PAK

STUDIES
PAPER 1
Section 1: Cultural and Historical Background to the Pakistan
Movement.
Decline of the Mughals:
Reasons:
>Aurangzeb’s religious reforms
….Reinstituted Jizya Tax on non Muslims.
….Destroyed Hindu Temples
….Enforced Islamic Laws
….Banned Suttee (Hindu Tradition)
All of which led to Hindu’s (who formed a large part of India) agitation.
>Aurangzeb’s wars.
….Fought a war against the Rajputs
….Attempted to expand North (in a campaign against NWFP pathans)
….Numerous Rebellions (Sikhs, Satnamis, Jatts)
….The Maratha War, which was the costliest.
….^All these wars resulted in heavy taxes, and emptied the Mughal treasury. Leaving
The Mughal Empire in economic misery.
>Aurangzeb’s love for luxury.
….Built palaces, spend huge sums on himself.
….^E.g Pearl Mosque for his own private prayers in Dehli
….Made him unpopular. Furthered economic decline.
>Indefinite law of succession.
….The dead Mughal emperor’s sons would fight for power.
….He tried preventing this by dividing the empire between his 4 sons. Didn’t work
….Muezzin was first emperor. Died. His sons fought. In 10 years, 12 claimed the throne
….These wars cost a lot. Weakening the economy. Many capable soldiers, nobles died.
Left the empire divided and weak.
>Lazy ass successors.
….Were lazy, incompetent. Unable to control government.
….Handed the government over to the mansabdars (Nobles put in charge, system
started by Akbar. These were often corrupt, disloyal and sought their own gains)
….These often corrupt nobles grew in power. Some princes and rulers were
assassinated by courtiers. Such as Farukhsiyar and Alamgir
….Thus, there was an imbalance of power. Any emperor who would take control could
not rule.
>Military Inefficiency
….Mughals used to be powerful, disciplined armies. Used to fight with clever tactics.
with strong commanders.
….They became complacent with time. Didn’t feel the need for an army
….Army became weak. Less disciplined. No modern advancements in warfare.
….Army was also made of different groups: Persian. Afghani etc.
….The Mughals lacked a naval fleet as well, despite having numerous ports.
>Vast Empire
….Over 1000’s of miles. Communication and transport was difficult. Months before
news e.g: Rebellions reached the emperor, and he couldn’t react in time.
….The Mansabdary system was weak and corrupt, no longer countered tis.
….Bihar, Deccan, Bengal managed to declare independence at points.
>Invaders
….Nadir Shah, Persian leader invaded. Defeated Muhammad Shah at Karnal 1734
He sacked Delhi. Left after 2 months with many jewels, good and the peacock throne
….Ahmed Shah, an Afghan came in 1747.Attacked Kabul, Peshawar and Lahore. Had
control over Punjab by 1749. Kashmir, Multan by 1756.
>British.
….Finally took control and effectively ended Mughal Rule
….were military better equipped. Also employed local sepoys. Had military experience
from their combat against the French, Portuguese.
….Won decisive Battles: Plassey, Buxar. Mir Jafar betrayed Indians, helped British.
…..Exploited captured lands for a lot of profit.
British Rule.
Why the British took control over the EIC.
>The Volume of trade and profit to the British was extremely significant. The crown did
not feel that a thing of such importance should remain in the hands of a private
company. They thus took control of the EIC.
>The British needed to shape their foreign policy, since the Russians seemed to be
trying to expand . This couldn’t be done under the EIC.
>British Prestige was at stake. The needed expansion to regain the image they had lost
in their disgraceful loss at Kabul by the Afghans.

Why European nations became involved in the subcontinent.

>India had certain raw materials that the rest of the world did not have and they desired,
including spices, cotton, sugar, silk, jute etc
>The British had a great regard for the raw materials, since they had recently
undergone the industrial revolution and wished to expand their industries.
>The Middle Eastern countries had a tax on Europeans, and the Byzantine Empire was
now under the ottomans who sought cheaper trade routes.
>They avoided land routes in the middle East, since trading via sea was cheaper, more
effective and gave economy of scale.
>British went to India since other lands (e.g: Africa) were already under Portuguese
control. They also fought against the French here.

Taking control of India:

Successes (Of Indians in resisting)
>In 1666, EIC grew proud, refused taxes and issued coins. Aurangzeb sent a force
against them, defeated them. EIC paid a fine, apologized, reduced activities.
>In 1756, Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud Daulah defeated EIC and managed to drive them
away from and they captured Calcutta.
>Tipu Sultan had French support, and used his strong army against the EIC at several
times. Defeating them.
Failures:
>…The very next year in 1757, The British, under Robert Clive defeated Siraj ud
Daulah’s forces with the help of Mir Jafar’s betrayal. Siraj died, and the Mir Jafar was
placed as a puppet ruler by the British
>In The Battle of Buxar of 1764, the British defeated the Mir Jafar’s son, Mir Qasim and
Shah Alam II and the Nawabs of Oudh. This extended their influence, gave them
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. They collected Revenue from here, managed to get a bigger
army. Ended true Muslim Rule.
>In 1782, first GG, Warren Hastings signed a treaty with the Marathas They could now
focus on other places, and Maratha take over was prevented.
>In 1799, GG Wellesley invaded Mysore and killed Tipu Sultan. They thus killed a
strong enemy and took control of his lands in Mysore.
>In 1803, The British entered Delhi, forced Shah Alam II to accept rule under “British
Protection” … which basically meant that The Emperor no longer had any real power.
British were true rulers by this point.
>They provoked the Sindh Amirs into war despite a treaty signed between the two
parties in an attempt to make up for their disgrace in Afghanistan.
>British managed this partly because of the Industrial Revolution, which made them
technologically superior, giving them an edge over the Indians with their weapons,
techniques.

British Reforms/Rule.

