Statistical Methods is Psychology

Lab Assignment 1

The following data are from a study of gender-related discrimination and mental health. The participants in the
study were women between the ages of 18-59. The data were collected by trained interviewers within the
context of a clinical interview, which contained measures of depression (0-60; higher scores = more
depression), everyday experiences of discrimination (0-3; higher scores = more experiences of discrimination),
SES (1 = low, 2 = middle, 3 = high), and age (in years).

The researchers in the study hypothesized that experiences of everyday discrimination related to gender would
be associated with depression, such that women who experienced more gender discrimination would be more
depressed than women who experienced less discrimination. They also hypothesized that experiences of
discrimination would be greater among women of low SES than middle or upper class women.

Create an SPSS data file containing the following data. Be sure to enter the data so that each participant’s data
is represented by one line in the data set and each variable is represented by a column in the data set. Make sure
you designate SES as an ordinal variable and provide value labels. [Your final data file should include five
columns and 45 rows]

Low SES Middle SES

ID Age Discrim Depress ID Age Discrim Depress
1 18 2.4 18 16 41 2.48 26
2 19 2.5 22 17 49 1.25 15
3 48 1.1 12 18 42 1.35 12
4 38 0.8 12 19 29 0.62 18
5 52 0.8 13 20 25 1.71 19
6 59 0.6 6 21 47 0.46 2
7 37 3 60 22 44 2.19 32
8 18 1.1 6 23 58 0.27 3
9 29 1.2 19 24 35 0.18 2
10 54 1.7 22 25 20 1.65 5
11 38 0.7 3 26 35 1.23 8
12 26 1.3 9 27 32 0.78 5
13 28 2.4 13 28 23 0.51 5
14 29 1.4 14 29 47 0.93 14
15 47 0.9 7 30 28 2.4 25

High SES
ID Age Discrim Depress
31 40 2.48 20
32 37 1.73 19
33 40 2.89 20
34 40 1.97 31
35 20 1.53 10
36 33 1.57 11
37 43 0.07 10
38 20 1.97 9
39 35 2.25 16
40 30 2.43 21
41 23 2.58 10
42 22 2.79 19
43 20 1.91 15
44 25 1.63 15
45 27 2.07 10
ANALYSES TO BE CONDUCTED IN SPSS
(Save, Print, and Turn in your FINAL data file and ONLY RELEVANT output!)

1. Obtain the appropriate descriptive statistics for all 4 variables in the study.
a. Using the Frequencies command, generate a frequency table for SES. Generate a frequency bar
graph for SES.

b. Using the Frequencies command, generate a frequency table, request the mean, median, mode,
standard deviation, and range for age, discrimination, and depression.
2.
Statistics

Age Discrimination Depression

N Valid 45 45 45

Missing 0 0 0
Mean 34.4444 1.5507 14.7333
Median 35.0000 1.5700 13.0000
Mode 20.00 2.40 10.00a
Std. Deviation 11.33088 .79281 10.09140
Range 41.00 2.93 58.00

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Age
 Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 18.00 2 4.4 4.4 4.4

