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ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
ESSENTIALS OF D I AGNOSIS
▶▶ Chronic low backache in young adults, generally
worst in the morning.
▶▶ Progressive limitation of back motion and of chest
expansion.
▶▶ Transient (50%) or persistent (25%) peripheral
arthritis.
▶▶ Anterior uveitis in 20–25%.
▶▶ Diagnostic radiographic changes in sacroiliac
joints.
▶▶ Negative serologic tests for rheumatoid factor and
anti-CCP antibodies.
▶▶ HLA-B27 testing is most helpful when there is an
intermediate probability of disease.
▶▶General Considerations
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease
of the joints of the axial skeleton, manifested clinically by
pain and progressive stiffening of the spine. The age at
onset is usually in the late teens or early 20s. The incidence
is greater in males than in females, and symptoms are more
prominent in men, with ascending involvement of the
spine more likely to occur.
▶▶Clinical Findings
A. Symptoms and Signs
The onset is usually gradual, with intermittent bouts of
back pain that may radiate into the buttocks. The back
pain is worse in the morning and usually associated with
stiffness that lasts hours. The pain and stiffness improve
with activity, in contrast to back pain due to mechanical
causes and degenerative disease, which improves with rest
and worsens with activity. As the disease advances, symptoms
progress in a cephalad direction, and back motion
becomes limited, with the normal lumbar curve flattened
and the thoracic curvature exaggerated. Chest expansion
is often limited as a consequence of costovertebral joint
involvement. In advanced cases, the entire spine becomes
fused, allowing no motion in any direction. Transient
acute arthritis of the peripheral joints occurs in about
50% of cases, and permanent changes in the peripheral
joints—most commonly the hips, shoulders, and knees—
are seen in about 25%. Enthesopathy, a hallmark of the
spondyloarthropathies, can manifest as swelling of the
Achilles tendon at its insertion, plantar fasciitis (producing
heel pain), or “sausage” swelling of a finger or toe (less
common in ankylosing spondylitis than in psoriatic
arthritis).
Anterior uveitis is associated in as many as 25% of cases
and may be a presenting feature. Spondylitic heart disease,
characterized chiefly by atrioventricular conduction
defects and aortic regurgitation occurs in 3–5% of patients
with long-standing severe disease Constitutional symptoms
similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis are absent in
most patients.
B. Laboratory Findings
The ESR is elevated in 85% of cases, but serologic tests for
rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies are negative.
Anemia may be present but is often mild. HLA-B27 is
found in 90% of white patients and 50% of black patients
with ankylosing spondylitis. Because this antigen occurs in
8% of the healthy white population (and 2% of healthy
blacks), it is not a specific diagnostic test.
C. Imaging
The earliest radiographic changes are usually in the sacroiliac
joints. In the first 2 years of the disease process, the
sacroiliac changes may be detectable only by MRI. Later,
erosion and sclerosis of these joints are evident on plain
radiographs; the sacroiliitis of ankylosing spondylitis is
bilateral and symmetric. Inflammation where the annulus
fibrosus attaches to the vertebral bodies initially causes
sclerosis (“the shiny corner sign”) and then characteristic
squaring of the vertebral bodies. The term “bamboo spine”
describes the late radiographic appearance of the spinal
column in which the vertebral bodies are fused by vertically
oriented, bridging syndesmophytes formed by the
ossification of the annulus fibrosus and calcification of the
anterior and lateral spinal ligaments. Fusion of the posterior
facet joints of the spine is also common.
Additional radiographic findings include periosteal
new bone formation on the iliac crest, ischial tuberosities
and calcanei, and alterations of the pubic symphysis and
sternomanubrial joint similar to those of the sacroiliacs.
Radiologic changes in peripheral joints, when present, tend
to be asymmetric and lack the demineralization and erosions
seen in rheumatoid arthritis.
▶▶Differential Diagnosis
Low back pain due to mechanical causes, disk disease, and
degenerative arthritis is very common. Onset of back pain
prior to age 30 and an “inflammatory” quality of the back
pain (ie, morning stiffness and pain that improve with activity)
should raise the possibility of ankylosing spondylitis.
RHEUMATOLOGIC & IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS CMDT 2015 847
In contrast to ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis
predominantly affects multiple, small, peripheral joints of
the hands and feet. Rheumatoid arthritis spares the sacroiliac
joints and only affects the cervical component of the
spine. Bilateral sacroiliitis indistinguishable from ankylosing
spondylitis is seen with the spondylitis associated with
inflammatory bowel disease. Sacroiliitis associated with
reactive arthritis and psoriasis, on the other hand, is often
asymmetric or even unilateral. Osteitis condensans ilii
(sclerosis on the iliac side of the sacroiliac joint) is an
asymptomatic, postpartum radiographic finding that is
occasionally mistaken for sacroiliitis. Diffuse idiopathic
skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) causes exuberant osteophytes
(“enthesophytes”) of the spine that occasionally are difficult
to distinguish from the syndesmophytes of ankylosing
spondylitis. The enthesophytes of DISH are thicker and
more anterior than the syndesmophytes of ankylosing
spondylitis, and the sacroiliac joints are normal in DISH.
▶▶Treatment
NSAIDs remain first-line treatment of ankylosing spondylitis
and may slow radiographic progression of spinal disease.
Because individual patients differ in their response to
particular NSAIDs, empiric trials of several different
NSAIDs are warranted if the response to any given NSAID
is not satisfactory. TNF inhibitors have established efficacy
for NSAID-resistant axial disease; responses are often substantial
and durable. Etanercept (50 mg subcutaneously
once a week), adalimumab (40 mg subcutaneously every
other week), infliximab (5 mg/kg every other month by
intravenous infusion), or golimumab (50 mg subcutaneously
once a month) is reasonable for patients whose symptoms
are refractory to NSAIDs. Sulfasalazine (1000 mg
orally twice daily) is sometimes useful for peripheral
arthritis but lacks effectiveness for spinal and sacroiliac
joint disease. Corticosteroids have minimal impact on the
arthritis—particularly the spondylitis—of ankylosing
spondylitis and can worsen osteopenia. All patients should
be referred to a physical therapist for instruction in postural
exercises.
▶▶Prognosis
Almost all patients have persistent symptoms over decades;
rare individuals experience long-term remissions. The
severity of disease varies greatly, with about 10% of patients
having work disability after 10 years. Developing hip disease
within the first 2 years of disease onset presages a
worse prognosis. The availability of TNF inhibitors has
provided symptomatic relief and improved quality of life
for many patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
3. Ankylosing spondylitis
ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS
ekspansi.
radang sendi.
sendi .
▶▶ Pertimbangan Umum
▶▶ Klinis
▶▶ Pengobatan
▶▶ Prognosis