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Biofluids – BIOE 331

27 August 2019
Lecture 1
Course Overview and Introduction
Introductions

Teaching staff
Prof. Gregg Duncan
• B.S. Florida State ’09
• Ph.D. Johns Hopkins ‘14
• Joined UMD BIOE faculty in 2017
• Hobbies & Interests: EPL/Arsenal fan, Homebrewer

Maggie Zhou Courtney Johnson Naomi Feldman


• TA for Section 0101 • TA for Section 0102 • Lab technician
• 2nd year BIOE PhD • 2nd year BIOE PhD • BIOE M. Eng. student
student student
Overview of Lecture 1

• Course logistics
• Textbook and WileyPlus
• The importance of fluid mechanics in bioengineering
• Begin Chapter 1: Fluid definitions and properties
Logistics

On ELMS you can find:


▪ Lecture notes for each week
▪ Up-to-date class schedule and syllabus
▪ Office Hours appointment scheduler

Important dates:
▪ Midterms – 9/26, 11/7
▪ Labs – 10/11, 11/15
▪ Final Exam – 12/14 from 10:30AM -12:30PM
▪ (This is a Saturday, Sorry!)

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Textbook and Wiley Plus

▪ Textbook: Munson et al, “Fluid Mechanics”


▪ Available online w/ WileyPlus subscription

▪ Readings assigned each week as noted in syllabus

▪ HW will be assigned via WileyPlus

▪ Go to www.wileyplus.com and enter our course code 717000

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Key Course Components

▪ Studio
▪ TA-led
▪ Will work sample problems (occasionally from HW), MATLAB
examples
▪ Opportunity to work with your classmates

▪ Labs
▪ 2 labs this semester
▪ The second lab requires work with a live animal, please contact
me if you have concerns

▪ HW and Quizzes
▪ Assignments posted online at 2pm Tuesdays. WileyPlus Q’s due
due in 1 week (2pm on following Tuesday).
▪ Quizzes administered during studio (open notes).

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Course Objectives

Goals
• Understand the conceptual and numerical basis for biofluid properties and
dynamics.
• Identify, formulate, and solve problems on biofluid mechanics.
• Apply theory of biofluids towards specialized bioengineering topics.

Tips for success


• Read the textbook before lecture and review once more after lecture
• Review worked examples in assigned reading
• Master HW problems and quizzes

If you have questions as we move through material, ask them!


Fluids impact everyday life
Fluids play a crucial role in bioengineering at
the nano-, micro-, and macroscales
Medical devices: Stents Microfluidics: Cancer Diagnostics

Bioreactors: Antibody production Nanotechnology: Drug Delivery


Internal or External Flow?

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Classical Fluid Flow Examples

Internal – viscous flow in pipes (Chap 8)


Examples: Pipe network, blood flow, lab on a chip

External flow – flow over immersed bodies (Chap 9)


Examples: Airplanes, birds, ships, nutrient flow over adherent cell

Internal or external flow is not always easy to categorize


• The entry region of a pipe flow has characteristics of a boundary layer flow
• A washing machine is an internal flow with respect to the washing machine
itself but it is an external flow with respect to the clothing inside being washed

Fluid flow video libraries

NSF & NCFMF from 1961


http://web.mit.edu/hml/ncfmf.html

Munson et al.
http://www.wiley.com/college/munson/1
118116135/video_lib/mainmenu.html

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Internal and external flow examples
Internal pipe flow: External flow - Oscillating Sign:
Laminar or turbulent? Laminar or turbulent?

http://www.wiley.com/college/munson/1118116135/video_lib
/chapter08/ch08_v8_9.html
http://www.wiley.com/college/munson/1118116135/video_lib
/chapter09/ch09_v9_14.html
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Chapter 1

• What is a fluid? (vs. other states of matter)


• How do fluids behave?
• What quantities/properties describe their behavior?
• Mass and weight
• Velocity and Pressure
• Viscosity
• Compressibility
• Vapor pressure
• Surface tension
Intuition: Diving into a fluid versus a solid

Fluid
(Liquid,
gas)

Solid
Fluid vs. Solid

▪ Fluid: a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a


shearing stress of any magnitude (i.e., it flows)