>India was very wealthy, but this wealth was heavily exploited by the british, with all this
wealth going over to the British.
>In 1829, they banned Suttee (A common hindu tradition)
>Replaced Persian with English as the government language … Indians could no longer
get government jobs.
>Indians had to send their children to co-ed schools with westernized Educations. They
disliked this as it went against their culture and religion.
>Christian Missionaries came and set up schools, and seemed to try and convert the
local populace to Christianity. This was resented by the Indians.
>British brought in the railway system, which is also annoyed the Indians as they felt
that the British were trying to intervene in India too much.
>British sold cotton in India (thanks to Industrial Revolution) and collapsed the Indian
Textile Industry, leaving millions jobless and poor.
The War of Independence.
Reasons for outbreak:
>Political: The British introduced the Doctrine of Lapse, allowing them to confiscate the
territory of any local ruler who did not have a real male heir. This did not please the
Indian landlords as they were being deprived for their lands and thus rebelled.
>Political: In 1957 the Mughal Emperor had little power left but was still an important
symbolic figure. The British moved the Royal family form the Red fort of Delhi to a more
obscure Qutub Sahi. Indians saw this as mistreatment.
>Political: At a lower level of society there was a resentment of the lack of oppurtunities
for native Indians in the Civil service. This resulted in more hatred for the British as their
rights were not considered.
>Political: 1934, English replaced Persian as the official language of administration. This
created resentment because it wasn’t only seen as cultural intervention but also
increased Indian unemployment as they didn’t know English.
>Military: Greased Cartridge Incident
>Military: Most of the sepoys were Indian, whereas officers were always British.
>Military: They sent Indan troops to fight in Afghanistan. Unpopular as Hindus didn’t
want to leave mother India and Muslims didn’t want to fight other Muslims.
>Religious: Furthermore, regular rumors that Muslim, Hindu, Sikh soldiers would be
forced to convert to Christianity. Angered Indian solders who felt that their religion was
under threat.
>Religious: Hindu tradition suttee was abolished, widow remarriage allowed. Pardha
was ridiculed by the British,
>Religious: Christian Missionaries made schools, taught Christianity, expected locals to
give up own religion. Employers sometimes offered incentives for this.
>Social: British had a very low view of the Indians. The tried to spread their own culture,
and considered the Indians inferior and were reluctant in giving them high posts.
>Social: The British were tried in special courts, but Indians/Locals were tried in ordinary
courts. Judgments were made by the British and were often cruel/harsh.
Reasons for failure:
>Disunity: There was disunity among the rebels. They lacked a common purpose and
everyone fought for personal interest, often refused to fight unless they were harmed.
…Nana Sahib, only interested in getting doctrine of lapse reversed and was ready to
come to terms if this demand was accepted.
Thus, Muslims lacked a common cause from the Indians, weakening them.
>Disunity: Some of the princely state rulers supported the British in order to maintain
their own power. Such as the ruler of Kashmir, who sent 2000 troops to help the British.
Thus their strength against the war grew, and the Indians were less united.
>Disunity: Lord Canning, the Governor General, adopted a conciliator policy towards the
rebels. He allowed many concessions for them: Announcing the rebels who gave up
their arms were to be forgiven. Thus, quite a few leaders left the battlefield to join in
negotiations with the government.
>Disunity: There had been a great deal of vandalism in the war, thus the local
population was harmed and became displeased with the rebel’s nefarious activities.
Instead, they sympathized with the British who stood for law and order. Hence the
British strength increased even further, rebels weakened.
> British Strength: Punjab and Sindh had been conquered by the British with their troops
from Bengal and Central Asia. So, when the troops rebelled in 1857, the Punjabis and
Singhies did not support. Meaning a much smaller amount of rebels against the British
might.
>British Strength: The Last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, who was considered the
main leader of the revolt showed incompetence during the war. More interested in
poetry and luxury, and neglected the affairs of combat. Thus, his poor administration
meant weak control.
>British Strength: The British had experienced the Industrial Revolution and were
technologically much more superior. Thus they had advanced weaponry, giving them an
edge over the Mughal/Indian forces who had traditional and outdated weaponry.
>British Strength: The British were a superpower at that time and had well trained,
confident soldiers led by outstanding generals such as Edwards and Neil. Who fought
with devotion and loyalty to the British Queen. The rebel leaders in comparison were
indecisive and short sighted and hence were easily defeated by the British.
Results of the war of Independence:
>Negative: The Indians failed their main objective of ending British Rule/Driving them
out of the subcontinent. They not only failed, but ended as slaves to the British. They
British attained complete autonomy over the country and established a rather tyrannical
rule over the Indians.

>Negative: The Mughal Empire was removed from the Indian political scene forever as
the country came directly under the British Crown by the 1858 proclamation by Queen
Victoria. The Muslims were greatly dismayed by this, as the main figure of Muslim
authority was exiled.
>Negative: The war left a trail of mutual fear and distrust in the minds of the ruler and
the ruled. The British became cautious, rigid, reactionary in their attitude towards he
Indians
…. especially the Muslims, considering to be solely responsible for the revolt, since the
wanted to restore the Mughal Empire. Thus the British began to develop a policy of
suppressing the Muslims in their every walk of life. This hatred continued for half a
century.
>Negative: The army taking the initiative in the War of Independence was thoroughly
revised. The number of European Soldiers was increased. Dismaying the Indians, who
took part in an attempt to gain better posts and salaries through the revolt. Instead,
some soldiers became jobless
>Negative: The forces that had rebelled were executed by the British. Cruel
punishments, such as being blown to pieces by a canon were used.
>Positive: The British tried to being about a change in their administration and policies.
They ended the “British East India Co’ to the happiness of the Indians who were now
relieved of the Company’s tyranny. Thus there now to be ruled through a new, possibly
less cruel ruler.
>Positive: New reforms and constitutional changes were introduced. An act for the
better government of India was passed and introduced. It involved a Secretary of State
with a council of 15 members to help him.
….Policy of centralization in the 1833 act was changed, and new principles of
decentralization and indianisation were recognized. And Indians could now be elected in
provincial councils and thus attain power at a provincial level.
>Positive: Moreover the 1861 Act restored legislative powers to the governments of
Bombay and Madras. New Legislative Councils were established in many provinces
includingPunjab, Bengal etc. Thus, Indians were given much more political say, which
had been an aim of theirs in the War of Independence.
>Positive: The British policy of annexations was changed. The queen declared no more
extensions to their present territorial possessions. Also, the Doctrine of Lapse was
abandoned and Indians could now inherit ancestral lands with ease.
>Positive: Greased Cartridge supply stopped. Indians relieved of a very sensitive
Religious issue.

