considered disposable and alienable.

• “It is important to preserve the forests for they constitute

a vital segment

of any country’s natural resources. Without trees, watersheds will

dry up;

rivers and lakes, which they supply, are emptied of their contents.
The fish

disappear…” (Director of Forestry vs. Munoz)

• Timber licenses, permits and license agreements are the

principal instruments by which the State regulates the

utilization and disposition of forest resources to the end that

public welfare is promoted. THESE LICENSES ARE MERELY

PRIVILEGE GRANTED BY THE STATE TO QUALIFIED

ENTITIES AND DO NOT VEST IN THEM A PERMANENT OR

IRREVOCABLE RIGHT TO THE PARTICULAR CONCESSION

AREA AND THE FOREST PRODUCTS THEREIN.

• The classification of land is descriptive of its legal nature, not

what it actually looks like. A forested area classified as

forestland of the public domain does not lose such

classification simply because loggers or settlers may have

stripped it of its forest covers.

• In order to be forestry or mineral land, the proof must

show

that it is more valuable for the forestry or the mineral,

which it

contains than it, is for agricultural purposes.

• CASE: Republic vs. CA and Lastimado

If the allegation of petitioner that the land in question

was

inside the military reservation at the time it was claimedis true,

then, it cannot be the object of any cadastral nor can it
be

the object of reopening under Republic Act No. 931.

Similarly, if the land in question indeed forms part of the public

forest, then, possession thereof,however long, cannot convert it

into private property as it is within the exclusive jurisdiction

of

the Bureau of Forestry and beyond the power and jurisdiction of

the Cadastral Court to register under the Torrens System.

Even assuming that the government agencies can be faulted for

inactionand neglect (although the Solicitor Generalclaims that

it received no notice), yet, the same cannot operate to bar action

by the State as it cannot be estopped by the mistake or

error of

its officials or agents. Further, we cannot lose sight of the

cardinal consideration that "the State as persona in law is the

juridical entity, which is the source of any asserted right to

ownership in land" under basic Constitutional Precepts, and

that it is moreover charged with the conservation of such

patrimony.

WATERSHEDS

• Watershed is a land area drained by a stream or fixed body

of

water and its tributaries having a common outline for surface

runoff.

• Watershed Reservation is a forestland reservation established

to protect or improved the conditions of the water yield thereof

or reduce sedimentation.

• As a matter of general policy, the Constitution expressly

mandates that conservation and proper utilization of

natural resources, which includes the country’s watershed,

be not subject to registration.

• CASE: Tan vs. Director of Forestry

Doctrine: A timber license is not a contract, within the

purview

of the due process clause; it is only a license of privilege,

which

can be validly withdrawn whenever dictated by public interest

or public welfare.

MANGROVE SWAMPS

• Mangrove is a term applied to the type of forest occurring

on

tidal flat along the seacoast, extending along streamswhere the

water is brackish.
• Mangrove swamps are mud flats, alternately washed and

exposed by the tide, in which grows various kindred plants

which will not live except when watered by the sea, extending

their roots deep into the mud and casting their seeds, which also

germinates there.

• Mangrove swamps are FORESTAL and NOT ALIENABLE

AGRICULTURAL LAND.

• CASE: Director of Forestry vs. Villaconsidered disposable and

alienable.

• “It is important to preserve the forests for they constitute

a vital segment

of any country’s natural resources. Without trees, watersheds will

dry up;

rivers and lakes, which they supply, are emptied of their contents.
The fish
disappear…” (Director of Forestry vs. Munoz)

• Timber licenses, permits and license agreements are the

principal instruments by which the State regulates the

utilization and disposition of forest resources to the end that

public welfare is promoted. THESE LICENSES ARE MERELY

PRIVILEGE GRANTED BY THE STATE TO QUALIFIED

ENTITIES AND DO NOT VEST IN THEM A PERMANENT OR

IRREVOCABLE RIGHT TO THE PARTICULAR CONCESSION

AREA AND THE FOREST PRODUCTS THEREIN.

• The classification of land is descriptive of its legal nature, not

what it actually looks like. A forested area classified as

forestland of the public domain does not lose such

classification simply because loggers or settlers may have

stripped it of its forest covers.

• In order to be forestry or mineral land, the proof must

show

that it is more valuable for the forestry or the mineral,

which it

contains than it, is for agricultural purposes.

• CASE: Republic vs. CA and Lastimado

If the allegation of petitioner that the land in question

was

inside the military reservation at the time it was claimedis true,

then, it cannot be the object of any cadastral nor can it

be

the object of reopening under Republic Act No. 931.

Similarly, if the land in question indeed forms part of the public

forest, then, possession thereof,however long, cannot convert it

into private property as it is within the exclusive jurisdiction
of

the Bureau of Forestry and beyond the power and jurisdiction of

the Cadastral Court to register under the Torrens System.

