ADJECTIVES

Defenition of Adjectives

Adjective is a words which modifies/modify noun. Here adjective is also classified of noun. The modifier
may come before or after the noun.
Example : black board, flower garden, the books on the table, some pens, hotels to stay , etc.

Kind of adjectives
Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and you’ll find it much easier to
identify different types of adjectives when you see them.

Articles
There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because they are used to discuss
non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite articles. For example:
• I’d like a
• Let’s go on an
Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain adventure. Without more clarification,
any banana or adventure will do.
The word the is called the definite article. It’s the only definite article, and it is used to indicate very specific
people or things:
• Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.
• Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!

Possessive Adjectives
As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They are:
• My
• Your
• His
• Her
• Its
• Our
• Their
Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns
 Demonstrative Adjectives
Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals, or
things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives.
• These books belong on that
• This movie is my favorite.
• Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

Coordinate Adjectives
• Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after another to
modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark night are
coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always
appears before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.
• Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate. In the phrase green
delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by a comma because green modifies
the phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion when determining whether a pair or group of
adjectives is coordinate, just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the adjectives are
coordinate and need to be separated with a comma
Numbers Adjectives

• When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that a number is
an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”
• The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six
• He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

Interrogative Adjectives
There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other types of adjectives,
interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of these words are used to
ask questions.
• Which option sounds best to you?
• What time should we go?
Whose socks are those?

Indefinite Adjectives
Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things. You might recognize
them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many,
no, several, and few.
• Do we have any peanut butter?
• Grandfather has been retired for many
• There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.
 • I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.
• We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our family.

Attributive Adjectives
• Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are used
to discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives:
• Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can indicate
value or talk about subjective measures.
• Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities including specific physical
properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow and
• Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general ages. Examples are old, young,
new, five-year-old, and
• Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like – they’re adjectives that indicate color. Examples
include pink, yellow, blue, and
• Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether it’s a person, place, animal or thing.
Examples include American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
• Material adjectives denote what something is made of. Some examples include cotton, gold,
wool, and
• Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun. They make nouns more specific; examples
include log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.

Tell more about a thing's characteristics

• EXAMPLES
• That is a flashy car.
• The knife is sharp.
Tell us about age
• EXAMPLES
• He's a young man.
• My coat is old.

EXAMPLES
• John is a tall man.
• This film is long.

Tell us about colour

EXAMPLES
• Paul wore a red shirt.
• The sunset was crimson.

A. Read the sentence .identify the adjective in the sentence and write it below each of sentences
1.The Musician played an expensive violin .............
2My friends invited me to a fancy party ................
3. The furry cat made the boy sneeze ...............
4.the hungry man lived under the bridge ..............
5.He was afraid to talk to his teacher ..............
6.The perfume in the room is fragrant .............
7.The shiny window caught people ‘s attention ............
8.The mathematics was very difficult ...............
9.I didn’t way to play on the wet ground.............
10.My aunt who lives in England is elderly.......

B.For Each sentence ,choose the adjective that make the most sense to complete the sentence
1.The chicken soup is very ____.(tasty/floppy)
2.my mom’s spaghetti is ____.(delicious /sharp )
3.The birthday party is______.(ugly/fin)
4The ______ children has no place to sleep (poor/fluffy)
5.My shoes are _______ (soft /angry)
6.My sister ‘s body mist is ______.(frilly/smelly)
7.Andi Rianto’s music is ______(Generous /energizing)
8.The theatre show is _____. (drammatic/furry)
9.Their home is very ______.(challenging/comfortable)
10.the weather is _______. Today. (chillys/smooth)
 A.Key answer
1.Expensice
2.fancy
3.furry
4.hungry
5.afraid
6.fragrant
7.shiny
8.diffiicult
9.Wet
10.Elderly

B.PART B KEY ANSWER

1.Tasty 5. Soft 9.comfortable
2.Delicious 6. Smelly 10.Chily
3.fun 7.energizing
4.poor 8.dramatic
 ADVERB
Pengertian adverb
o Kata yang berfungsi untuk mendeskripsikan kata kerja, kata sifat, atau kata keterangan
yang lain

Fungsi adverb
 Mendekskripsikan verb
I completly agree with you
 Mendekskripsikan adjective
The room was good enough for me
 Mendeksripsikan adverb lain
She speaks really fast

Macam-macam adverb
1. Adverb of time
2. Adverb of manner
3. Adverb of frequency
4. Adverb of place and direction
5. Adverb of degree
6. Adverb of modality
7. Adverb of purpose
8. Focusing adverb

Adverb of time
 Kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan
atau peristiwa
 Contohnya :already, finally, recently, now, today, from...to/until, in the, ago, last,
yesterday, since, then, tomorrow, daily, later,etc

Contoh kalimat:
 We already have eaten lunch
 Doahni Sitanggang finally found a solution to solve his problem
 The children recently went home
 Please call me later, I’m studying now
 Sahputra arrives from Bandung today
 She’ll prepare for the final test from now to the text Sunday
 In the 20th century, there are so many social networking websites
 The factory has operated since 1983
 She was poor then
 She’ll have dinner at the cafe near her home tomorrow
 He got the birthday surprise party yesterday
 They came to this park 2 hours ago
 The postman comes daily

Adverb of manner
 Kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau
peristiwa terjadi
Contohnya: automatically, beautifully, calmly, carefully, fast, fluently, gently,
happily, hard, peacefully, quickly, slowly, suddenly, together, well, etc

Contoh kalimat:
 The toaster will automatically turn off
 The woman danced beautifully
 Students have to walk calmly in the school
 Please read the instructions carefully!
 He said that he always drives fast
 The requirement to join the program is can speak english fluently
 He wipes my LCD screen gently
 They work every day hard
 My mother got up quickly every morning
 The rain came suddenly without little warning
 Let’s do over this report together

Adverb of degree
 Kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh suatu
kegiatan atau peristiwa
 Contohnya:totally, strongly, a lot, very, too, enough, so...that, too...to, just, hardly,
extremely, completly, nearly, scarcely,etc

Contoh kalimat:
 He strongly recommended the book
 I will totally support you
 She talked a lot
 The weather is very cold
 She is so generous that the poors love her
 The juice is sweet enough
 She was smimming so beautifully at this time yesterday
 The student studied too hard to pass the test
 He came rather late
 Farhat reads quite clearly
 Dhani sings pretty well

Adverb of modality/certainty
 Kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat keyakinan atau harapan
 Contohnya: maybe, fortunately, hopefully, likely, perhaps, possibly, probably,
unlikely, obviously, doubly, surely, definitly,etc

Contoh kalimat:
 Fortunatly you have a comfortable bedroom to sleep after a long day working at the
office
 Hopefully, he goes home carrying the good news
 If you reject the job offer, you will likely regret it one day
 Maybe he will call you to continue the discussion
 On Sunday morning perharps I will learn to drive a car
 Cell phone radiation can possibly damage your health
 He will probably remember to reply my letter
 Doahni will unlikely forget her surprise birthday party
 It will probably rain tonight
 I will certainly help you
 Sarah is obviously very clever

Adverb of frequency
 Kata keterangan yang diunakan untuk menyatakan seberap a sering suatu kegiatan
atau peristiwa dilakukan atau terjadi
 Contohnya:always, often, frequently, usually, sometimes, hardly ever, seldom, rarely,
occasionally, never, once, two times, etc

Contoh kalimat:
 I always eat hygiene food to avoid stomach ache
 My mother often surprises me with her ideas
 She frequently rearranges her bedroom
 I usually wake up at 4 am
 The worker sometimes feels bored with his work
 The rich man is rarely at home
 He occasionally climbs a mountain and sleep in a tent
 She never sheds tearss in front of other people
 Tina seldom washes her shoes by herself

Adverb of place and direction

 Kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu
kegiatan atau peristiwa
 Contohnya: here, since, in, north, south, east of..., south of..., above, upstairs, below,
back, around, somewhere, everywhere, to, away, etc

Contoh kalimat:
 He is watching the football match there
 Alma works in Bandung for a while
 My apartment faces north
 They built a house ten miles west of cilegon
 I am on flight to Jakarta
 The jet plane flew above
 She lives away from her parents
 You can find the mineral water everywhere

