GROUPS: THE HEART OF INTERACTION

2. SECONDARY GROUP
SOCIAL AGGREGATES
- Individual aggregate physically in a given space, they do not
necessarily make a social group. They are just collection of
warm bodies who happened to be together in one space or
who may happen to share a set of common characteristics.
The latter is technically referred to as
SOCIAL CATEGORIES- people who share a common characteristic
(such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or
identify with one another.
SOCIAL GROUP
- Collection of people who regularly interact with one another on
the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who
share a sense of common identity.
Social relationships and patterns of interaction become
“institutions” the moment they start being governed by formal and
informal agreements by strong traditional norms.
The word “organizations” here does not exclusively refer to types of
association. Rather, it pertains to patterns of agreements shaped and
conditioned by the overarching concerns that they aim to address.
CATEGORIES OF GROUPS BASED ON SOME STANDARDS
1. PRIMARY GROUP
-this is typically a small group whose members share close,
personal and enduring relationships.
-this has the opposite characteristics of a primary group.
Secondary groups can be small or large and they are mostly
impersonal and usually short-term.
An example of secondary group is a committee organized to plan a
holiday party at work. The purpose of the group is about the task
instead of the relationships.
3. REFERENCE GROUP
-this is a group to which we compare ourselves. Reference
groups, such as those of college freshmen, serve as a
standard against which behaviors and attitudes are measured.
Hence reference groups may also be called as IDENTITY
ASSOCIATION GROUP since their creation is fueled by a
person’s desire to provide a character connection. Reference
groups may be classified as in-groups or out-groups.
IN-GROUP (Fraternity)
- Social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs.
One feels loyalty and respect for these groups.
OUT-GROUP (Sports team opponent)
- Social groups that an individual does not identify with. One
feels antagonism and contempt for these groups.
The social organized as
Social groups, cultural institutions
and political organizations. Sociology
Social
Political
Group
Organizations

Examples include families, childhood friends, and highly influential Social

social groups. They are typically small-scale, include intimate Anthropology
relationships, and are usually long-lasting. The members of the Cultural Political
primary groups feel a strong personal identity with the group. institution Science

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CULTURAL, SOCIETAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS: KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE HOUSEHOLD - Refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage
occurs. When marriage takes place, new forms of social
KINSHIP relations are developed. The husband forms new relations with
- A social institution that refers to relation between members of his wife and with his wife’s family. In the same manner, the
society. wife also develops new relations with her husband and with
- Sociologists define kinship as the different forms of socially her husband’s family. Moreover, the families of both the
accepted relations among people developed through blood or husband and wife also form new social relations with each
consanguineal relationship, marriage of affiant relationships, other.
adoption, and other culturally accepted rituals.
MARRIAGE ACROSS A CULTURE
TYPES OF KINSHIP - Different societies have different sets of cultural practices,
norms and rules pertaining to marriage. Culture across
societies have developed traditions, customs, rules and norms
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
that determine how marriage will be done.
- Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is
considered as the most basic and general form of relations.
MARRIAGE
The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity. The
- Is an important social institutions wherein two persons, a man
relationship existing between parents and their children,
and a woman, enter into family life. During this process, the
between siblings and between nieces/nephews and
partners make a public, official, and permanent declaration of
aunts/uncles are example of this type of kinship.
their union as lifetime couples.
KINSHIP BY RITUALS
FORMS OF NEOLOCAL RULES OF RESIDENCE
Compadrazgo literally translated as “godparenthood”, is a ritualized
form of forging co-parenthood of family. Originating in the medieval
PATRILOCAL
Catholic Church in Europe, this can be done through the performance
- Rule of residence occurs when married couple stay in the
of Catholic rituals like baptism, confirmation and marriage.
house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband’s kin.

- The spiritual parents are called by the child’s biological parents

MATRILOCAL
as compadre or kumpare for the male godparent and
- Rule of residence happens when the couples live with the
kumara for the female godparent. The godson or goddaughter
wife’s relatives or near the wife’s kin.
is called inaanak by the godparent, while the godson or
goddaughter calls his or her spiritual parent or godparent as
BIOLOCAL
ninong(godfather) or ninang(godmother). This type of kinship
- Residence happens when the newlywed couple stay with
by rituals system is usually present in Latin American countries
husband’s relatives and wife’s kin alternately.
and Catholic countries like the Philippines.

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ENDOGAMY AND EXOGAMY ARRANGED MARRIAGE
- The man or woman’s parents, community leaders, religious
ENDOGAMY OR COMPULSARY MARRIAGE officials or leaders determine the marital of the individual. This
- The custom or marrying only within the limits of a local was done to ensure that the young man and woman will marry
community, clan or tribe to the most appropriate person according to the dictates and
rules set by the family, community, or religious group.
EXOGAMY OR OUT-MARRIAGE
- Marriage custom where an individual is required by society’s
norms and rules to many outside of their own group,
community, or social classes. Types of Arranged Marriages

MONOGAMY AND POLYGAMY 1. CHILD MARRIAGE

- It happens when parents for the marriage of their child along
MONOGAMY before the marriage takes place. The marriage will be
- Came from the Greek words monos and gamos which consummated in the future.
literally mean “one union”
- it refers to the marriage or sexual partnering custom or 2. EXCHANGE MARRIAGE
practice where an individual has only one male or female - In this form of marriage, there is a reciprocal exchange of
partner or mate. spouses between two countries, tribes, or groups.

