
deathbed memoirs; however, not recounted in a straightforward fashion, the storyline is often hilariously
fractured, exploring David's childhood herding sheep, the prophet Samuel, Goliath, King Saul, Jonathan (and
homosexual innuendoes), Bathsheba and Uriah, the Psalms, the treachery of Absalom, Solomon, with even the
occasional display of David betraying a knowledge of the future and Heaven.
2015 The life of King David, as narrated by the prophet Nathan, and including the story of Uriah and Bathsheba,
is the subject of the novel The Secret Chord by Geraldine Brooks.[33]

Film
Bathsheba has been portrayed by:

Susan Hayward in the film David and Bathsheba (1951),

Rosalind Elias in the TV premier of Ezra Laderman's opera/cantata And David Wept (1971) [34]
Jane Seymour in the TV film The Story of David (1976).[35]
Alice Krige in the film King David (1985),
Melia Kreiling in the TV miniseries The Bible (2013).

Musical
 David, and Bathsheba (who is unnamed), are referenced, in the Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah" (released
1985) ("you saw her bathing on the roof, her beauty in the moonlight overthrew you").[36][37]
The song "Dead" from the 1989 album Doolittle by the Pixies depicts David's lust for Bathsheba, the pregnancy
resulting from their adultery, and Uriah's demise. Bathsheba and Uriah are mentioned by name.[38]
"Mad About You", a song on Sting's 1991 album The Soul Cages, explores David's obsession with Bathsheba
from David's perspective,[39]

See also
A Lineage of Grace, a series of novellas including Unspoken: Bathsheba
Category:Paintings depicting Bathsheba
King Lemuel
List of films based on military books (pre-1775)#Battle of the Valley of Elah: film David and Bathsheba

Notes
a. (/bæθˈʃiːbə/ or /ˈbæθʃɪbə/; Hebrew: ‫בַּת שֶׁבַע‬, Baṯ-šeḇa‘, "daughter of Sheba" or "daughter of the oath")[1]