Adverb of purpose
 Kata keterangan yang berperan sebagai adverb dan menjawab pertanyaan why
 Contohnya: prepositional phrase (for) dan infinitive phrase(to)

Contoh kalimat:
 We attend a seminar for a good reason
 The little girl made the greeting card for her parents
 I learn to ski and snowboard for fun
 Your father works day and night to pay your college tuition
 The organization is collecting used clothes to be distributed to victims of natural
disasters
 You had better stop surfing the internet two hours before sleep to prepare your body

Focusing adverb
 Kata keterangan yang menunjukkan bahwa apa yang dibicarakan terbatas pada bagian
yang difokuskan
 Contohnya: only, too, even, also,etc

Contoh kalimat:
 You also visited Kuta beach
 You are only a little boy
 I have not even meet him
 My boss paid me 100 dollars just for finishing the easy task
 Only leo came on time
 She is not only baeutiful but she is hearted too

Adverbial pada adverb

Adverbial berarti adverb atau konstruksi lain yang disebut sebagai adverbial phrase
dan adverbial clause
1. Adverbial phrase
Kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adverb dengan qualifier atau kelompok kata
seperti prepositional phrase atau infinitive phrase yang berfungsi sperti adverb
Contoh: yesterday, quickly, there (single adverb)
To go to school, very quickly, at home (adverb phrase)
Karena berperan sebagai kata keterangan, adverb phrase dapat menempati
posisi pada adverb of time, adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of
frequency, dan adverb of purpose.
Adapun macam-macam adverbial phrase berdasarkan pembentuknya adalah
sebgai berikut:
 Adverb dengan qualifier
Merupakan gabungan antara keterangan dengan qualifier dapat
menempati fungsi adverb of manner

Contoh
Adverb of manner Qualifier Contoh kalimat
adverb phrase
Slowly Extremely He drives
extremely slowly
quickly Enough Every waitress
should clean
tables quickly
enough

 Prepositional phrase
Prepositinal phrase dapat menggantikan lima macam kata keterangan
seperti: adverb of time, adverb of manner, adverb of frequency, adverb of
place and direction, dan adverb of degree

Adverb Adverbial phrase Contoh kalimat

adverbial phrase
Time Since, yesterday, during They couldn’t
the storm, before noon do anything
during the storm
Manner With his debit card, by The customer
bus always pays the
bill with his
debit card
Place At home, in the I am on a flight
classroom, to Bandung to Bandung
Frequency Every year Old people may
need to see a
doctor every
year
Purpose For you He bought this
pie cake for you
  Infinitive phrase
Kebanyakan adverbial phrase yang dibentuk dari infinitive form
digunakan untuk menempati peran adverb of purpose

Adverb phrase Contoh kalimat adverbial

To gain his muscle mass
To get the access
phrase
He does physical exercises
regularly to gain his muscle
mass
To get the access, you must
register first

2. Adverbial clause
Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb dan
memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada
independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjajawab pertanyaan: how, when,
where, why, to what degree
Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate
conjuction (when,after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk
menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan.
Gabungan clausa ini dengan independent clause dinamkan complex sentence.
Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain:
 Adverbial clause of time
 Adverbial clause of place
 Adverbial clause of cause and effect
 Adverbial clause of purpose and result
 Adverbial clause of condition
 Adverbial clause of contrast/consession
 Adverbial clause of manner
 Adverbial clause of reason
Conjuction yang digunakan serta contoh kalimatnya
Subordinate conjuction Contoh kalimat adverbial
clause
Time(waktu)
After, as, as long as, at last, After I changed the APM
before, by the time, during, name, I unpluged my modem
everytime, no, once, since, and waited for 5 minutes
then, till, untill, when,, He was cleaning the kitchen
whenever, while when he found so much
expired food
While I was studying in my
room, I didn’t let someone else
 to disturb
Place(tempat)
Anywhere, everywhere, where, Where many strawberries
wherever grow, you will see hungry
birds

Contrast(pertentangan)
Although, as the time, but, even
though
Cause and effect(sebab dan akibat)

Contoh adverbial clause

Complex sentence Keterangan

When he cleaned the
kitchen, he found a lot of
expired food
When(subordinate conjuction),
when he cleaned the
kitchen(adverbial clause), he
found a lot of expired
food(independent clause)

Punctuation(tanda baca) pada adverbial clause

Adverbial clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh
independent clause. Sebaliknya, independent clause dapat berada di awal
kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh adverbial clause. Jika berada di awal, di ujung
klausa ini diberi tanda baca koma(,)
Contoh dalam complex sentence
 Di awal: because I had free time, I visited your home
 Di akhir: I visited your house because I had free time

Fungsi dan contoh kalimat adverbial clause

Fungsi Contoh kalimat Keterangan
adverbial clause
Memberikan You were sleeping Were sleeping(verb),
informasi when she arrived when(subordinate
tentang verb conjuction), when
she arrived(adverbial
clause)
Memberikan Her face fresh because Fresh(adjective),
informasi she always does because(subordinate
tentang exercise and eats fruits conjuction), because
 adjective she always does
exercise and eats
fruits
Memberikan He drove fast in order Fast(adverb), in
informasi that he could arrive on order
tentang adverb time that(subordinate
conjuction), in order
that he could arrive
on time(adverbial
clause)

adverbs

1. Come here ____________. You have to see this!

2. We knew that she had got the job when we saw her _________ talking on the phone.
3. He ______________ put the vase on the table. It fell to the floor.
4. Sharon is throwing a party on Saturday. She ___________ finished her PhD.
5. Let’s walk ________________. I don’t want to be the first one at the meeting.
6. Alex _____________ put up the bookshelves. It was too difficult for me to do on my own.
7. Every thing happened so ______________. We had to move to California in less than a month.
8. Why does he always have to talk so ____________. You can hear him in the next room!
9. Although she speaks five languages, she did not do ___________ on the translation exam.
10. I was so surprised. His new apartment was _____________ decorated.

Answer Key: 1. quickly, 2. excitedly, 3. carelessly, 4. finally, 5. slowly, 6. easily, 7. suddenly, 8. loudly, 9.
well, 10. beautifully

1. I found his home very _______.

A. easily C. difficultly
B. frequently

2. Rohan behaves very _____ with his elders.

A. goodly C. badly
B. easily

3. My father will be ______ of town this weekend.

A. inside C. outside
B. out

4. Rohan plays football _________.

A. aggressively C. sympathetically
B. hardly

5. He doesn’t care for anything and _______ looks happy every time.
A. since C. ago
B. hence

6. They called the police ________ after the accident.

A. immediately C. slowly
B. peacefully

7. Kiran is a ______ paid employee of this company

A. lowly C. highly
B. hardly

8. I was stuck in a jam for _______ two hours.

A. nearly C. simply
B. correctly

9. How _______do you go there?

A. never C. seldom
B. often

10. Thomas was ______ happy when he got his first job.
A. extremely C. fully
B. half
Answer Key:
1. quickly, 2. excitedly, 3. carelessly, 4. finally, 5. slowly, 6. easily, 7. suddenly, 8. loudly, 9. well, 10.
beautifully

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
 CONJUNCTION
 Definition Conjunction
Conjunction is a word used to connect words with words, phrases with phrases, sentences
with sentences and so on.

 The conjunction function of connecting two sentences or more into one sentence.

 Purpose of conjunction as word of contacts of sentences.