Even assuming that the government agencies can be faulted for

inactionand neglect (although the Solicitor Generalclaims that

it received no notice), yet, the same cannot operate to bar action

by the State as it cannot be estopped by the mistake or

error of

its officials or agents. Further, we cannot lose sight of the

cardinal consideration that "the State as persona in law is the

juridical entity, which is the source of any asserted right to

ownership in land" under basic Constitutional Precepts, and

that it is moreover charged with the conservation of such

patrimony.

WATERSHEDS

• Watershed is a land area drained by a stream or fixed body

of

water and its tributaries having a common outline for surface

runoff.

• Watershed Reservation is a forestland reservation established

to protect or improved the conditions of the water yield thereof

or reduce sedimentation.

• As a matter of general policy, the Constitution expressly

mandates that conservation and proper utilization of

natural resources, which includes the country’s watershed,

be not subject to registration.

• CASE: Tan vs. Director of Forestry

Doctrine: A timber license is not a contract, within the
purview

of the due process clause; it is only a license of privilege,

which

can be validly withdrawn whenever dictated by public interest

or public welfare.

MANGROVE SWAMPS

• Mangrove is a term applied to the type of forest occurring

on

tidal flat along the seacoast, extending along streamswhere the

water is brackish.

• Mangrove swamps are mud flats, alternately washed and

exposed by the tide, in which grows various kindred plants

which will not live except when watered by the sea, extending

their roots deep into the mud and casting their seeds, which also
germinates there.

• Mangrove swamps are FORESTAL and NOT ALIENABLE

AGRICULTURAL LAND.

considered disposable and alienable.

• “It is important to preserve the forests for they constitute

a vital segment

of any country’s natural resources. Without trees, watersheds will

dry up;

rivers and lakes, which they supply, are emptied of their contents.
The fish

disappear…” (Director of Forestry vs. Munoz)

• Timber licenses, permits and license agreements are the

principal instruments by which the State regulates the

utilization and disposition of forest resources to the end that

public welfare is promoted. THESE LICENSES ARE MERELY

PRIVILEGE GRANTED BY THE STATE TO QUALIFIED

ENTITIES AND DO NOT VEST IN THEM A PERMANENT OR

IRREVOCABLE RIGHT TO THE PARTICULAR CONCESSION

AREA AND THE FOREST PRODUCTS THEREIN.

• The classification of land is descriptive of its legal nature, not

what it actually looks like. A forested area classified as

forestland of the public domain does not lose such

classification simply because loggers or settlers may have

stripped it of its forest covers.

• In order to be forestry or mineral land, the proof must

show

that it is more valuable for the forestry or the mineral,

which it

contains than it, is for agricultural purposes.

• CASE: Republic vs. CA and Lastimado

If the allegation of petitioner that the land in question

was

inside the military reservation at the time it was claimedis true,

then, it cannot be the object of any cadastral nor can it

be

the object of reopening under Republic Act No. 931.

Similarly, if the land in question indeed forms part of the public

forest, then, possession thereof,however long, cannot convert it

into private property as it is within the exclusive jurisdiction

of

the Bureau of Forestry and beyond the power and jurisdiction of

the Cadastral Court to register under the Torrens System.

Even assuming that the government agencies can be faulted for

inactionand neglect (although the Solicitor Generalclaims that

it received no notice), yet, the same cannot operate to bar action

by the State as it cannot be estopped by the mistake or

error of

its officials or agents. Further, we cannot lose sight of the

cardinal consideration that "the State as persona in law is the

juridical entity, which is the source of any asserted right to

ownership in land" under basic Constitutional Precepts, and

that it is moreover charged with the conservation of such

patrimony.

WATERSHEDS

• Watershed is a land area drained by a stream or fixed body

of

water and its tributaries having a common outline for surface

runoff.
• Watershed Reservation is a forestland reservation established

to protect or improved the conditions of the water yield thereof

or reduce sedimentation.

• As a matter of general policy, the Constitution expressly

mandates that conservation and proper utilization of

natural resources, which includes the country’s watershed,

be not subject to registration.

• CASE: Tan vs. Director of Forestry

Doctrine: A timber license is not a contract, within the

purview

of the due process clause; it is only a license of privilege,

which

can be validly withdrawn whenever dictated by public interest

or public welfare.
MANGROVE SWAMPS

• Mangrove is a term applied to the type of forest occurring

on

tidal flat along the seacoast, extending along streamswhere the

water is brackish.

• Mangrove swamps are mud flats, alternately washed and

exposed by the tide, in which grows various kindred plants

which will not live except when watered by the sea, extending

their roots deep into the mud and casting their seeds, which also

germinates there.

• Mangrove swamps are FORESTAL and NOT ALIENABLE

AGRICULTURAL LAND.

• CASE: Director of Forestry vs. Villa

• CASE: Director of Forestry vs. Villa