Languages:

Urdu

Why Pakistan Choose Urdu as its national language:

>Because of its long History in the subcontinent. Widely used in the Mughal Period,
dating as far back as the sultans of Delhi. Used by the Mughal armies and became
widely spoken and understood all over the subcontinent. Thus, it was natural that such
a well established, natural language be chosen.
>It had a high status in the subcontinent. Some of the finest early poets such as Amir
Khusrau wrote in Urdu and Sir Syed’s school at Ali Garh became known as a center for
Urdu study. Many religious books, including the Quran were translated into it. Thus it
was rather important due to its rich literary tradition.
>It was very closely associated with the Pakistani Movement. Sir Syed supported it, and
the Muslim League was formed to defend Muslim interests and thus Urdu by extension.
The Quaid was very keen on it, seeing it as a unifying force. Saw it as appropriate to
promote a language that was a unifying force for the people of the subcontinent.

Promotion of Urdu:
>Urdu is the medium of the national Media. Since media is well known to everyone, and
everyone watches television, listens to the radio with interest for interest/entertainment,
the language is promoted as more people are exposed to it.
>Urdu is the medium of instruction in many schools. Develops interest in students
towards their national language, as a lot of subjects are taught in urdu. They frequently
read, write, communicate in Urdu.
>Urdu is taught up to MA, MPhil and PhD in different institutions (such as the Urdu
university). Thus scholars research the language and explore different aspects of its
poetry and prose, modernizing it.
>It is the compulsory subject to pass grade 10 and 12 in educational institutions.
Therefore, the language is promoted as students get familiar with its literature and
grammar.
>It is the official language of courts (…along with English). Thus promoted as it is
frequently judicial proceedings (Judges in their judgements, lawyers in their arguments)
>Mushairas (poetry recitation sessions) are frequently held in Pakistan where poets
recite poetry in front of the public, who appreciate it. This encourages them to write
more in Urdu and are often given awards for their works.
>It is the national language of Pakistan and is frequently used in all 4 provinces. Thus
it’s not only a unifying force but also being promoted by people due to their regular use.

Failures of Urdu:
>East Pakistan strongly opposed the selection of Urdu as the national language after
independence. As their language, Bengali was spoken by 54% of the total population,
leaving Urdu as a minority. This offended them to a great extent and eventually led to
the creation of Bangladesh. Urdu ended up disintegrating rather than unifying Pakistan.
>In Urban areas people prefer English over Urdu, and thus send their children to
English medium schools for their better future, especially as they’re aware that the civil
service exam is taken in English. Urdu is thus sidelined.
…In local areas people prefer their local languages instead of Urdu, Hindering the
development of Urdu as many of them don’t even know it.

Other Languages:

Why they’ve been promoted:

>Literature and work undertaken by authors in areas such as Sindhi gas been popular
and is a part of India’s history. Thus, it should be kept alive. So the government set up
bodies to promote it, such as the Sindhi literary board.
>Many Languages have played an important role in the history of the subcontinent. An
example of this is Pushto literature, which was important in helping to create opposition
towards the British rule. Thus it is important to preserve this history or future
generations.
>Balochi had little development before 1947 and its literature was in decline. The
government felt that It should be kept alive rather than lost forever. They thus sought to
keep it on par with the other languages.
PUNJABI:
>Books on academic subjects like Law, Medicine, Science, History and Philosophy
published in Punjabi. Thus developed as it’s been used as a means of imparting
education.
>The Punjabi University teaches it up to masters level. Thus the language is promoted
as students and scholars do research in different aspects of its literature, which helps to
modernize the language.
>Radio Pakistan in Lahore, plus TV shows. These promote it though dramas and serials
and news. Punjabi theater and films are also widely appreciated by because of their
quality. Thus, by using it as a source of information and entertainment it’s understanding
has been improved among the masses.
>Quran was translated into Punjabi by Muhammad Ali Faiq. Thus promoted on religious
lines as Punjabi Muslims read it with interest.
>Punjabi Mushairas (poetry recitation sessions) are also held where poets recite their
poetry in front of public. They are appreciated and it helps the people learn Punjabi.
Poets themselves are also encouraged and are given wards.

SINDHI:
>Sindhi literary board was a step towards Sindhi’s development as it published different
books and magazines in Sindhi and Sindhi literary figures like Fakir Nabi Baksh and G.
Allama became well known.
> Bazm e Talib ul Mawla Publishes books in Sindhi and have thus become known
because of their services towards Sindhi literature.
>Sarmast Academy established as tribute to Sindhi poet Sachal Sarmast also promotes
the language, by printing his words and making them available to the common people.
>The Sindhiology department teaches Sindhi literature at Jamsher up to MA level which
helps students learn more about the language.
>It is a compulsory language subject in schools of Sindh as an alternative to Urdu. It
promotes its importance among the students and fosters their interest in Sindhi as
they’re taught Sindhi literature and Grammar.