Solid Fluid (liquid, gas)


F F

▪ High molecular density (usually) ▪ Lower molecular density (usually)


▪ Apply shear stress (force per unit area) ▪ Apply shear stress
→ initial (small) deformation → continuous deformation
▪ Rock, ice, plastic ▪ Water, air, carbon dioxide, oil, blood
Continuum hypothesis

▪ The continuum properties of a system are the averages over some


group of individual molecules
▪ Assumptions:
▪ Averaging volume is much smaller than the size of the system
▪ Averaging volume is much larger than the spacing between individual
molecules
VAVG :
System

T1 T2

T 1 > T2
Qin

Continuum! Properties (may) vary throughout volume of system


Fluid Compressibility

▪ Simple gases
▪ Densities of gases can be easily changed → they are compressible
▪ First order model for gases is ideal gas law

▪ Simple liquids
▪ Liquids are generally less compressible than gases (i.e. they require large
pressures to compress)
▪ First order model for liquids/solids is incompressible

▪ What determines fluid properties?


▪ Intermolecular forces!
▪ Liquids are less compressible because the molecules are already close
together and pushing them closer starts to cause bond stretching and
rearrangement of molecular structure

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Properties: Mass and weight

Density ( )
▪ (average) mass per unit volume
▪ V = Averaging volume
▪ N = Number of molecules
▪ mi = Mass of molecule i
▪ Basic dimensions: [ML-3] “Familiar” units: kg/m3

Related quantities
▪ Specific volume (v) : volume per unit mass , [L3M-1]

▪ Specific gravity (SG, dimensionless):


Density of fluid relative to density of water (at specified temp.)

▪ Specific weight (©):


Conceptually: A weight per unit volume (on Earth)
Basic dimensions: ML-3 * MT-2 = M2L-3T-2 Familiar: N/m3
Properties: Pressure

▪ Pressure is a Force normalized over an area: FL-2 or N/m2


▪ A normal force acts perpendicular to a surface
▪ Pressure results from molecular collisions with a surface (real or imaginary)

▪ Absolute pressure (psia): Pressure measured on absolute scale (always > 0)


▪ “Gage” pressure (psig): Measured relative to reference (usually atmospheric, 1 atm)
▪ Can be negative if pressure is less than reference (e.g., a vacuum pressure)
▪ Vacuum pressure (less common): negative gage pressure

▪ Examples:
▪ 1 atm = 14.7 psia = 101.3kPa (kN/m2) ▪ 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 0 psi vacuum
▪ 0 psia = -14.7 psig = 14.7 psi vacuum ▪ 10 psia = -4.7 psig = 4.7 psi vacuum
Properties: Pressure – Cont.

Absolute pressure

Gage pressure

Atmospheric pressure
0.0 in Hg (101.325 kPa)

7.501 mm Hg
Vacuum gage 7.501 Torr (same as mm Hg)
readings (in of Hg) 1 kPa = 0.01 bar
0.00987 atm
0.145 psi

29.9 in Hg Zero absolute pressure (0 kPa)


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Properties: Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of how thick a fluid is
▪ High viscosity → honey, syrup, oil
▪ Intermediate viscosity → liquid water, milk
▪ Low viscosity - gases
Newtonian fluids – linear relationship between shear stress and strain rate
 Shear stress
 Dynamic viscosity
dV Strain rate
dy

Non-Newtonian fluids → rheology


▪ Some materials deform such that stress and strain are related in a non-linear way

We will stick almost exclusively to Newtonian fluids in this semester


▪ When we consider blood, we will treat it as Newtonian to simplify our analysis
Properties: Velocity

▪ Velocity [L/T] (m/s): Average velocity of molecules in region of interest


(net thermodynamic contribution from random/vibrational motion = 0)

VAVG

▪ Component velocities in Cartesian coordinates: V = ui + vj + wk


Next lecture in BIOE 331

Topical Focus
Fluid properties (cont.) – viscosity, velocity, …
Fluid kinematics – how fluids move

Reading (as posted in syllabus)


Chap 1 - fluid properties
Chap 4.1-4.3 - fluid kinematics

HW #1 due next Tuesday

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