References
1. "Bathsheba" (http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bathsheba?showCookiePolicy=true). Collins
Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
2. Antony F. Campbell (2005). 2 Samuel (https://books.google.com/books?id=FgmyJVkci14C&pg=PA104). Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-8028-2813-2.
3. Sara M. Koenig (2011). Isn't This Bathsheba?: A Study in Characterization (https://books.google.com/books?id=
O4ZMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69). Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-60899-427-4.
4. Antony F. Campbell (2004). Joshua to Chronicles: An Introduction (https://books.google.com/books?id=vQEcTgQ
uP94C&pg=PA161). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-664-25751-4.
5. William Robertson Smith (1889). Lectures on the Religion of the Semites: First Series. The Fundamental
Institutions (https://books.google.com/books?id=WPANAQAAIAAJ). A. and C. Black. p. 465.
6. Morris Eaves, Robert N. Essick, and Joseph Viscomi (eds.). "Bathsheba at the Bath, object 1 (Butlin 390)
"Bathsheba at the Bath" " (http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=but390.1.pt.01&vg=
biblicaltemperas&vcontext=biblicaltemperas&landing=object&titles=&java=no&mode=vcopy). William Blake
Archive. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
7. "2 Samuel 23:34 Commentary – John Gill's Exposition of the Bible" (http://www.biblestudytools.com/commentarie
s/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/2-samuel-23-34.html). Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
8. "Ahithophel in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia" (http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/A/ahitho
phel.html). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
9. "Ahitophel", Jewish Encyclopedia (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/993-ahithophel)
10. Kren, 49
11. 1 Kings 2:19–20 NRSV
12. 1 Kings 2:17 NRSV
13. https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/is-marys-queenship-biblical
14. https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/is-there-a-queen-in-the-kingdom-of-heaven-pt-ii
15. Kirwin, George F. The Nature of the Queenship of Mary, 1973.
16. Rossier, Francois. L'intercession entre les hommes dans la bible hebraique by Francois Rossier, 1997.
17. Sri, Edward. Queen Mother: A Biblical Theology of Mary's Queenship, 2005. pp. 49-53.
18. Sri, Edward. Queen Mother: A Biblical Theology of Mary's Queenship, 2005. p. 72.
19. "Mary, Mother of God and Queen of Heaven" (https://www.ewtn.com/expert/answers/mother.htm).
www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
20. "‫ »ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺛﻜﻢ ﺑﺤﺪﻳﺚ داود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮوﻳﻪ اﻟﻘﺼّﺎص‬:‫ﻋﻦ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺐ أن ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﺮم اﻟﻠّﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ وﺟﻬﻪ ﻗﺎل‬
‫( "»ﺟﻠﺪﺗﻪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ و ﺳﺘﻴﻦ)ﺟﻠّﺪﺗﻪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺟﻠﺪة ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ( و ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء‬Tafsir al-Kabir, al-Razi, vol. 26, p. 379; Ruh
al-Ma'ani, vol. 12, p. 178; Tafsir al-Muraghi, vol. 23, p. 111.)
"‫"روي ﻋﻦ أﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ )ع( أﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل ﻻ أوﺗﻰ ﺑﺮﺟﻞ ﻳﺰﻋﻢ أن داود ﺗﺰوج اﻣﺮأة أورﻳﺎ إﻻ ﺟﻠﺪﺗﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﺪا ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻮة و ﺣﺪا ﻟﻺﺳﻼم‬
(Tafsir Majma' al-Bayan, vol 8, p 736.) "‫ و ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺮم‬ّ ‫ن اﻟﻤﺰاﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﺗﺘّﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺎرﺗﻜﺎب ﻋﻤﻞ‬ّ ‫ﻷ‬
‫ ﺳﻮﻃﺎ‬80 ‫ﻣﺮة‬ّ ‫ﻞ‬ ّ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ )ﻛ‬
ّ ‫ﺴﻼم‬ ّ ‫ و ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻹﻣﺎم ﺑﺠﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻔﺘﺮي ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟ‬،‫(")اﺧﺮى ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﺣﺮﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺎم اﻟﻨﺒﻮّة‬Tafsir
Nemooneh, vol 19, p 257.)
21. Tafsir Nemooneh, vol. 19, p. 257; Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha, vol. 1, p. 154; Amali Saduq, p. 91.
22. Morris Jastrow, Jr., Morris et al. "Bath-sheba", Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/ar
ticles/2659-bath-sheba)
23. Steven L. McKenzie (27 April 2000). King David: A Biography (https://books.google.com/books?id=WHY7q1u8m
P4C&pg=PA168). Oxford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-19-535101-9.
24. Kenneth E. Bailey, Jesus Through Middle Eastern Eyes. pp. 40-41.
25. Lawrence O. Richards (2002). Bible Reader's Companion (https://books.google.com/books?id=S4D_IVZ1cCQC&
pg=PA210). David C Cook. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-0-7814-3879-7.
26. Carlos Wilton (June 2004). Lectionary Preaching Workbook: For All Users of the Revised Common, the Roman
Catholic, and the Episcopal Lectionaries. Series VIII (https://books.google.com/books?id=GxyxOxf5DmcC&pg=P
A189). CSS Publishing. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-7880-2371-2.
27. David J. Zucker (10 December 2013). The Bible's Prophets: An Introduction for Christians and Jews (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=nTtJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51). Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-63087-
102-4.
28. Andrew J. Schmutzer (1 October 2011). The Long Journey Home: Understanding and Ministering to the Sexually
Abused (https://books.google.com/books?id=topMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146). Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 146–.
ISBN 978-1-60899-395-6.
29. Coogan, Michael D., A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 210
30. Coogan, Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 208
31. Coogan, Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 212
32. Kren, 43-49
33. Brooks, Geraldine. The Secret Chord. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780670025770.
34. "And David Wept" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2358889/). 14 April 1971 – via www.imdb.com.
35. Burnette-Bletsch, Rhonda (12 September 2016). The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception
in Film (https://books.google.com/?id=MtcXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=%22The+Story+of+David%22+1976+%
22Timothy+Bottoms%22+Keith#v=onepage&q=%22The+Story+of+David%22+1976+%22Timothy+Bottoms%22+
Keith&f=false). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781614513261. Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via
Google Books.
36. "The Fourth, The Fifth, The Minor Fall" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f928x). BBC. 1 November 2008.
37. "2 Samuel 11 - NIV Bible - In the spring, at the time when kings go off to..." (http://www.biblestudytools.com/2-sa
muel/11.html) Bible Study Tools.
38. Song lyrics for Dead at pixiesmusic.com (http://www.pixiesmusic.com/song/dead/)
39. "Sting.com > Discography > Mad About You, 7" (http://www.sting.com/discography/album/208/Singles).
www.sting.com.

Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–
1906). "Bath-sheba" (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=425). The Jewish Encyclopedia.
New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
 Thomas Kren, "Looking at Louis XII's Bathsheba", in Backhouse, Janet, A Masterpiece Reconstructed: The
Hours of Louis XII (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rh02AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover), (Eds Thomas
Kren, Mark L. Evans), 2005, Getty Publications, ISBN 0892368292, 9780892368297 (fully online)

Bibliography
Kristin De Troyer, "Looking at Bathsheba with Text-Critical Eyes," in Nóra Dávid, Armin Lange, Kristin De Troyer
and Shani Tzoref (eds), The Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
2011) (Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 239), 84–94.

External links
Askmoses.com (http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/182,1972311/Was-King-David-guilty-of-murder-and-adulter
y.html#articlepage), "Was King David guilty of murder and adultery?" by Rabbis Mendy Gutnick and Avrohom
Wineberg

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