PASHTO:
>Establishment of Peshawar University and the post graduate Pashto literature classes
promote the language and literature among the masses and it is thus more widely
known.
>Academy for the promotion of Pashto Literature was set up in 1954 and this prepared
a widely accepted and known dictionairy, helped creating vocabulary and increasing
understanding of Pashto amongst the people.
BALOCHI:
>Broadcasts in Balochi on radio Pakistan, Karachi., Quetta Television help to make it
more important through news, entertainment programmers.
>Balochi Literary Association was set up and there are now weekly and monthly
magazines published in the languages under it. Nan Kissan and Olassis being a few of
them. Thus, this association promoted Balochi by encouraging different writers and
helping in gaining more resources.
>Many notable poets and writers such as AHA shad, Issac Shamim and others are also
making Balochi widely available to the interested people through their works, thus
promoting it.

Religious Thinkers:
Shah Wali Ullah.

Why he wished to revive Islam In the subcontinent:

>He believed that most of the problems of Muslims was due to their incomplete
Knowledge and understanding of the Holy Quran. As the Holy Quran is in Arabic
whereas common Muslims knew Persian. He wanted that the Quranic teachings be
made accessible to the common people so they may act on them
>The Muslim community was divided into sects, such as Sunni and Shia. Thus they
were vulnerable to attacks on their religion. SWU wanted them to put aside their
differences o that a more united and strong community could be created.
>Many Unislmaic practices had enterest Islam due to constant interaction with Hindus
and other no Muslim communities. Thus they had forgotten the moral andspiritual
principles of Islam. Hence SWU wished to revive Islam to purify the Islamic Society.

Works:
>Translation of Quran into Persian, the local language, despite opposition of the
ulemas. So it was easier for common Muslims to act on Islamic teachings. Thus Islam
was revived among the locals. This also paved way for his sons to translate it into Urdu,
making it available to even more people.
>Also treid to stop the Muslims dividing into sects. Studied the differences between
Sunni and Shia objectively and wrote an account of the first four caliphs in a way
acceptable to both groups. Thus treid to reconcile between them to unite the Muslims
>Wrote 51 books on different aspects of Islam like Fiqh and HAdis. Significant among
them were the Hujjatullah ul Baligha and Izalat ul Akhfa. This helped Muslim understand
Islamic principles and act on them.
>Also taught at the Madrassa Rahimiya for many years. Important as it paved for the
youth to familiarize themselves with the fundamental principles and glorious past of
Islam hence inducing solidarity and pride in them regarding their religion.
>Tried to unite the Muslims against the Marathas and Sikhs so Islam could be protected
and revived. It was he who invited Ahmed shah Durrani from Persia. He defeated the
Marathas and the Muslims were saved from no Muslim tyranny.
>Revived Islam in the prevalent economic system by stressing on social justice,
equibilarium. He made laborers and craftsmen more aware by stressing that they
should be paid justly and urged traders and business to adapt a fair Islamic system of
trading thus eliminating sense of corruption in Business activities.

Haji Shariat Ullah

Why he wished to revive Islam in the subcontinent.

>Believed that Muslims of the sub continent were leading miserable lives because they
had started following Hindu practices due to their interaction with them. Thus they
started the Faraizi Movement to purify the Islamic society.
>Muslims in Bengal were surprised by the Hindu landlords. HSU wanted to end this
tyranny. Thus he started the Faraizi Movement to create a sense of Jihad in muslims so
that they could fight for their rights.
>Muslims had forgotten the basic principles of Islam and did not practice religious
obligations i.e Faraizi prayer and fasting. Thus he started the Faraizi movement to insist
upon them to follow the pillars of Islam

Work:
>He began his reform movement known as the “Faraizi Movement” started as a reaction
to the anti Islamic policies of British and Hinds. The movement insisted upon the
fullfillument of Fariaz i.e one’s religious obligations imposed by God and His Prophets.
His followers came to be known as the “fairizis” on account of their insistence of the
fulfillment of one’s duties. As a result many Muslims declared themselves to the
performance of their duties and became staunch Muslims
>Brought the Muslim peasantry together against the cruel exploitation by the Hindu
Zamindars, infused a spirit amongst the Peasants who got together to direct Jihad
against the then religious and social oppression to fight for their rights.
….This confidence and awakening of the Bengalis from their slumber prepared the
grounds for future works of his successors like Titu Mir and Dadu mian.
>Worked towards elimination of Hind customs that had crept into Muslim society due to
their continuous interaction. Significant as he attempted to purify the lives of Muslims so
that they oculd not only distinguish Islamic practices and rituals but also follow the true
Islam.

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

Why he launched the Jihad movement against Sikhs of Punjab.

>The Sikh rulers of Punjab were not letting the Muslims practice their religious freely
and even the Azaan was banned. This angered SASB and he launched the Jihad
movement against the Sikhs for Muslim religious freedom.
>He launched it against the two main anti Muslim forces, British in Bengal and Sikhs in
Punjab. He was aware that British were hard to defeat as a superpower, and thus hard
to defeat. Therefore he launched the Jihad against the Siks first as they were a relativel
weaker force and he thus was more likely to win against them
>SASB knew that Punjab was surrounded by Muslim tribes, which encouraged him to
fight against the Sikhs as these could help him

Work:
>Launched the Jihad Movement against the Sikhs in Punjab as they were not letting the
Muslims practice their religion freely. He gathered an army and launched war on them.
Although the Mujahedeen were later defeated, this shows his commitment to liberate
Muslims from oppressive rulers and grant them their due rights
>This movement not only infused a great deal of determination and moral courage but
also had influence on future generations, inspiring them. It was like a forerunner for the
Pakistan Movement.
>It Unified Muslims together of different regions, created awareness among of them
regarding their political, religious and cultural rights. It was also the first movement
meant to free Muslims from tyranny rather than place a ruler in power.

Reasons for the movement’s failure.

