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Chapter Page No.

1.0 Material Properties 1

2.0 Design of 3.0 m Length Flying wall 2-6

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1.0 Material Properties ( As per IRC:112)

Grade of Concrete = M 30
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete (E cm ) = 31187 N / mm²
Ultimate compressive strain in the concrete (єcu3) = 0.0035
Partial material safety factor for concrete (gm) = 1.5 Basic
Concrete

Tensile Strength of Concrete(f ctm ) = 2.5 N / mm²

Coeff. to consider the influence of the concret strength (a) = 0.67 Cube

Factor (l ) = 0.8

Factor (h) = 1.0

f cd = ( a *f ck / g m) = 13.40 N / mm²
Wall

Factor Fav (hfcdl) = 10.72

Factor b = (l/2) = 0.4
Grade of Steel = Fe 500 N / mm²
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing of steel (E s ) = 200000 N / mm²
Partial material safety factor for Steel (gs) = 1.15 Basic
Ultimate tensile strain in the steel (є s ) = f y /(g s x E s )+0.002 = 0.004174
Steel

Modular ratio ae =(E s /E cm ) = 6.41

Clear cover = 75 mm

Density of Reinforced Concrete = 2.5 t / m3

Density of Water = 1.00 t / m3

Angle of Repose Ø = 30.00 °

Slope of Backfill = 1 V : 5E+05 H
BACKFILL MATERIAL

Angle of Surcharge β = 0.00 °

3
Dry Density of Soil γ = 2.000 t/m
Sat. Density of Soil γsat = 2.100 t/m3
3
Sub Density of Soil γsub = 2.000 t/m
= °
δ = 20.00 °
Co-eff. Of Friction = 0.500
Net SBC = 15 t / m²
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2.0 DATA Height of Wall from GL = 2.00 m

2.1 LEVEL
RL at Top = 100.00 m
Ground Level = 98.00 m

Intermediate Lvl = 99.00 m

2.2 WALL DIMENSION

Length of Wall = 2.000 m
Thk. Of Wall At Top = 0.300 m
At Bottom = 0.300 m
Angle of Wall α = 90.0°

2.3 COEFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE (Lateral Earth Pressure by Bowels)

sin ² (α+Ø) = 0.297

Ka = sin(Ø+δ)×sin(Ø-β) ^0.5 ²
sin²α × sin(α-δ) 1+
sin(α-δ)×sin(α+β)

sin ² (α-Ø) = 6.105

Kp = sin(Ø+δ)×sin(Ø+β) ^0.5 ²
sin²α × sin(α+δ) 1-
sin(α+δ)×sin(α+β)

2.4 Figure 3.0

100.00 TL
0.5

99.000 Int. Lvl

2.0

1.000 Box

98.000 GL
0.500

Active Earth Pressure due to filling : Active Earth Pressure due to live load Surcharge:
2.0

1.2

KAgh = 12.25 KN/m² KAgh = 7.35 KN/m²

Active Earth Pressure due to Filling + live load Surcharge : 7.35 KN/m²

Pressure Intensity at Top = 7.35 KN/m²

Pressure Intensity at Bottom = 19.60 KN/m²

19.60 KN/m²
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2.5 Design of Flying wall

Bending moment and shear forces are obtained from Staad model

Component Ult. Bending Rare Bending QP Bending Ult. Shear

Sr. Moment Moment Moment Force
No. KN.m KN.m KN.m KN
1 Hori. steel 41.281 27.520 27.520 50.106
2 Vert. Steel 23.850 15.902 15.902 50.106

Flexural Design
Sr.No. RL Mu xu lim xu d Ast Ast bar Spacing Ast
100.00 design prov. kav Req. Min Dia Prov. Prov.
T.m mm mm mm mm²/m mm²/m mm mm mm²/m
1 Hori. steel 4.21 100.3 18.46 220.0 0.081 455.2 264 10 0 150.0 523.3 Ok
1 Vert. Steel 2.43 100.3 10.51 220.0 0.047 259.1 264 10 0 275.0 285.5 Ok

CHECK FOR NOMINAL SHEAR :

Effective Depth = 220.0 mm

A ly = 523 mm²/m
r ly = 0.0024
K = 1.953
n min = 0.464 N/mm²
n Rd = 0.464 N/mm²
bw = 1000 mm
d = 220 mm
V Rd = 10.20 T > 5.11 T Hence Ok
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Check For crack width

1 − 1 − 4 b M /( Fav bd 2 ) 
x = d* 
 2b 
 
= 18.5 mm < 220.00 mm OK

Maximum Crack Width is as per the cl. 12.3.4 of IRC:112-2011

Wk = sr,max(εsm - εcm)
Wk,lim = 0.3 mm Exposure Condition = Moderate
where,
Sr,max = the maximum crack spacing
εsm = the mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of
loads, including the effect of imposed deformations and taking into account
the effects of tension stiffening
εcm = the mean strain in the concrete between cracks
f ct ,eff
 sc − k t (1 + a e r r ,eff )
r r ,eff  sc
 sm −  cm =  0.6
Es Es
where,
σs = the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section
ae = the ratio E s /E cm
r r ,eff = A s / A c,eff
A c,eff = the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement or
prestressing tendons of depth, hc,ef,
where hc,ef is the lesser of 2.5(h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2
kt = a factor dependent on the duration of the load
= 0.5

Spacing of bonded rein. within the tension zone <= 5(c+f /2) (cover c= 75 )
150.00 mm or 275.0 mm <= 5( 75+10 /2)
<= 400
Maximum crack spacing,

0.425𝑘1 𝑘2 ∅
𝑆𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.4𝑐 +
𝜌𝜌,𝑒𝑓𝑓
k1 = a coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded rein.
= 0.8 for high bond bars
= 1.6 for bars with an effectively plain surface

k2 = coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain:

= 0.5 for bending

S r,max = 742.26 mm
Where
rr.eff = As/Ac.eff
= 523.33/(150*1000)
= 0.0035
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Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section (MI L )

MI L = b X 3 / 3 + A s x (d - X)² x a e
= 1000 x 18.5 3 /3 + 523 x ( 220 - 18 )² x 6.41
4
= 138415408 mm
Maximum tensile stress in steel ( sc )
 sc = M L X L / MI L
= 2.8E+07 x 18.46 / 138415407.6
= 3.7418603 N/mm²
f ct ,eff
 sc − k t (1 + a e r r ,eff )
r r ,eff  sc
 sm −  cm =  0.6
Es Es

2.9
3.742 - 0.5 ( 1 + 6.41 x 0.0035 )
ε sm - ε cm = 0.0035 3.7
≥ 0.6
200000 200000
= -0.002106 ≥ 1.123E-05
= 1.123E-05

Wk = S r,max (ε sm - ε cm )

= 742.3 x 1.123E-05
= 0.0083 < 0.3 mm OK