IN ENGLISH THERE ARE 4 KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS:

 Coordinating Conjuctions
 Subordinating Conjunction
 Correlative Conjunction
 Conjunctive Adverb

A. Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction is words that connect the two sentences or words concerned to each other
and the same level.
There are 6 words that are categorized as coordinating conjunction are: and, but, for, nor, or, yet
Example:
o For - Explains reason or purpose (just like “because”)
I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to watch the ducks on the lake.
o And - Adds one thing to another
I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on the lake and the shirtless men playing
soccer.
o Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea
I don’t go for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer.
o But - Shows contrast
The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it’s better in the heat of summer.
o Or - Presents an alternative or a choice
The men play on teams: shirts or skins.
o Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to
“but”)
I always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page.
o So - Indicates effect, result or consequence
I’ve started dating one of the soccer players, so now I have an excuse to watch the game
As for the coordinating conjunction based on the definition is classified into 4 kinds, namely:
1. Cumulative Conjuction
2. Alternative Conjuction
3. Adversative Conjuction
4. Illative Conjuction
1. Cumulative Conjuction
Cumulative Conjunction is a group of connecting words that function-has add-meaning, and which belongs
to this class, there are:
a) And
Putri went to the zoo, and Dadang watched a movie
b) Both
She is both clever and beautiful
c) As well as
Tom as well as John passed the test
d) Also
He was also dressed for the exclusive party
e) No only/but also
They not only looted the shop but also set it on fire
f) Futhermore
He was cold and tired, and, furthermore, he was hungry

g) Likewise
Andre perched likewise on the sofa and reached out, placing the cool tips of his fingers on her
temples

h) Besides
She knows four hundred words besides numerous proper nouns

i) Again
Don't call again
j) Moreover
Moreover, certain men wrote some books at that time
 k) In addition
In addition, all her planning and tenacity were paying off

l) Similarly
Similarly, our agricultural processes aren't so hot

2. Alternative Conjuction
Alternatif Conjuction is a group of connecting words containing alternative meanings or selection between
two or more; which belongs to this group namely:
a) Or
Do you want a boy or a girl, Dad?
b) Either...or...
Either John or Peter received your message
c) Else
Run, else you must be late
d) Otherwise
The shopping trip was exciting because it was so close to Christmas, but otherwise uneventful
e) Neither
Neither of them looks happy
f) Neither...nor...
Neither Sarah nor Peter was to blame for the mistake.

3. Adversative Conjuction
Adversative Conjunction is a group of connecting words that mean the contradiction between one part of the
sentence with the rest of the sentence; which belongs to this group namely:
a) But
He said no more, but expressed his resignation to cruel fate by a gesture
b) However
The concert was short. However, it was very good
c) Still
She still held Jonathan's hand
d) Yet
He is my worst enemy, and yet, I admire him as the wisest man in the world
 e) In spite
In spite of her resolve, she responded
f) Despite
I love him despite his faults
g) Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding the shortness of their limbs they run with rapidity
h) Althought
Although it rained, everyone had a good time
i) Nevertheless
It was an old song, but nevertheless it was a favorite when they performed it
k) On the other hand
On the other hand young people love to change the world
l) Where as
Whereas, if the child is left to himself, he will think more and better, if less showily
m) Only
The dictionary is interesting, only too expensive

4. Illative Conjuction
Illative Conjuction is a connective word used to connect a subordinate clause with a main clause (parent
clause); which belongs to this group namely:
a) Accordingly
Accordingly I copied the story and sent it to him for his birthday
b) Thus
Thus they stood and waited for what appeared to be the reading of a will.
c) So then
We caught our quota of fish for the day in the first two hours, so then we had to stop
d) Consequently
Consequently, I need more time to prepare my lessons than other girls
e) So
It has been dark so I want to go home
 f) Because of
We're here because of you
g) For
He did not go to study for he was sick
h) As a result
Many people were left homeless as a result of the earthquake
i) Then
Then he picked up another box
j) Therefore
The storm made the forest pitch dark; therefore, searching was useless until it abated

B. Subordinating Conjunction
Defenition : words that are often used as subordinating conjuction
which belongs to this group namely:
 After because
 Before since
 When even thought
 While if
 As soon as in order that
 As lest
 As if than Though
 Until where
 That
 Although

Example:
First sentence conjuntion second sentence

1. I trust his word because he speaks the truth

2. Theboy will come if he is allowed to do so
3. My father says that this book is mine
 4. Iwish to know whether I am excused or not
5. You could go after I come
6. I shall stay here till you return
7. You may go out as or since the rain has now ceased
8. She went to bed for she was feeling very tired
9. I wish to know how the sick man is today
10. I will trust you provided you sign your name
11. He will die soon however rich he may be We
12. looked in the canister where Luana often keeps her candy

Subordinate Conjunction is used in the subordinate clause, ie the part of the idea is less important than the
main clause. This conjunction has, among other things, a relationship of time, place, contrast, cause-effect,
condition, purpose, and manner.

C. Correlative Conjunction
Correlative Conjunction linking to merge phrases or words that carry the same importance in the sentence.
Example:
 Would you rather go sightseeing or spend the day at college?
 He is not only talkative, but also very prudent.
 Luana is neither poor nor famous.
 I will either go for camping or stay home and watch porn.
 She is both stupid and sexy while wearing short skirt
 Just as many Indonesian love football, so many Malaysian love softball.
 You must decide whether you leave or you stay with me.
 Both the national team and the running team are doing well.
 Neither the basketball team nor the softball team is doing well.

D. Conjunctive Adverb

Conjunctive adverbs are part of words used to associate a clause with another clause. Conjunctive is also
used to indicate the order, difference, cause and effect and some other relationships. Like other adverbs,
conjunctive adverbs can be moved in sentences or clauses where they are displayed.

Example:

 You’re my friend, nonetheless, I feel like you’re making me feel small

 Your cat got into my house, in addition, he smashed up my vase.
 I like you a lot, in fact, I think we should have dinner together
 She went into the market, however, she didn’t buy anything she wanted
 Luana kept talking in class, therefore, she got elected as a leader
 My car payments are low, on the other hand, I really miss driving such a great vehicle
Exercise :

1. She has some shoes, but none of them are comfortable for brisk walking
2. Ones can't eat their cake and have it too
3. I want to know how customers decide to buy or not to buy a new car
4. I lent my friend $10 yesterday, for her wallet was lost
5. My brother and I visited the zoo last week, and we took some photos
6. The candidate didn't show up for the interview, so the HR manager crossed her off the list
7. Bobby really hates cold water, yet he attends swimming lesson twice a week in the morning
8. My employer refused to accept my resignation, nor did he raise my salary
9. I want to buy a new car, so I'm planning to trade in my current car
10. I am not feeling well, however I will come to the party
11. He apologised for his bad behavior
12. You shouldn’t go out because it’s raining heavily
13. What did your father say when you told him you had lost all your money?
He was so angry that he couldn't say anything
14. Why didn’t you print your report at home?
I ran out of ink for my printer. It’s so expensive that I can’t afford it
15. Mom, why do you insist on my wearing a jacket?
because I’m sure it’s going to be very cold
16. Although there people have died of cholera, the old people of the village refused to get an injection
against it.
17. All the members of the parliament applauded while the president was walking to his seat.
18. He said that he had spent all his money on books, otherwise, he could have taken his girlfriend to a
good restaurant.
19. Despite the great invonvenience of travelling, many TV reporters went to the flooded area for their
reports.
20. The dictionary is interesting, only too expensive
 INTERJECTION

1.1 DEFINITION
Interjection are use to express emotion or feeling of a speaker in situation.
Example :
 Ouch! That hurts.
 Well, I need a break!
 Wow! What a beautiful dress!
Emotion an affective state of conscious in which joy, sorrow, fear, hate or the like is experienced, as distinguished
from cognitive and volitional states of conscientiousness.
Example:
 He was crying!
 He was very angry!
Feeling a state within the individual as a result of what he experienced or perceived.
Example:

 You look sad!

 He feels confident!
 I feel sad about her situation now!

The Use of Interjections

In general, interjection is more often used when speaking than in writing, especially in scientific writing or
writing that is officially very rare.
The use of interjection also does not necessarily coalesce with a sentence, because an interjection can stand
on its own, and when it is united with any sentence, an interjection can be said to have no grammatical
relationship with the sentence.
There are several ways of using interjection that we can use. Here are the explanations:
 At the beginning of the sentence
The use of interjection at the beginning of a sentence is the most common way performed by english users
both in Indonesia and in their home. Many also connect the use of interjection with the use of exclamation
point or in the Indonesian exclamation mark.
Example:
 Ahh! It feels great.
 Congrats! You have graduated .
 In the middle and end of the sentence
Although in general the interjection is placed at the beginning of the sentence, but actually we can also used
in the middle, and end or in any part in a sentence that wants to be suppressed feelings by us as a speaker or
author.
Example:
 That is absolutely! The biggest fish I’ve ever seen in my life.
 This riddle is do confusing, argh!