>SASB was not well trained in military tactics. Most of the fighters were teachers, or
spiritual leaders. This made it difficult for the Mujahideen forces to fight against the
Sikhs and come up with clever strategies to defeat them. On the other hand, the Sikhs
were tough and well trained under Ranjit, who was a strong military ruler.
>The Muslim army was disunited. The Muslims were of many different backgrounds.
Soldiers often mistrusted each other and were reluctant to agree with one another. As a
result, due to internal conflicts there wasn’t always full support from everybody. Which
weakened the Muslim forces..
>The Pathans did not tolerate being in an army that they weren’t ruining themselves.
They weren’t ready to compromise which strained their relations with other Muslims.
This weakened the Muslim forces as there was less support from pathan tribes.
>SASB imposed taxes on locals to bear military costs, but local people were pissed off
since they had never payed such a tax and were thus resented SASB. As a result,
SASB lost support of the local people which further weakened his forces.
>He thus lost money from taxes and his funds became limited and thus not all the
military costs could be afforded. They could not improve upon/buy more needed military
equipment.
>Moreover, SASB’s army was not as sincere to him. There were attempts by Yar
Muhamad Khan to assassinate SASB. He thus had to tackle with internal threats as well
as external ones. Thus, his attention was diverted from his main goal, which was to
defeat the Sikhs. Yar Muhammad’s army betrayed him in battle in Akora, weakened his
fighting and causing his defeat.
>When SASB was moving to Balakot, traitors informed Sikhs of the Muslim’s route.
Thus, the Sikhs prepared themselves and strengthened their forces which made it
easier for them to defeat the Muslims. So, when they launched their surprise attack at
Balakot, the Muslims were unprepared for this unexpected attack, and were defeated.
>Sikhs outnumbered the Muslims in this battle. The weaker Mujahideen lost, and SASB
was killed, effectively ending the movement.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
Why he was considered Pro British:
>SSAK saved the lives of many British women and children during the WoI. Since the
Muslims were fighting against the British, this angered the Muslims and they started
calling him pro-British.
>Sir Syed wanted the Musims to not fight against the British in WoI. As he believed that
they would be easily defeated by the British, as they were a superior power. Therefore
he was called Pro British as everyone thought he was trying to establish British Power.
>Muslims of the subcontinent believed that the British were invaders. Whereas Sir Syed
believed that the Muslim should accept that British were rulers of the Indians and should
accept their ideas, such as Western Education therefore this angered the Muslims and
they labeled him pro British.

Why he established the Aligarh movement:

>The British considered the Muslims guilty for the 1857 uprising. So after the war, the
British started the policy of repression against the Muslims. Sir Syed wanted to end this
policy. He thus started the movement to strengthen relations between Muslims and
British by removing doubts of the British of Muslim loyalty.>Muslims considered the
British as only invaders, and didn’t accept co operation with them. SSAK believed that
Muslims should accept that British were now rulers and to accept British ideas, such as
Western Education, so that they could improve their social and economic relations
which will enable them to take jobs in civil service and army.
>The Hindus of the sub continent were progressing socially, politically and economically
due to their co operation with the British. This worried SSAK as he believed that the
Muslims would get dominated by the Hindus and therefore he established the Aligarh
Movement to inform the Muslims about the Hindu threat, and counter it.

Why SSAK tried to improve British - Muslim relationship.

>The British considered the Muslims responsible for the WoT. Therefore they started a
policy of repression against them. As SSAK wanted an end to this tyranny, therefore he
tried to improve British - Muslim relationship to remove British Doubts about Muslim
loyalty.
>Muslims considered British as foreign invaders and were thus reluctant to acquire
Western Education whereas SSAK believed that Western Education was important for
Muslims to live a prosperous life. Therefore he tried to bridge the gap between the two
communities so that Muslims could accept British Ideas.
>SSAK feared that the Hindus would dominate Muslims as due to their co-operative
attitude towards the rulers, they were developing economically, socially and politically.
Therefore, SSAK tried to improve the British – Muslim relationship so that Muslims
could come on par with the Hindus.

Why did SSAK want insist upon Muslims to acquire Western Education
>SSAK asked Muslims to acquire western educations so that Muslims could get civil
service jobs because no language of administration was English and to improve their
social and economic condition
>Hindus received educations from English schools which improved their confidence and
they viewed illiterate Muslims as inferiors. This worried SSAK and he asked Muslims to
acquire education to come on par with the Hindu.
>SSAK believed that as Quran stressed upon knowledge and exploring the universe,
therefore western education of science was in line with the Quranic teachings. So he
emphasized upon Muslims to acquire education to understand the full majesty of God
as the creator.

Why SSAK developed his two nation theory:

>Firstly Urdu had been the official language of India for many years. However the
Hindus wanted it changed to their language, Hindi. This view wasn’t shared b the
Muslims as Urdu was their main language. This provoked SSAK to give his “Two Nation
Theory” as he realized that the Hindus and Muslims were two different nations because
of their opposite cultures
>Secondly the Hindus wanted parliamentary system in India. Sir Syed, however
rejected this by saying that as Hindus were in majority they wanted to dominate the
Muslim minority b winning ever election. So that’s why SSSAK advocated his “Two
Nation Theory” as he realized that These nations could not live in harmony.
>Thirdly the Congress spoke of open competitive examinations for government jobs.
However, SSAK rejected this as Muslims were not educated enough to pass these
exams and so most of the posts would be taken over the educated Hindus.
Efforts to improve British Muslim relations:
>Wrote the loyal Mohammadans of India
-Gave a detailed account of the loyal services which Muslims had given and named
various Muslims who had shown particular loyalty to the British
…. Not only defended Muslims from British accusations that they were disloyal but also
called on them to end their hostility towards the Muslims

>Wrote pamphlet ”Essay on the causes of the Indian revolt”

-Pointed out causes of the WoI. (Poor management of India, forced conversions)
…. Pamphlet helped convince the British that they were wrong to blame the uprising on
Muslims. Some British readily decreased hostility and sympathized.