POLYGAMY 3. DIPLOMATIC MARRIAGE

- refers to the practice of having more than one partner or - This form of marriage occurs when an arranged marriage has
sexual mate. been established between two royal or political families in
POLYGYNY order to forge political or diplomatic alliances.
- a man has multiple female partners or mates
POLYANDRY 4. MODERN ARRANGED MARRIAGE
- A woman has a multiple male partners and mates - The child’s parents, with the consent of the child, choose from
several possible mates. The parents organize a meeting with
the potential partner of their child.
REFERRED MARRIAGE OR ARRANGED MARRIAGE

REFERRED MARRIAGE
- Some find their partners through other people like friends and
relatives who act as matchmakers. These matchmakers help
their single friends or relatives to find their possible husband or
wife by referring them to another man or woman who is also
interested in finding a life partner.

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THE FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD
FAMILY
- Is considered the basic unit of social organizations. It is
made up of a group of individuals who are linked together by
marriage, blood relations, or adoption. It contributes a single
household that interrelates with each other and performs the
social roles of a husband, wife, mother, father, brother and
sister.
Families are also interpreted differently by structural functionalists,
conflict theorists and symbolic interactionists.
ASSUMPTIONS OF MAJOR SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
ABOUT FAMILY
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY
- Family is important because it performs different roles of
society.
1. Agent of socialization
2. Provides emotional and practical support for family
members
3. Controls sexual activity and sexual reproduction
4. Provides family members with social identity

DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF FAMILY ACCORDING TO

CONFLICT THEORY
SOCIOLOGISTS AND ANTHROPOLOGISTS
- Family is a cause of social inequality because it strengthens
economic inequality and allows the continuity of patriarchy.
GEORGE PETER MURDOCK
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISTS THEORY
- Family is a social group that has the following characteristics:
1. Share a common residence - The family members’ interaction can produce a shared
2. Presence of economic cooperation understanding of their situations.
3. Reproduce offspring
4. Include adults of both sexes wherein at least two of whom
NUCLEAR FAMILY
uphold a socially approved form of sexual relationships
5. Responsible for the socialization of infants and children - A type of family that is made up of a group who are united by
social ties. It is usually made up of two adults and their socially
KINGSLEY DAVIS recognized children.
- Family is a group of individuals wherein the relationships is - It is made up of a married couple on their biological or adopted
based on consanguinity and kinship. child or children.
EXTENDED FAMILY
TALCOTT PARSONS - A type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family
- Family is factory that develops and produces human
made up of parents and their offspring.
personalities.
BLENDED FAMILY OR RECONSTITUTED FAMILY
BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI - A type of family where the parents have a child or children
- Family is an institution that passes down the cultural traditions from previous martial relationships but all the members stay
of a society to the next generation. and congregate to form a new family unit.
- It is sometimes called as step family, reconstituted family or a
complex family.

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 MATRILINEAL
PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT - Focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the
- Kinship can be studied by analyzing the relationships that female line.
exists between persons. - Both male and female offsprings are considered members of
- Anthropologists develop diagrams to clearly explain and their mother’s matrilineal descent group but only the daughters
illustrate the different consanguineal relationships. can pass on the family line to their offspring.

DESCENT A HOUSEHOLD can either be a one-person household or a multi-

- Refers to a biological relationship. person household.
- Refers to an individual’s child or offspring or his or her parents
and ancestry. ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLD
- Refers to “an arrangement in which one person makes
LINEAGE provision for his or her own food or other essentials for living
- Refers to the line where one’s descent is traced. An without combining with any other person to food part of a
individual’s descent can be traced by studying either the multiple-person”.
person’s paternal or maternal line or both father’s and
mother’s line. MULTI-PERSON HOUSEHOLD
- Refers to a “group of two or more persons living together who
BILATERAL DESCENT make common provision for food or other essential for living”.
- Kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the mother
and father , this is called
Nonunilineal or Cognatic Descent Principle
- traced their descent through the study of both parents’
ancestors

UNILINEAL DESCENT
- usually traced by most societies through a single line of
ancestors from either the male and female line.
- Both males and females are members of a unilineal family but
their descent lines are recognized only through the relatives or
either the male or female member.

UNILINEAL TWO BASIC FORMS

PATRILINEAL

- Both males and females belong to the kin group of their father
but they do not belong to their mother’s kin group.
- Only the males pass on their children their family identity. A
woman’s children are members of her husband’s patrilineal
line.