 Stand-alone sentence
An interjection can stand on its own and is called a stand-alone sentence.
Example:
 Bah!
 Oh dear!

1.2 TYPES OF INTERJECTION

They are several interjections. There are fifteen interjection.
They are :
 Ah
 Aha
 Alas
 Dear
 Goodness
 Gracious
 Hey
 Hurrah
 Oh
 Ouch
 Past
 Tsk
 Well
 Wow

According to their functions, they can be classified into to express:

 Expressing Joy
 Expressing Fear
 Expressing Anger
 Expressing Surprise
 Expressing Exhaustion
 Expressing Dismay
 Expressing Sorrow
 Expressing Happiness
 Expressing Hope
 Expressing Agreement
 Expressing Refusal
 Expressing Hurries

1.3 EXPRESSING JOY

Expressing joy are used to indicated emotion of happiness on a sudden happy event that occurred. These
include: Hurrah! , Hurray! , Wow! Etc
Example:
 Hurray! My team won the game
 Wow! I passed the exam.

1.4 EXPRESSING FEAR

Expressing fear is expression that explains the feeling of fear / fear of something
Example :
 I am scared!
 I am afraid!
 I am terrified!
 It’s horrible!
 It’s frightening!
 It’s scary

1.5 EXPRESSING ANGER

Used when someone is upset, unhappy, or annoyed
example :
 Hey! Don’t step on the grass!
 I hate you !
 Stop it!
 can go to hell!

1.6 EXPRESSING SURPRISE

 Expressing surprise is a feeling caused by something happening suddenly or unexpectedly.
Example:
 Goodness! This is fantastic.
 Wow! What a surprise.
 Fantastic!
 I’d never have guessed!

1.7 EXPRESSING EXHAUSTION

Expressing exhaustion is the act or process of exhausting or the state of being exhausted.
Example :
 Ah! Its was a long travel.
 He worked to the point of complete exhaustion!
 The exhaustion of our natural resources!

1.8 EXPRESSING DISMAY

Expressing dismay : to cause lose courage or resolution (as because of alarm or fear). Must not let ourselves
be dismayed by the task before as. Example :
 Her choice of career dismay her parents!
 Ouch! I must not touch this.

1.9 EXPRESSING SORROW

Expressing sorrow is expression of an emotion of great sadness.
Example:
 Please! leave me alone.
 My heart is so burdened!
 I’m so sad !
 Dear! He passed away in pain.
 I’m feeling bad at this time being!

1.10 EXPRESSING HAPPINESS

Expressing happiness is used to express a sense of joy when we succeed in doing something .
Example:
 Hurrah! I get the surprise .
 Fantastic! You can reach it
 Great! I have a new phone.
 Goodness! This is fantastic.


1.11 EXPRESSING HOPE

Expressing hope is used to express desire and expectation that something good will happen.
Example:
 I hope you will be successful!
 Hopefully you will be the winner!
 Wish you all the best!
 Gracious. God be with us!

1.12 EXPRESSING AGREEMENT

Expressing agreement is used when agreeing with opinions of others people.
Example:
 I agree with you 100 percent!
 That’s so true!
 Exactly !
 Well! We can have lunch now.

1.13 EXPRESSING REFUSAL

Expressing refusal is used when disagreeing or rejecting opinion of other people .
Example:
 I am sorry! I have many things to do this evening.
 I don’t think so!
 No, I am not so sure about that!
 Oh! I have got many things to do this evening.

1.14 EXPRESSING HURRIES

Expressing hurries is used to implies ridicule / haste.
Example:
 I will come late to school because of you , please hurry up!
 Past! It is going to rain.

QUESTION
1. Which sentence that expresses unbelieving to self – fault?
a. “wow what a wonderful dress it is!”
b. “Oh no! my last slice of pizza falls down”.
c. “huff , don’t you realize that I have for two hours?”
d. “Whoa, slow down , Madam. It is not my mistake”
2. Which sentence that expresses surprised feeling?
a. “Well, is your sister sure to have her hair cut in that style?”
b. “Uh – huh. In my opinion, he will be an awesome singer “
c. “Oh la la! Your children are so adorable.”
d. “ Umm, I don’t have any idea for this trouble”.
3. “…., I thought I have added the sugar , but I added the salt instead. Now it tastes salty!” what is the right
interjection to fill the blank to express angry feeling or frustration?
a. Arrgh
b. Umm
c. Oh wow
d. What
4. “…! Good job, son! You always make us proud.” what is the right interjection to fill the blank to express a
surprised feeling of something good?
a. Umm
b. Oh no
c. Huff
d. Wow
5. “Alas, he failed to pass his English exam.” what is the feeling that is expressed by interjection in this sentence?
a. Sadness or sorry feeling
b. Angry feeling to something
c. Unbelieving feeling or surprised
 d. Feeling wonderful
6. “Whoa, did you see his new car? It is adorable!” what is expressed by the interjection in this sentence?
a. Agree to something
b. Feeling wonderful
c. Feeling surprised
d. feeling awful to something
7. Which sentence below that does not express wonderful feeling ?
a.“Ouch, you hurt my finger !”
b.“Whoa, did you mean we will go to London tomorrow? Superb
c.“Hmm, I think it is a good idea.”
d. “Oh my God, what a best view that I see this morning.”
8. Which sentence below that expresses welcoming to someone?
a.“Wait, did you know him?”
b.“Hi. Welcome to my house. Please come in.”
c. “Arghh .. Don’t ever come back to my home!”
d.“Oops, I did not mean to do that.”

9. Which one of the sentence below that does not express uncertain feeling / uncertainty?
a.“Umm.. I am still not sure about the decision.”
b.“Hold on, I will call you later about the schedule. It is not fixed yet.”
c.“Hmm.. The meeting room is .. Er .. Beside the manager’s room.”
d.“Heyaa! Look at these cute penguins
10. “ …, it is the movie that I have ever watched.” Which is the best interjection to complete the sentence?
a. Hufft
b. Pff
c. Oh
d. Mm
11. Which one of these sentence that expresses hurt feeling?”
a.“Ouch! You pinch me so hard!”
 b. Hufft, the movie is so boring,”
c.“Nope! I don’t want to go there alone.”
d.“What? It is not my fault!”
12. “ …, I have a brilliant idea!” Which one is the best interjection of realisation to complete the sentence?
a. Hmm
b. Alas
c. Uh – huh
d. Ah
13. Which one if these sentences that expresses sympathy feeling?
a.” Hey, are you okay?”
b. “ I am feeling not very well today”
c. “ What? Did you go to there alone?”
d. “Huff, I hate this class.”
14. Which one of these sentence that expresses curios feeling / curiosity?
a.“ Ah, I know her very well.
b.“Gee, you always come here late.”
c. “eh, do you know that Ana loves Julian?”
d. “Hmm, I will think about it first.”
15. Which of these sentence that expresses happy feeling?
a. “Whoa, did you meet him yesterday!”
b. “ Wow, I get a new car on my birthday!”
c. “Gee, didn’t you happy to hear that she want the competition
d. “Hmm, I don’t agree with you about it.”
KEY ANSWER
1.B 10.C
2.C 11.A
3.A 12.D
4.D 13.A
5.A 14.C
6.C 15.B
7.A
8.B
9.D
 NOUN

A.DEFINITION OF NOUN
A noun (from Latinnōmen, literally meaning "name") NOUN IS A WORD tHE NAME of some specific
thing or set of things, such as :
• living creatures : YOU CAN SEE, TOUCH, FEEL, AND HEAR
• Objects : ANYTHING THAT IS VISIBLE OR TANGIBLE AND IS RELATIVELY
STABLE IN FORM
• Places : A PARTICULAR PORTION OF SPACE WHETHER OF DEFINITE OR INDEFINITE
EXTENT
• Actions :
• Qualities : WHEN THE SERVICE MEET SHE MUST OF CUSTOMER
• states of existence :
• ideas : ANY CONCEPTION EXISTING IN THE MIND AS A RESULT OF MENTAL
UNDERSTANDING

B. DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF NOUNS

Expressions of natural language have properties at different levels. They have formal properties,
like what kinds of morphological prefixes or suffixes they take and what kinds of other expressions
they combine with; but they also have semantic properties pertaining to their meaning. The
definition of a noun at the outset of this article is thus a formal, traditional grammatical definition.
That definition, for the most part, is considered
uncontroversial and furnishes the means for users of certain languages to effectively distinguish
most nouns from non-nouns. However, it has the disadvantage that it does not apply to nouns in all
languages. For example in Russian, there are no definite articles, so one cannot define nouns as
words that are modified by definite articles. There have also been several attempts to define nouns in
terms of their semantic properties. Many of these are controversial, but some are discussed below.

C. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS ENGLISH

1. Forms Of Noun
 Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through
your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a
abstract noun.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are all concrete nouns :
 Example :
 My Brother gives me his money to buy cake
 Abstract Nouns
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your
five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. The highlighted words in the
following sentences are all abstract nouns :

Example :
 Thank you very much for your kindness

2. Kinds of Nouns
 Proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or
thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organisations,
religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a
common noun
In each of the following sentences, the proper nouns are :
Example :
 Medan, Laguboti, Siantar, Porsea, Parapat, Jambi, Padang
 Menik, Septa, Ester, Elva, Tri, Monalisa, Denas
 Danau Toba, Bukit Gideon, Bukit Lawang , Bali, Ciliwun

 Common Nouns
Commonnoun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you should write
it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.
In each of the following sentences, the common nouns are:
Example :
 Car, book, Television, Handphone, Glass, Bag, Pen
 Man, Woman , Girl, Boy, People, Person, etc
 Lake, Mountain, River, Hill, Island, Sea, etc
 Collective Noun means be in a group Of certain things, whether it is group of persons, nations,
students, animals, or etc
Example :
  People
 Audience
 Fleet
 Committee
 Cattle
 Crowd, etc
 Material Noun material noun can be defined as “Material Noun” are names of materials or
substances out of which things are made
Example :
 The ring is made of gold
 the lady is dressed in cotton
 the statue is made of bronze
 The temple was build of marble
 Countable Nouns noun that can be counted

Example : Pen, book, bag, glass, television, car, biycle, orange, chat, person,
man, woman, police, teacher, student, boy, girl

 Uncountable Nouns are also noun as non-count nouns or mass noun. Discussing (nouns can not be
counted)
Example :
 Sugar, powder, milk, oil, salt, water, money, honey, ink, jam, tea,
coffe, hair, wine, rice, beer etc

4. Number of Nouns
there are two numbers in Noun-Number :
Singular
Plural
 Singular when we speak about one person and one thing, we use the noun in singular form
Example :
 A man smoking within the premises
 A group of cows is called herd
  Joy is what we want in our lives
 Church is the the worshipping-place of Christians
 This chair is made of plastic
 Plural when we speal about more than one person and one thing, we use the noun in plural
formKinds of Plural :
1. Singular + "S"
The plural of noun is usually formed by adding 's' to the singular
Example :
• There are only three tables in thee coffe
• I will leave in my town for six days.
Singular + "Es"
Noun with o, ch, sh, ss, or x ending usually from their plural by adding 'es'
Example :
• Box = Boxes
• Brush = Brushes
• Bus = Buses
• Dress = Dresses
• Kiss = Kisses
• Glass = Glasses
But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in "o" adds "s" only :
Example :
• Piano = Pianos
• Photo = Photos
• Kilo = Kilos
• Dynamo = Dynamos
• Kimono = Kimonos
3. Singular - O y (i + es)
Nouns ending in y followed by a consonant form their plural by dropping the y then ending "i es"
Example :
• Body = Bodies
• Butterfly = Butterflies
 • Baby = Babies
• Party = Parties
• Kitty = Kitties
• Fly = Flies
• History = Histories
4. Singular - O y + "s"
Nouns ending y followed by vowel from their plural by addings "s"
Example :
• Monkey = Monkeys
• Day = Days
• Boy = Boys
• Stay = Stays
• Key = keys
• Toy = Toys
5. Singular - f/ fe = v es
Nouns of ending "f" or "fe" those form their plural by dropping 'f' or 'fe' add 'v es'
Example :
• Wolf = Wolves
• Knife = Knives
• Wife = Wives
• Life = Lives
• Calf = Calves
• Half = Halves

• 5. Gender of Nouns
Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can refer to men or women. Once, many English
nouns would change form depending on their gender
o Gender noun can also be distinguished based on gender or sex as shown below
 Masculine : Men, boys and male animals use the pronoun he/they
 Feminine : nine, girls and female animal use the pronoun she/they
 Neuter : inanimate things or animals whose sex we dont know, like baby, use the pronoun it they
 Example :
• David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor. (Masculine)
• Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s.(Feminine)
• The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a
"waiter" or a "waitress" (Neutral)

6. Possesive of Nouns
In the possesive , a noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to
something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and
the letter "s."
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that does not end in "s" by adding an
apostrophe and "s," as in the following sentences:
 Possesive Nouns Example :
• The red suitcase is Cassandra's.
• The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's.
• The exhausted recruits were woken before dawn by the drill sergeant's screams.
• The miner's face was covered in coal dust.
 Possesive Case Singular
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that ends in "s" by adding an apostrophe alone
or by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following
Examples:
• The bus's seats are very uncomfortable.
• The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus' eggs.

 Possesive Case Plural (does not end in 's')

You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe
and a "s," as in the following
Examples:
• The children's mittens were scattered on the floor of the porch.
• The sheep's pen was mucked out every day.
• Since we have a complex appeal process, a jury's verdict is not always
final.
• he men's hockey team will be playing as soon as the women's team is
finished.
 • The hunter followed the moose's trail all morning but lost it in the
afternoon
 Possesive Case Plural (does end 's')
You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does end in "s" by adding an apostrophe:
Example :
• The concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks' quacking, and
the babies' squalling.
• The janitors'room is downstairs and to the left.
• My uncle spent many hours trying to locate the squirrels' nest.
• The archivist quickly finished repairing the diaries' bindings.
• Religion is usually the subject of the roommates' many late night debates.
Using Possesive Nouns
When you read the following sentences, you will notice that a noun in the possessive case frequently
functions as an adjective modifying another noun:
o The miner's face was covered in coal dust.
Here the possessive noun "miner's" is used to modify the noun "face" and together with the
article "the," they make up the noun phrase that is the sentence's subject.

D. NOUN PHRASES
A noun phrase is a phrase based on a noun, pronoun, or other noun-like word (nominal)
optionally accompanied by modifiers such as determiners and adjectives. A noun phrase functions
within a clause or sentence in a role such as that of subject, object, or complement of a verb or
preposition. For example, in the sentence "The black cat sat on a dear friend of mine", the noun
phrase the black cat serves as the subject, and the noun phrase a dear friend of mine serves as the
complement of the preposition on.
EXERCISE NOUN
A. Choose the best answer form words in the bracket for every sentece.

Question ?
1. I Very like eating a (bar) of chocolate at night.
2. My Father buys a (bottle) of water for me after running for 20 minutes.
3. My Mother always says to me to drink a (glass) of milk in the morning
4. Nita Likes eating a (package) of chips while wathcing a movie
5. Naomi does not want to share a (Slice) of pizza to julian
6. Mr.Aiden likes to drink a (Cup) of coffe in the morning
7. I Want to make a (bowl) soup for my mother.
8. My Brother does not want to bring a (bucket) of water to the bathroom .
9. My Friend gives me a (piece) of red velvet cake and it's is so delicious .
10. Mrs.Baver's Favorite food is a (plate) of fried rice

Choose Answer !
• Bar
• Cup
• Glass
• Bottle
• Piece
• Packege
• Slice
• Plate
• Bowl
• Bucket

Question 2
B. Fiil the blank question with the true answer !