>Sir Syed removed the Nadarath Misunderstanding

-British thought this was insult. Sir Syed sid it meant “Helper”
….Thus term reflected the positive term the Muslims had of the British.

>Wrote rebuttal of an English book on The Holy Prophet (pbuh)’s life

-Corrected errors concerning the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and Islam.
…Tried to convince the British that their Islamic knowledge was limited and needed to
improve upon it to remove misconceptions.

>Wrote Tabyin ul Kalam (Commentary on the bible)

-Pointed out similarities between Islam and Christianity
…This was incomplete, but shows his commitment in improving Muslim British
relationship.

>Established British Indian association

-A platform where members of both communities could interact with each others and
discuss various issues
…Helped to improve the level of understanding and co operation between the two
people.

>Wrote pamphlet “Ahka Amet’ame ahle kitab” Food laws of people of the book
-Told Muslims that they were allowed in Islam to dine with other chirstians
…Urged upon them that they were closer to the British than the Hindus (Who were
reluctant to eat with the Muslims)
Efforts to make Muslims acquire western education:

>Journal on Tehzib ul Akhlaq

-This journal included articles from influential Muslims who agreed with Sir Syed that
there was a need for new approach regarding education
….Some Ulemas attacked it, yet it played a major part in bringing about an intellectual
revolution amongst the Muslim thinkers.

>Scientific society at Ghazipur

-Translated scientific writings from English, Persian or Arabic into Urdu; the main
language of the Muslims.
…Muslims knew knowledge of science was being improved
….Helped reduce Muslim hatred towards British as they read about scientific works and
realized that they were more than just invaders but had done a lot for humanity through
scientific inventions

>Founded schools in Ghazipur, Muradabad

….These efforts of Sir Syed shows his commitment towards expanding educational
opportunities for Muslims as Muslims were reluctant to go in British Schools

>Established MAO (Muhammad Anglo Oriental) school in 1875, made into college in
1877
-Provided Western and Islamic education on the pattern of English Public School
system
....Proved beneficial for Muslims in many ways:
….Provided quality educations to the Muslims of India and after graduating from this
institute they could get better jobs in te Government Department
….It became a symbol of unity fr Muslims in the absence of the Muslim League
….Many future leaders of Pakistan such as LAK and Ayub Khan were educated there
and many historians believe that this institution contributed the most for the formation of
Pakistan
….It also helped to improve British Muslim relationship as noy only many British were
teaching in this institute which created respect in the hearts of Muslims for the British
but also after receiving English education, now the Muslims were in a better position to
communicate with the British in their language and remove misconceptions
>Mohammaden Educational Conference.
-Aim was to publicize the new educational Methods being used at MAO
….This helped improve Muslim education standards
….Also played a major role in establishing a Muslim political platform in the days before
the League was established as it attracted famous orators and writers who discussed
the political problems of the Muslims in India
….It was after the 29th session of the same organization in December 1906 at Dhaka
that major leaders gathered to form the Muslim League, which was the founding party of
Pakistan.
 PAK STUDIES
PAPER 1
Section 2: Pakistan movement 1905 – 1947
  PARTITION OF BENGAL, 1905

Reasons for Partition

>Largest Province in area, difficult to govern as one unit e.g: communication
>Largest Population, Bigger than entire British population.
>British Muslims relationship had detoriated since 1857, partition to improve relations
>Hindus were becoming stronger in Bengal especially with the help of congress
>East Bengal was in weak economic condition, this could be improved (Chittagong seaport,
infrastructure, Jute Mill/industrial setup)
>Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Poona ignited Hindu Nationalism, this needed countering
>In 1870’s, many secret societies sprung up against british, 1897 british officer assassinated .
Partition to reduce hindu power

Reasons for reversal:

>Lord minto assassination attempt - British feared for officer’s lives
>Swadeshi movement crippled british economy
>Congress, largest political party in India supported reversal

 SIMLA DEPUTATION, 1906

Reasons why:
>Hindus protested, Muslims too few to match protest - reversal thus likely
>Congress worked primarily for Hindu interests (to protect Political Rights)
>Hindus demanded hindi be made national language instead of Urdu (to protect cultural rights)
>Extremist Groups like Arya Samaj did militant activities, converted Non hindus.
(to protect religious rights)
>New Liberal Government in India was willing to give India elected seats in the council

Importance:
>British Acceptance of Separate Electorates = Trying to work with Muslims and improve
relations
>Acceptance of Separate Electroates, gulf between two communities grew, couldn’t live
together, two nation theory strong.
>Success of this made Muslims realize their political strengths. Wanted their demands to be
accepted.
  MUSLIM LEAGUE
Reasons for formation:
(All points of Simla Deputation)
>1906 Congress President refused to accept Muslims as significant community, Muslims thus
needed right protection, second largest community of India

Q: Was Pro Hindu attitude of the Congress the most important reason for the formation of
muslim league in 1906? Explain your answer
L3: Just the one Pro hindu attitude of Congress point
L4: All Muslim League points

 MORLEY MINTO REFORMS – 1909

Reasons for Congress’s opposition of these reforms:
>Number of Indians in councils was increased, but only had advisory role
>Acceptance of Muslim demand of separate electorates was disliked
>Muslims were given extra seats and more political status
>Congress expected partition of Bengal reversal to happen in these reforms

Q: How Succesful was British Muslim relationship between 1906 and 1911? Explain your
answer.

