INFORMAL

HOUSING

PREPARED BY:
FIZA HIROLI
GAURY PADMACHANDRAN
SHREETHA HEGDE
INTRODUCTION

• India is one of the fastest developing countries with many

metropolitan cities (e.g. Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Delhi and Chennai).
• During last two decades; migration from villages and small
towns to metropolitan areas has increased tremendously in
India.
• leads to the degradation of urban environmental quality
• sustainable development especially in the metropolitan cities.
• Slums are considered to be the major issue within many
urban areas
• problems related to transportation, population, health and
safety.
• the majority of families affected by urban development
projects are located in slum areas which are under
consideration for resettlement and/ or rehabilitation.
 Slum-dwellers constantly deal with issues such as:
 lack of clean water,
 constant migration at slums,
 no sewage or waste disposal facilities, pollution, and unsanitary living conditions.
 High levels of pollution, lack of basic needs, and room-crowding are some of the basic
characteristics of slum housing
 66% of statutory towns in India have slums.
 13.7 million households live in 108,000 slums.
 17.4% of urban households live in slums.
 urban slum population isn’t spread uniformly throughout the country
 States with more than 10% of households living in slums:
 Andhra Pradesh
 Delhi
 Maharashtra
 Madhya Pradesh
 Tamil Nadu
 Chhattisgarh
 50% of slum households are in Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad and
Kolkata.
• National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), India,
defines a slum as a “Compact settlement with a collection
of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature,
crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and
drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions”
• living in a slum means
• inadequate access to drinking water, sanitation, sewage treatment and even
health and education.

• Include generations of migrants settled in, but not a legitimate citizen of a

growing and living city.

• Possess no ownership documents either for land or property, do not have a bank
account, indulge in informal money lending and borrowing.

• Do not have an Identity proof, or a proof of address.

• Are often non tax payers, engaged in informal small jobs, surviving on very low
incomes.

• Have no access to institutionalized loans, insurance or subsidies.

Also, due to urbanization and nature of migration to metros - the slum problem will increase in importance
in the future.
there are estimates that 9% of India’s population (104 million people) will live in slums by 2017.
• An identified slum requires:
• a cluster of 300 inhabitants (60-70 households) with poor housing,
• Infrastructure
• drinking water
• sanitation
• many urban settlements are not counted as a slum - because the cluster is not
large enough to cross the threshold.
• Once a slum has been identified, it may or may not be recognized as a slum by
the State or local government, or by Housing and Slum Boards.
• Once a slum has been recognized, it may or may not be notified as a slum under
a “Slum Act”.
• public policy interventions (other than those targeted at individual households)
begin to work in when a slum is notified.
• Interventions:
• are less when the slum is recognized,
• lower still when it is identifiednon-existent for households that are below
the cluster threshold.
Identification of Slums

• Notified Slums
• Recognized Slums
• Identified Slums

All notified areas in a town or city

notified as ‘Slum’ by State, UT
Administration or Local Government
under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’
Identification of Slums

• Notified Slums
• Recognized Slums
• Identified Slums

All areas recognised as ‘Slum’ by State, UT

Administration or Local Government, Housing
and Slum Boards, which may have not been
formally notified as slum under any act
Identification of Slums

• Notified Slums
• Recognized Slums
• Identified Slums

A compact area of at least 300 population or

about 60-70 households of poorly built
congested tenements, in unhygienic
environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and
drinking water facilities (Identified).
• Slum - hutting areas with squalid surroundings where:
• Huts are erected in a haphazard manner without proper access.
• Minimum basic amenities are lacking
• Protected water supply and drainage arrangements do not exist.

• Reasons of slums:
• Change in agricultural scenario
• No prospects in rural areas
• Bigger opportunities in cities
• Preference on labor market than agriculture

• Results of Slums Poverty Poor Living conditions

• No Education
• Very poor hygiene conditions
• Poor health care
Data on Slum from Census

• It is for the first time in Census that datasets on Housing

stock, Amenities and Assets based on the Houselisting and
Housing Census are being released
• In Census 2001, information on Slums were released only on
demographic characteristics based on the Population
Enumeration.
• For this purpose, Slum Blocks were identified in Statutory
Towns having a population of 20,000 by the local authorities
at the time of Population Enumeration phase
• In Census 2011, Slum Blocks have been delineated in all
statutory towns irrespective of population size.
The recent survey estimated the number of slums to be 52,000 with
51% of the slums being notified slums. It is estimated that every
seventh person living in the urban areas is a slum dweller (NSSO
2003). The bulk of the urban poor are concentrated in the urban
slums or are squatters.
 HOUSING CONDITION IN THE SLUM AREAS

In terms of density, the notified slums are denser in terms of households (205 per
slum) as compared to the non notified slums (112 per slum).

As is evident from Figure a large number of houses are not pucca in nature. The problem
is more acute in the non-notified slums. There have however been improvements since
1993. In 1993 only 30 % of slums had majority of pucca houses. In 2002, this number was
higher at 47.
REFERENCES
• Census of India 2011- Circular No. 8
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) report, (April 2007).
• Slum Dwellers to double by 2030:
• Affordable Housing Partnership Jnnurm Guidelines, Government of India
• Bandyopadhy A (2000), Text Book of Town Planning, 1st Edition, Books &Allied(P)Ltd, Kolkata,
India.
• Joshua Arbury, From Urban Sprawl to Compact City, 2006
• Jan Turkstra and Martin Raithelhuber,Urban Slum Monitoring, 2004
• Barney Cohen ,Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key
challenges for sustainability,Technology in Society. 28 (2006): 63–80
• State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 Bridging The Urban Divide, United Nations Human
Settlements Programme, 2008
• UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements Programme), 2003, The Challenge of Slums.
GlobalReport on Human Settlements 2003, London: Earthscan.
• Census of India, Rural–urban distribution. In Provisional Population Totals, Paper 2, 2011, vol. 1,
India Series 1, pp. 1–19;