1. Call the (ambulance) to help the patient to go to the hospital

2. My Mother is watching (a Television) now
3. My Mother always remind me to brush my (teeth) before sleeping
4. (Fried Rice) is a kind of Indonesian
5. I am sorry, all (tables) in this restaurant have been booked
6. I need (money) to buy food or drink
7. Before Entering someone's house, we need to take off our (shoes) outside
8. Will you and your sister go to the (stadion) to watch a football match ?
9. I Do not know the (place) to buy some books
10. (Library) is the place to borrow some books at school
 PRONOUN

What is a pronoun ?
A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
What is a function of pronoun ?
The pronoun function to avoid repeating the same noun or phrase noun mentioned earlier.
Types of Pronouns

 Personal pronouns
 Possessive pronouns
 Reflexive pronoun
 Demonstrative pronouns
 Indefinite pronouns
 Reciprocal Pronouns
 Interrogative pronouns (or) Relative pronouns
 Other pronouns

1. Personal Pronouns

Personal pronoun is a pronoun on subject and object that show people or naming.

• The subject of a verb : -

I, you, he, she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb.

Example:

1. Lisa likes cats.

2. She has four cats.

• The objective of a verb : -

me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb.
• Ex :
Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.

• The objective of a verb : -

 me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb.
• Ex :
Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.

2. Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people. The words mine, yours, his,
hers, ours and theirs are possessive pronouns.

Examples :

 This book is mine.

 That house is yours

 This novel is ours

When possessive pronouns are used before nouns, they are actually being used as adjectives, not
pronouns.
Example:
1. Our family ha s vacation nex week. (Adjective)
2. That car is ours. (Pronoun)

Singular personal pronoun Possessive pronouns

I , me Mine

You Yours

He ,him His
She, her hers

Plural personal pronoun Possessive pronouns

We ,us Ours

You Yours

They , them theirs

3. Reflexive Pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb. The
words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are reflexive
pronouns.
Examples :-
 My brother built this computer himself
 John was looking at himself in the mirror

Some more examples

• Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.
• Our cat washes itself after every meal.
• We baked the cake by ourselves.
• Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.
• The children cleaned their room all by themselves.
• Bears like to rub themselves against a tree.
• The bird washed itself by splashing in a puddle.
• The players train every day to keep themselves it.
Singular personal pronoun Reflexive pronoun

I (subject pronoun) Myself

Me (object pronoun) Myself

You (subject/object pronoun) Yourself

He (subject pronoun) Himself

Him(object pronoun) Himself

She(subject pronoun) Herself

It itself

Plural personal pronoun Reflexive pronoun

We (subject pronoun) Ourselves

Us (object pronoun) Ourselves

You(subject / object pronoun) Yourselves

They (subject pronoun) themselves

Them (object pronoun) themselves

4.Demonstrative Pronouns

• Demonstrative pronouns are used for pointing out things.

• The words this: that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.
 Examples:-
– These are my pets.
– These are sheep but those are goats.
– Those are horses.
– This is the most interesting book i have ever read
Some more examples :-
• This is my desk.
• This is the Mings' house.
• That is my friend’s house.
• Th at’s my mother’s car.
4. Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word. Most indefinite pronouns express he
idea of quantity.
Examples :-
• Everybody is welcome at the meeting.
• Many prefer their coffee with sugar.
• Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich?
• Few choose to live in the arid desert.
Can you find indefinite pronoun in each sentence.

1. One never knows who might be listening.

2. Many are called but few are chosen.
3. I finished my cookie and asked for another.
4. Both were punished for the crime they committed.
5. Several applied for the job, but no one was hired.

5. Reciprocal Pronouns
It expresses a relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject
Examples :-
 Two boys fought with each other.

Here : Each other is recipr ocal pronoun.

SOME MORE EXAMPLES

 The boys fought with one another.
 They love each other
 The members of the family love one another.
6. Interrogative Pronouns (or)
Relative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.
The words: who, whose, what, which and whom
Examples:-
• Who used all my paper?
• Who is Mom talking to?
 Who are those people?

Some more examples :-

• Whose pen is this?

• Whose are these shoes?
• What is your brother’s name?
• What does Tom want?
• What is the date today?
 PREPOSITION

 DEFENITION OF PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a
sentence.

 FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS

As mentioned in defenition above, the function of preposition is to connect a noun or a

pronoun to another word in a sentence. The meaning of ‘another word’ as: noun, verb, adjective, participle
and verb participle.

1.Connecting noun to other noun:

 I have talked to that girl in her house

 He parks his car under the tree

 She spends all her money on books

2.Connecting noun to a verb:

 I always arrive at home early

 My brother likes to sleep on the sofa

 That man lives near my house

 He runs across the street carelessly

3. Connecting noun to adjective:

 That child is very afraid of a dog

 We are late for the meeting

 He is very successful in this business

4.Connecting noun to participle:

 Marisa Haque,film star is well-known through out indonesia

 I am very intrested in classical musics

 English is spoken in international meeting

 He is frustrated for the failure

5. Connecting noun to a verb participle:

  He stands up near the door

 They will come back in our village

 She was left behind near an old house

 The plane will take off at seven o’clock

FORMS OF PREPOSITIONS

1. Single-word prepositins:

 aboard

 About

 Above

 Across

 After

 Around

 Before

 Type of Preposition

 A . Preposition can be classified into 6 types :

 1. Simple preposition

 The most commonly used simple preposition are : after, at, by, for, from, of, over, or in, through to,
until, under, up, with, etc.

 Example : I saw him on Friday

 2. Double preposition

 The most commonly used double preposition are : into, on, to, from, under, from among, from off,
from within, over again, etc

 3. Compound preposition

 A compound preposition is a preposition witch is formed from noun, adjective or adverb and it is
combined with preposition “be” (by) or “a” (on).

 Example : He sits beside me

 behind

 4. Participial preposition
 The most commonly used participial preposition are : during, not withstanding, past, expect, save,
considering, touching, concerning, regarding, and owing to.

 Example : It is quarter past one.

 5. Phrase preposition

 The most commonly used preposition phrase / phrase preposition are : Because of, by means of, by
reasons, in spite of.

 Example : Ahmad doesn’t enter the class because of this illness.

 6. Disquised preposition.

 A disguised preposition is shown in such words below :

 Behind → “be” : by hind = behind

 Across → “on” : “a” on cross = a cross

 Example : He has gone for hunting

 Prepositions with multiple meanings

 Some prepositions are used to express a variety of meanings. These may be present difficulties.
Some of the common prepositions with their various meaning and their most common used are
summarized as follows for references purposes.

 1. Around

 "At approximately"

 - The police believe the man died around six o'clock

 - The temperature has been around 32 celcius degrees all day

 "In the vincinity of"

 - People have reported seeing a stranger around the store"

 2. At

 With a street address if the house number given

 - She lives at 18 Magnolia Street

 - With points in time

 - He arrived at 08.00

 - Those farmers stop working at sunset

 With prices

 - They are on sale at two dollars a dozen

 - I cannot afford to buy them at that price

 3. By

 "Alone" (with a reflexive pronoun)

 - He lives by himself

 - She did the homework by herself

 "Past" (with verbs of motion)

 - I always walk by that house on my way to work

 - Several ways buses go by our house

 "At the latest" (with a maximum time limit)

 - He will be here by five o'clock

 - All classes will be over by June.

 4. For

 To indicate the duration of time

 - She played the piano for two years

 - They lived in Washington for two years

 "In exchange for"

 - He rented the house for very little money

 5. In

 With cities, states, countries, continents

 - He lives in Cairo

 - That river is in California

 - Rice is grown in Thailand

 With periods of time

 - I saw him in January

 - The mail comes in the morning

  With lengths of time

 - He will come in an hour

 - He finished that book in one evening

 With languages

 - That opera was originally written in Italian

6. On

To indicate contact with a surface

- The book is on the table

- The picture is on the wall

- There is a light on the ceiling

With days of the week and dates

- Summer begins on June 21

- We do not have classes on Sundays

With the name of a street

- I live on McKinley street

- She is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street

 7. With

 To indicate association

 - She is with a consulting firm

 - I will stay with the car while you go for help

8. Without

To indicate the absence of something

- Nothing can live without water

- I am without money today and cannot buy the tickets

Prepositions that are often confused

In, on, and at discussed previously, are probably the most often confused nglish prepositions. Following are
some others.
1. Above, over

Above refers to a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a certain point.