Successes:
>Partition of Bengal
>Simla Deputation
>Muslim League Formation
>Morley Minto electorates
>Morley Minto seats
>Muslims didn’t participate in Swadeshi movement

Failures:
>Partition of Bengal was reversed
Q: Was Partition of Bengal the most important event between 1906 and 1911 where Hindu
Muslim relationship was affected? Explain

L3: >Partition of Bengal

L4: >Other Reforms
>Swadeshi movement
>Muslim League formed
> Morley Minto Reforms
> Separate Electorates
> Partition of Bengal Reversal

B/W 1911-1914 Hindu – Muslim relations increased

>After P O B reversal the Muslim League revisited Morley Minto reforms, criticized because no
say in government
>In 1913 Muslim League changed their aim from British Loyalty to Self Rule.
  WAR YEARS 1914-1918

Mixed views during WW1

>Pro British sympathized because attack on British was indirect attack on India since British
Empire part
>Others thought that they would get concessions if they fight for British
>Some Anti British thought British wouldn’t give concessions easily, pressurized British for self
rule through activities e.g: Lala Hardayal, Mutiny Party
>British Fought WW1 against Turkey, made muslims hesitate against fellow Muslim

 LUCKNOW PACT – 1906

Reasons why it was signed:
(Points of improved relations 1911-1914) ~ to achieve common aims and pressurize British
British Policy of Repression against Indians, worried Congress and League
Jinnah, member of Congress and League was a believer in their unity and convinced them to
hold sessions together for Indian’s sake.
British deliberately leaked/let it known that there were going to make reforms, Indians wanted to
let their demands be known

Why it was important:

Congress agreed to demands of separate electorate. Congress willing to support muslims
Congress agreed to extra seats, gave Muslims more seats than population
Congress agreed to no law affecting the community being passed until 3 quarters supported it –
showing support for minorities

 MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS

Why Indians opposed this:
Council of princely states that was purely advisory/A talking shop
Viceroy could change laws for the “safety” of the Indians, this could be exploited and gave less
power
System of Diarchy laws made by Indians in transferred subjects could be amended or removed
Number of voters increased but still low -2%- because of high property qualification
  ROWLATT ACT - 1919

>Introduced to counter nationalism. Indians could be arrested without warrant, detention without
bail, govt could tell people where to live. Unfair rights, both Communities opposed this, thus
closer. Jinnah left imperial legislative council, Gandhi launched Hartal.

 AMRITSAR MASSACRE – 1919

>General Reginald Dyer fired upon a peaceful protest in Jalianwala bagh, 1600 rounds fired.
1200 injured, 400 kill. Hunter’s committee to set up to investigate his actions.

>Gave Hindus and Muslims a common enemy against the British thus united, both denounced
them.
Q: Where the Montford Reforms the only event that affected British Muslims relations in 1919?

L3: Montform Reforms, 4 points.

L4: Rowlatt Act, Amritsar Massacre, Hunter’s committee

Q: How successful was Hindu-Muslim relations b/w 1905 and 1919? Explain your anwer.
Successes:
Lucknow Pact
Amritsar Massacre
Rowlatt Act
Hunter’s committee
Montford Report

Fails:
Swadeshi Movement
Reversal of Partition of Bengal
Morley Minto Reforms
Simla Deputation
Extremist Hindu Groups
Congress support of hindu as national language

Q: How successful were British Muslim relations during 1905 – 1919?

Succeses:
Partition of Bengal
Swadeshi Movement
Morley Minto
Muslim League

Failures:
Poartition of Bengal Reversal
Morley Minto Reforms view change
Lucknow Pact
Rowlatt Act
Amritsar Massacre
  KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement:

>British captures Turkish Empire this included Makkah, Madinah. Launched to protect these
areas
>Sultan of Turkey dethroned, immense figure in Muslim world.
>Germany and Austria had been punished through several treaties, worries about Turkey being
treated in a similar manner
>The Muslims supported the British but did not wish to fight against their Muslim Brothers.
Desserted.
>Some Muslim Leaders thought that Indian Muslims would also be punished through reforms,
etc.
>British had previously promised good treatment of Turkey empire.
>Hindu supported the Muslims but wanted Self Rule

Reasons for Failure:

>Delegation of Muslim members (under Maulana Muhammid Ali Johar)’s demands regarding
Turkey were not accepting .
>British policy of repression against supporters. 30,000 arrested.
>Hijrat movement failure
>Leaders, Ali Brothers arrested on Sedition charges
>Gandhi’s non co operation movement spilled over to violence, Chauri chara incident. Thus
ended non co-operation.
>Disunity among aims, Hindus only wanted Self Rule
>Kemal Ataturk took over Turkey, abolished Caliphate system.
Reasons for Hijrat Movement:
>Some Muslim Leaders like Maulana Abdul Kamal believed that India was Dar ul Harb
Leaders of the Khilafat Movement realized that British would not accept demands, so to
Pressurize British and Ruin their international image
>Muslims who migrated weren’t in good economic condition and were promised fertile land in
Afghanistan.

Reasons for failure of Hijrat Movement:

>Muslims who migrated couldn’t enter Afghanistan because closed borders so forced back.
The movement itself was very ill planned, no leaders, no afghani govt consulted,
Jinnah did not believe in this movement saying that Politics should remain in India

Successes:
>Precursor to Independence ~ Large Scale Hindu and Muslim nationalistic feelings/want for self
rule
>Muslims learnt political strength and how to do large scale movements unlike small previous
methods
>Realized mistakes they made in KM which led to downfall
>Hindu Withdrawal from movement gave credence to the Two nation Theory

Failures:
>Detoriated British Muslim relations on a large scale, political demands reform acceptance
unlikely
>Many Muslims migrated to Afghanistan, came back to economic misery
>muslims pulled children from schools, weakening education
>Turkish – Kemal Ataturk - themselves abolished the caliphate
Q Was the Khilafat Movement the most important event between 1920 and 1929 that affected
Hindu Muslim Relations?