19.00 1 2.2 2.2 6.7

20.00 4 8.9 8.9 15.6

22.00 1 2.2 2.2 17.8

23.00 2 4.4 4.4 22.2

25.00 2 4.4 4.4 26.7

26.00 1 2.2 2.2 28.9

27.00 1 2.2 2.2 31.1

28.00 2 4.4 4.4 35.6

29.00 3 6.7 6.7 42.2

30.00 1 2.2 2.2 44.4

32.00 1 2.2 2.2 46.7

33.00 1 2.2 2.2 48.9

35.00 3 6.7 6.7 55.6

37.00 2 4.4 4.4 60.0

38.00 2 4.4 4.4 64.4

40.00 3 6.7 6.7 71.1

41.00 1 2.2 2.2 73.3

42.00 1 2.2 2.2 75.6

43.00 1 2.2 2.2 77.8

44.00 1 2.2 2.2 80.0

47.00 3 6.7 6.7 86.7

48.00 1 2.2 2.2 88.9

49.00 1 2.2 2.2 91.1

52.00 1 2.2 2.2 93.3

54.00 1 2.2 2.2 95.6

58.00 1 2.2 2.2 97.8

59.00 1 2.2 2.2 100.0

Total 45 100.0 100.0

Discrimination

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid .07 1 2.2 2.2 2.2

.18 1 2.2 2.2 4.4

.27 1 2.2 2.2 6.7

.46 1 2.2 2.2 8.9

.51 1 2.2 2.2 11.1

.60 1 2.2 2.2 13.3

.62 1 2.2 2.2 15.6

.70 1 2.2 2.2 17.8

.78 1 2.2 2.2 20.0

.80 2 4.4 4.4 24.4

.90 1 2.2 2.2 26.7

.93 1 2.2 2.2 28.9

1.10 2 4.4 4.4 33.3

1.20 1 2.2 2.2 35.6

1.23 1 2.2 2.2 37.8

1.25 1 2.2 2.2 40.0

1.30 1 2.2 2.2 42.2

1.35 1 2.2 2.2 44.4

1.40 1 2.2 2.2 46.7

1.53 1 2.2 2.2 48.9

1.57 1 2.2 2.2 51.1

1.63 1 2.2 2.2 53.3

1.65 1 2.2 2.2 55.6

1.70 1 2.2 2.2 57.8

1.71 1 2.2 2.2 60.0

1.73 1 2.2 2.2 62.2

1.91 1 2.2 2.2 64.4

1.97 2 4.4 4.4 68.9

2.07 1 2.2 2.2 71.1

2.19 1 2.2 2.2 73.3

2.25 1 2.2 2.2 75.6

2.40 3 6.7 6.7 82.2

2.43 1 2.2 2.2 84.4

2.48 2 4.4 4.4 88.9

2.50 1 2.2 2.2 91.1

2.58 1 2.2 2.2 93.3

2.79 1 2.2 2.2 95.6

2.89 1 2.2 2.2 97.8

3.00 1 2.2 2.2 100.0

Total 45 100.0 100.0

 Depression

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid 2.00 2 4.4 4.4 4.4

3.00 2 4.4 4.4 8.9

5.00 3 6.7 6.7 15.6

6.00 2 4.4 4.4 20.0

7.00 1 2.2 2.2 22.2

8.00 1 2.2 2.2 24.4

9.00 2 4.4 4.4 28.9

10.00 4 8.9 8.9 37.8

11.00 1 2.2 2.2 40.0

12.00 3 6.7 6.7 46.7

13.00 2 4.4 4.4 51.1

14.00 2 4.4 4.4 55.6

15.00 3 6.7 6.7 62.2

16.00 1 2.2 2.2 64.4

18.00 2 4.4 4.4 68.9

19.00 4 8.9 8.9 77.8

20.00 2 4.4 4.4 82.2

21.00 1 2.2 2.2 84.4

22.00 2 4.4 4.4 88.9

25.00 1 2.2 2.2 91.1

26.00 1 2.2 2.2 93.3

31.00 1 2.2 2.2 95.6

32.00 1 2.2 2.2 97.8

60.00 1 2.2 2.2 100.0

Total 45 100.0 100.0

3. Generate graphs for the 4 variables.

a. Generate a frequency bar graph for the frequency distribution of SES.
b. Generate frequency histograms for age, discrimination, and depression.
c. Generate a box and whisker plot for discrimination using SES on the category axis (X axis).
d. Generate a bar graph for the means of discrimination (Y axis) by SES (X axis)
e. Generate a scatter plot with depression on the Y axis and discrimination on the X axis.
 4. Standardize the scores on depression using z-Scores
a. Use the descriptives command to save standardized values as variables for discrimination and
depression.
b. Save the new data file containing the z-scores.
ID Age Discrim Depress. SES ZDiscrim. ZDepress
1.00 18.00 2.40 18.00 Low SES 1.07130 .32371
2.00 19.00 2.50 22.00 Low SES 1.19743 .72009
3.00 48.00 1.10 12.00 Low SES -.56844 -.27086
4.00 38.00 .80 12.00 Low SES -.94685 -.27086
5.00 52.00 .80 13.00 Low SES -.94685 -.17176
6.00 59.00 .60 6.00 Low SES -1.19912 -.86542
7.00 37.00 3.00 60.00 Low SES 1.82810 4.48567
8.00 18.00 1.10 6.00 Low SES -.56844 -.86542
9.00 29.00 1.20 19.00 Low SES -.44231 .42280
10.00 54.00 1.70 22.00 Low SES .18836 .72009
11.00 38.00 .70 3.00 Low SES -1.07298 -1.16271
12.00 26.00 1.30 9.00 Low SES -.31618 -.56814
13.00 28.00 2.40 13.00 Low SES 1.07130 -.17176
14.00 29.00 1.40 14.00 Low SES -.19004 -.07267
15.00 47.00 .90 7.00 Low SES -.82071 -.76633
16.00 41.00 2.48 26.00 Middle SES 1.17221 1.11646
17.00 49.00 1.25 15.00 Middle SES -.37924 .02643