- The temperature is well above freezing

- He held an umbrella over his head

Over also means "more than" and "in the course of" a period af time

- He is over eighty years old

- Over the years, he has proven to be a true friend

2. Below,under

Below refers to a place lower than the a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below a certain point

- That valley is below sea level

- His shoes are under the bed

Under also means "less than" and "under the supervision of"

- The children in this class are under six years of age

- She works under the managing editor

3. Beneath, underneath

- Two hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found

- The official does not consider it beneath him to type his own letters

- The shoes were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet

4. To, toward

To is used with verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means "in the general direction of".

- We walked to the station.

- All mosque face toward Mecca.

5. Beside,besides

Beside means "next to". Besides means "in addition to".

- He is sitting beside his brother.

- Two others won prizes besides us.

6. In,into
In is used with locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or metaphorical) from
one place or sate to another.

- The child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool.

- The patient is in coma. The patient slipped into a coma.

7. Past, beyond

Past is used with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by certain point. Beyond refers to a
location further away than some specified concrete or abstract point.

- The car went past the monument at 10.00.

- He lives beyond the post office.

- His generosity is beyond belief.

8. Between, among

Between refers to position in relation to two person or things. Among refers to position in relation to three
or more persons or things.

- I want put the table between those two windows.

- I found you letter among my school papers.

9. Through, throughout

Through refers to motion first into then out of something. Throughout used with something that is
distributed in every part of something.

- Let's walk through the park.

- The news spread throughout the country.

More preposition

 Now, we will dealt with some of the most troublesome prepositions in English. The ones in this
lesson are, on the whole, more straightforward in meaning and perhaps less susceptible to varying
usage, in spite of their sometimes more complex structure. Here is a list for reference.

1. According to

According to is used to cite an authority or source of information.

- According to the latest census, Houston, has more than a million inhabitants.

2. Against

Against means "in opposite to"

- Salmon swim upstream, against the current.

- National fight wars against other nations that threaten them.

3. As far as

As far as is used to indicate a limit reached in the course of an activity.

- We walked as far as the park before we got tired.

- He threw the ball as far as the fence.

4. Before,after

Before means "earlier than the time of" after means "later than the time of".

- He studied before an examination.

- He relaxes after work every day

5. Despite, in spite of

Despite, like in spite of, has the meaning of "without regard to". It is often used in the expression despite the
fact that.

- They are playing football despite the rain.

- They are playing despite the fact that it is raining.

- She came to school today in spite of the doctor's warnings.

6. During

During relates an activity to a specific period of time. The activity may be constant or intermittenent.

- My cousin lived in St.Louis during the most of her childhood

- We ate hot dogs and drink soda during the football game.

7. Inside

Inside means that something is contained by a limit or boundary.

- The paper is inside the drawer.

- You will find your gift inside thet box.

8. Like,unlike

Like means "similar to". Unlike means "different from".

- His mind is like an adding machine.

- The film is unlike the book.

Just like means "exactly the same as".

- You look just like your brother.

9. Near

Near means "not far away from".

- The bank is near the post office.

- Her car is parked near the school.

10. Off

Off shows that something is removed from contact or connection with a place it occupied before.

- He took the book off the shelf.

- I lost a button off my coat.

11. Opposite

Opposite means "directly across from".

- The site opposite me in the cafetaria every day.

- There is a new building opposite our house.

12. Until

Until indicates the continuation of an action or a step up to a specified point.

- I will wait for you until five o'clock.

- He lived there until his marriage.

13. Upon

Upon means "on top of" or "as a result of".

- They placed a crown upon Caesar's head.

- Upon hearing that he was in town, I telephoned him.

Upon is also used with depend and verbs of similar meaning ( rely, count ).

- You can depand upon my promises

- He caannot be relied upon.

On may replaced upon in all of these.

- On is somewhat less than upon.

14. Within

Within indicates that something is inside described limits.

- The mail will arrive within an hour.

- That decision is not within my area of authority; it is beyond my jurisdiction.

Question:

1. The course begins on 7 January and ends on 10 March.

2. I went to bed at midnight and got up at 6:30 the next morning.

3. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived at

5. o’clock in the morning.

4. Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756.

5. Are you doing anything special on the weekend?

6. Hurry up! We have got to go in five minutes.

7. I have not seen Anna for a few days. I last saw her on Tuesday.

8. I will phone you 0n Tuesday morning at about 10 o’clock, okay?

9. I might not be at home in the morning. Can you phone in the afternoon instead?

10. Ryan’s grandmother died in 1990 at the age of 79.

11.Jack’s brother is an engineer but he is out of work at the moment.

12.The price of electricity is going up in October.

13. On Sunday afternoon I usually go for a walk in the country.

14. There are usually a lot of parties in New Year’s Eve.

15. I like walking round the town at night. It is always so peaceful.

16. Do you fancy going to the cinema on Friday night?

17. Liam does not see his parents very often these days – usually only on holiday and sometimes in the
summer for a few days.

18. I have been invited to a wedding on 14 February.

19. I am just going out to do some shopping. I will be back in half an hour.

20.Carrol got married at 19 years old, which is rather young to get married
 VERB
defenition

What is a verb?
-A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.
In fact, you can’t have a sentence or a question without a verb! That’s how important these “action” parts of
speech are.

-The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical,
verbs always express activity.
-A verb is the central unit of any sentence of clause, and all the other words in a sentence take grammatical
form based on how they relate to it. A verb can express action (run, live, change), or states of being (is, are)
or occurrences (happen, become). Sentences can have more than one verb. A clause is a sub-unit of a
sentence that has one verb.
-A verb is a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and expresses an act,
occurrence, or mode of being, that in various languages is inflected for agreement with the subject, for
tense, for voice, for mood, or for aspect, and that typically has rather full descriptive meaning and
characterizing quality but is sometimes nearly devoid of these especially when used as an auxiliary or
linking verb.
-A definition which works is one based on structure and function rather than meaning. Some structural and
functional properties of verbs are:
1)If tense is marked anywhere in the clause it is marked on a verb, the first verb in the verb phrase.
2)If aspect is marked anywhere in the clause, it is marked on (and with) a verb.
3)In the present tense in a finite clause, the first verb in the verb phrase marks agreement with the subject in
person and in number.
DIFFERENCE IN DEFENITION
Some definitions stress meaning.
These definitions often leave people confused.
What are the actions in these sentences?
His reaction is wonderful.
Her understanding seemed clear.
Some definitions stress structure and function. These definitions provide ways to test words to see if they
are verbs. They require evidence to prove that words are verbs. These tests can be challenging to learn, but
produce consistently reliable results.
 INFLECTION AND BASE FORM
-One property of verbs is that they inflect. Inflection means they change form. So let’s start by looking at
what we mean by the “forms” of the verb
-All English verbs start with a “base” form. This is the form you look up to learn about the verb in the
dictionary. If you look up one of the other forms, you will be referred back to the base form. The base form
is always uninflected, because it hasn’t been changed.
If you aren’t around a dictionary, you can always figure out the base form by filling in a verb in sentences
like ONE of these:
EXAMPLE:
I really like to ______ (other words).
I really like to swim.
I really like to be (silly).
I really like to stab (the wet ground with a pitch fork). OR
That _________frequently.
That happens frequently.
That occurs frequently.
The infinitive form of the verb is formed is formed by adding “to” in front of the base form. The infinitive
form is not an inflected form of the verb, since no change happens to the actual form of the verb.
EXAMPLES:
to have; to be; to do; to imply; to run
This is the form of the verb used to form the third person singular in the present tense. In English, this is
most commonly formed by simply adding “s” or “es”, but there are spelling exceptions:
EXAMPLES:
have >>has; do>>does; imply>>implies

Most dictionaries, including online ones, will mark exceptions to form rules.Whenever a verb form is
slightly different than the general pattern (in other words there is an exception to the form rule), the verb or
the form is called irregular.
The -ing participle form
This form is produced by adding -ing to the base. Again, there are sometimes spelling changes in the base
(usually dropped final “e” or doubling of the final consonant).
EXAMPLES:
do> doing; have > having; go>going; be> being; write>writing; cut> cutting
 The past tense form
This is the form used to create the past tense of the verb. In English many, but not all, verbs are formed by
adding “d” or “ed” to the base form. There are numerous exceptions. And some verbs have two past tense
forms!
EXAMPLES:
walk> walked; go> went; have> had; see> saw; cut> cut; reject> rejected.