18.00 42.00 1.35 12.00 Middle SES -.25311 -.27086
19.00 29.00 .62 18.00 Middle SES -1.17389 .32371
20.00 25.00 1.71 19.00 Middle SES .20097 .42280
21.00 47.00 .46 2.00 Middle SES -1.37570 -1.26180
22.00 44.00 2.19 32.00 Middle SES .80642 1.71103
23.00 58.00 .27 3.00 Middle SES -1.61536 -1.16271
24.00 35.00 .18 2.00 Middle SES -1.72888 -1.26180
25.00 20.00 1.65 5.00 Middle SES .12529 -.96452
26.00 35.00 1.23 8.00 Middle SES -.40447 -.66723
27.00 32.00 .78 5.00 Middle SES -.97207 -.96452
28.00 23.00 .51 5.00 Middle SES -1.31264 -.96452
29.00 47.00 .93 14.00 Middle SES -.78287 -.07267
30.00 28.00 2.40 25.00 Middle SES 1.07130 1.01737
31.00 40.00 2.48 20.00 High SES 1.17221 .52190
32.00 37.00 1.73 19.00 High SES .22620 .42280
33.00 40.00 2.89 20.00 High SES 1.68936 .52190
34.00 40.00 1.97 31.00 High SES .52892 1.61193
35.00 20.00 1.53 10.00 High SES -.02607 -.46905
36.00 33.00 1.57 11.00 High SES .02439 -.36995
37.00 43.00 .07 10.00 High SES -1.86763 -.46905
38.00 20.00 1.97 9.00 High SES .52892 -.56814
39.00 35.00 2.25 16.00 High SES .88210 .12552
40.00 30.00 2.43 21.00 High SES 1.10914 .62099
41.00 23.00 2.58 10.00 High SES 1.29834 -.46905
42.00 22.00 2.79 19.00 High SES 1.56322 .42280
43.00 20.00 1.91 15.00 High SES .45324 .02643
44.00 25.00 1.63 15.00 High SES .10007 .02643
45.00 27.00 2.07 10.00 High SES .65506 -.46905

WRITTEN PORTION
(Type your responses using 12 point Times New Roman font)
1. In your own words, write a paragraph describing the variables in the study. Given the hypotheses, which
variable is the PRIMARY dependent variable? Which is the PRIMARY independent variable? What
types of scales do the variables seem to be measured on (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio)?
2. Report the mode for SES, and the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range for age,
discrimination, and depression.
3. Write a paragraph describing the distributions of age, discrimination, and depression within this sample.
In your description, be sure to discuss the shape, center, and spread of the distributions.
4. The measure of depression used in the study was constructed such that a score of 21 or higher indicated
clinically diagnosable depression. Using this criteria and referring back to your frequency table, what
percentage of women in the sample met criteria for clinically diagnosable depression?
5. Compare the box and whisker plots that you generated in 2c with the bar graph from 2d. Do the data
support the researchers’ hypothesis that low SES women would experience more discrimination than
middle and high SES women? Write a few sentences to explain your position. Provide a
theoretical/conceptual reason why you think the data show the pattern you observed.
6. Based on the scatter plot generated in 2e, what do you conclude regarding the researchers’ hypothesis
that women who experienced more discrimination would be more depressed than women who
experienced less discrimination? Write a few sentences to explain your conclusions. Provide a
theoretical/conceptual reason why you think the data show the pattern you observed.
7. Based on the standardized scores, are there any extreme scores among the women in the study regarding
depression? If so, identify the criteria you are using to identify extreme scores and list the ID numbers
for those women. Given the pattern observed in 2e, what would you expect their z-scores for
discrimination to look like? Go back to the data and examine the extreme scores case by case. Do their
scores match your expectations? Describe what you found in a few sentences.