The Past Participle Form

For many, (but sadly not all), verbs the past tense form and the past participle form are the same form.
EXAMPLES:
Walk> walked (past tense form)>walked (past participle form);

Run > ran (past tense form)> run (past participle form).
Some important differences
The past tense form is used by itself to express the past tense.
I walked a mile yesterday.
The past participle form is used with other verbs (called auxiliaries) to form perfect aspect or passive.
I have walked ten miles. The dog was walked by his owner.
Figuring out the past participle
You can always figure out the past participle of the verb by moving the base form through a sentence with a
form of the auxiliary verb “have.”
EXAMPLE:
The man has ___________ (other words).
(buy) The man has bought (a gift).
(die) The man has died.
The accident has __________.
(happen) The accident has happened.

The forms of “be”

Base form: be
Infinitive form: to be
“s” form: is
-ing participle form: being
Past tense form: was/were (depending on subject)
Past participle form: been (pronounced as “bin.”)

Type of verb
Regular verb is that they form their different tenses according to an estabilishedpattern .

EXAMPLE :
-I think be He laugh with my answer
-She loves her boyfriend
-The only answer he got right were the ones he had copied .
TRANSITIVE VERB
Defenition :
A transitive verb is a verb that can take a direct object.
In other words, it is done to someone or some thing.

example :
- He read a book
( Read( from to read) is a transitive verb. In this example , the direct object is a book. To read is transitive
because you can read something )
INTRANSITIVE VERB
An Intransitive verb contrasts a transitive verb. An intransitive verb cannot have a direct object.

Example :
- He snores
( snores ( from to snore) is an intransitive verb .
It has no direct object . You cannot snore something .)

Some verbs can be transitive or intransitive, depending on how they are used in a sentence .

Example :
- They cheered
They cheered the band
- She sang
She sang a song
- Larry tripped
Larry tripped alex

MODAL AUXILIARY VERB

Defenition :
Modal auxiliary verb is words placed before the main verb to modify the meaning of main verb.

This is the auxiliary verb :

- Can - Would
- Could - Shall
- May - Should
- Might - Must
- will - Ought to

LEXICAL VERB
Defenition :
Lexical verb is also called as main verb or full verb.
We can define it as “lexical verb is any verb that is not an auxiliary verb (helping verb) “ .
The verb phrase used is a sentence is headed by the lexical verb .
Example :
- He laughed - He googled my question
- They ran - She danced in public

The differences between lexical verb & auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verbs become the helping verbs in the sentence . They help or support something else in the
sentence and become the secondary to something more significant .

Lexical verbs become main verbs in the phrase or sentence. Lexical verbs can be any verb which is not
auxiliary verb. It carries its own meaning that’s why can exist alone in the sentence and don’t necessarily
need the use of helping or auxiliary verb .
Example of lexical verbs :
- run - think - pull
- laugh - want - walk
- see - act - make

“I was acting very fast today at the carnival”

( in this sentence, ‘was’ is auxiliary verb where as ‘acting’ is lexical verb as it describes the main state or
action of the subject .)

Gerund or infinitife
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather
than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.

Verbing (Present Participle)

-Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking
-For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding
-For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying

GERUND EXAMPLE
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
-Jogging is a hobby of mine.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
-Daniel quit smoking a year ago.
Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
-I look forward to helping you paint the house.

Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.
An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence.
It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
Infinitives can be used as:
1) an object following the verb:
-Jim always forgets to eat
2) a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
-To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
3) an adverb modifying a verb:
-You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
4) an adjective modifying a noun:
-Tara has the ability to succeed.
5) Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:
-Do you want to call your family now?
6) Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:
-I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.

LINKING VERB
Defenition :
A linking verb is connects the subject with a word that gives information about the subject, suc as a
condition or relationship.
They do not show any action; but they link the subject with the rest of the sentence.
The linking verb :
- is - went - acted
- appears - look - sound
- smell - might have been - am
EXAMPLE:
-William is excited about his promotion
-She appears upset about the announcement
-The eggs smell rotten
-He went red after tripping on the rug
-Your plans for the wedding sound nice
-You look exhausted after studying all night
-I am putty in his hands
-Maria might have been more forthcoming with the news
INCHOATIVE VERB
An inchoative verb, sometimes called an “inceptive” verb.
Show a process of beginning or becoming.
The inchoative verbs denote the beginning of an action, state, or occurrence.

They are formed with the suffix –sc- and are classivied into three groups :
1) The primitive inchoative verb
2) The verbal inchoative
3) The nominal inchoative verb
COVULATIVE VERB
Defenition :
A copulative verb is one that connects the subject of a sentence with noun (or noun phrase) that is
equivalent of the subject or an adjective that describe the subject .
Example :
1) we jumped for joy
2) rabbits burrow into the sides of hills
3 This mountain belongs to the appalachian range
FINITE VERB
Defenition :
a finite verb ( sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, thismeans that it can be the main
verb in a sentence. It shows tense ( past / present, etc) or number ( singular/ plural )
Example :
I live in germany.
( is the subject – live describes what the subjects does – live is a finite verb)

NON-FINITE VERB
Defenition :
A non- finite verb has no subject, tense or number.
The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive ( indicated by to) , the gerund or the participle .

Example :
I travelled to germany to improve my german. ( to improve is in the infinitive form )
1.I have been............since the morning
a. Play c. Played
b. Plays d. Playing
2.Ravi has been .............in Mumbai since he was five years old.
a. Stayed c. Staying
b. Stays d. Stay
3.Rani......his work
a. Have completed c. Completing
b. Has Completed d. Have complete
4.I have ...........his name
a. Forgot c. Forget
b. Forgotten d. Forgets
5.I will be .................in the park tomorrow
a. Sing c. sang
b. Sung d. Singing
6.My parent will be .............for Canada tomorrow.
a. Leave c. Leaving
b. Leaves d. Left
7.We.......not coming over
a. Is c. are
b. Am d. Be
8...........he your teacher?
a. Are c. be
b. Is d. Am
9.That house...........ours yet
a. Am not c. Is not
b. Are not d. Being
10......these your new cars?
a. Is c. Are
b. Am d. Have
11.Charles has been .........since the morning.
a. Sleep c. Slept
b. Sleeps d. Sleeping
12.We......the best friend
a. Are c. Has
b. Is d. Am
13.Tia..........her task
a. Have finished c. finishing
 b. Has finished d. Have finish
.14. I have........this way
a. Remember c. Remembering
b. Remembered d. Remembers
15.My uncle will ..........holiday to europe next month
a. Went c. Going
b. Goes d. Go
16.I will be......at the competition tonight.
a. Competing c. Competed
b. Been compete d. Compete
17.They ........bread everyday
a. Eating c. Eat
b. Ate d. Eaten
18.The baby ......milk every morning
a. Drink C. Drinking
b. Drinks d. Drank
19.That mosque .......very beatifull
a. Been c. Am
b. Are d. Is
20.Today ........the big day. Isn’t it?
a. Is c. Are
b. Am d. Has
1.C.Played
2.C. Staying
3.B. Has Competed
4.A. Forgot
5.D. Singing
6.A.Leave
7.C. Are
8.B. Is
9.C. Is not
10.C. Are
11.D. Sleeping
12.A. Are
13. B. Has finished
14. B. Remembered
15.D. Go
16.A. Competing
17.C. Eat
18.B. Drinks
19. D. Is
20A. Is