L3: Khilafat movement, (early on together, ended with hindu withdrawal)

L4: Hindu nationalistic groups activities
Congress refused Muslim demands of provincial autonomy even in Muslim majority
areas
Simon Comission of 1927, opposed by BOTH
All party conference against commission
Nehru Report
14 Points
  NEHRU REPORT 1928

>Suggested stronger center with limited provincial Autonomy, relations down since Muslims
interested in provincial autonomy
>Hindu as national Language
>Muslims shouldn’t be given extra seats in the council

Importance to Pakistan movement:

>Same points as above, with reference to Hindu - Muslim estrangement.

 FOURTEEN POINTS OF JINNAH

Why produced?
>Tried to amend the Nehru report… resulted in a “Parting of the Ways”
>Response to Nehru Report, DEADLOCK since Muslims = No Nehru Report, Congress = No 14
points
>Nehru Report’s Anti Muslim/Prohinduness countered
>Jinnah knew British were going to introduce Reforms, so informed them of Muslim demands

 SIMON COMISSION – 1927

Reasons for it being sent.
>Growth of Communalism in India and Hindu-Muslim riots. Sent to negotiate and restore peace
between two parties
>Montford Report 1919 promised reforms after 10 years
>British Conservative Government feared losing against Labor party
Q Was Lucknow Pact of 1916 only beacon of hope b/w 1915 and 1930

L3: Lucknow Pact

L4: Montford Report
Amritsar Massacre
Hunter’s committee
Rowlatt Act
Khilafat Movement (Start)
Simon commission

Q: How successful was Hindu – Muslim relationship b/w 1920 and 1929

Successes:
Khilafat Movement
Simon Comission

Failures:
Withdrawal of Khilafat Movement
Nehru report
14 Points
Delhi Proposals
  ALLAHABAD ADDRESS - 1930

Importance to Pakistan Movement:

>Iqbal gave Idea of Muslim Homeland, Strenthened TwoNationTheory
>Nehru report was anti Muslim, Iqbal gave clear cut goal in its opposition
>He was source of Inspiration for future Muslim Leaders, accepted by Jinnah in 1940 resolution
Iqbal’s poetry tried to awaken Indian Muslims

 ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES – 1930 TO 1932

Why held:
>Muslim criticized Simon Comission Report (No extra seats, no Sindh from Bombay
separation)
>Deadlock between League and Congress, Nehru report and 14 points
>Previous Reforms rejected by Indians because no Indian Opinion Taken

Reasons for 1st RTC being unsuccessful

>Congress refused to attend because reforms were not guaranteed

Why they were important for the Muslims of India

>1st RTC, British agreed on provincial autonomy (14 points demand) (helped Muslim in Muslim
majority areas)
>2nd RTC: British agreed to make Sindh and NWFP separate provinces (good for Muslims)
>3rd RTC Gandhi took a hard line, rejected 14 points. Gulf between two communities widened

Reasons for 2nd RTC being unsuccessful

>1931 Labor Party lost power, new coalition govt less likely to give reforms
>Gandhi took a hardline and refused minority rights
>Gandhi wanted Nehru Report in Constitution, Muslims wanted 14 points. Disagreement
Reasons for 3rd RTC being unsuccessful
>Lord Irwin replaced with Lord Willington who was less willing to make reforms, less Indian
thus wanted to come. Only 46 delegates came.
>Congress restarted Non Co-operation movement and leaders Gandhi and Nehru arrested. Thus
>Congress leaders didn’t attend
>innah went to voluntary exile after 2nd RTC because disappointed, thus not invited and did not
attend.

Q: How Successful were the RTC’S? Explain your answer.

Successes (Importance)
Failures(Reasons for each RTC’s failure)

Q: “The RTC of 1930 achieved nothing” Do you agree? Explain your answer
Successes + Failures of 1930 RTC

Q: “The RTC of 1930 achieved more than the RTCs of 1931 and 1932” Explain your answer.
L3: First RTC success
L4: Failures of first RTC, Successes and Failures of RTC 1931 and 1932

 CHAUDRI REHMAT ALI

Q: Why was he important to the Pakistan Movement?

Wrote “Now or Never” gave idea of separate homeland. Thus inspired Indian Muslims with
Muslim Homeland goal.
Named it “Pakistan” ~ “Land of the Pure” by taking names from lands. ~ Gave name to Muslim
goal
Muslim League accepted Chaudri’s idea after Congress rule thus gave basis for Lahore
Resolution and idea of Independent Muslim Country
  GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT – 1935

Importance = Successes
Opposition by India reasons = Failures

Q:How Successful was the Govt of India Act of 1935? Explain your answer

Successes:
>Parliamentery form of govt introduced in which Indians were given representation, meant that
they could negotiate with British for reforms
^Also meant that British were planning to leave India since they transferred a lot of power to
Indians
>No Diarchy, Provincial Autonomy instead so Muslims approved .
>NWFP, Sindh made into separate provinces, Muslims happy since Muslim majority areas and
political strength increased
^Helped draw boundaries for eventual Pakistan
>Number of voters increased to 25%
^These voted in 1946-45 elections and achieved Independence

Failures:
>Diarchy reintroduced at Central level, so Viceroy could still make, amend laws.
>Despite Provincial Autonomy, British province Governer could intervene “For safety”
>Still many Indians could not vote

Q: Were Jinnah’s 14 points the most important factor/event between 1928 – 1935 that
strengthened Pakistan Movement? Explain your answer
L3: 14 Points
Nehru Report rejection
L4: “Parting of the ways”
Nehru Report’s rejection of Hindi
Allahabad Address
“Now or Never”
GoIA separate provinces acceptance
  1937 ELECTIONS

Why Muslim League was unsuccessful:

>First major elections contested by League, lacked organization and planning because no
experience
>Muslim League had an image problems, leaders seen as “Aristocrats and Landlords” poor and
illiterate didn’t sense any empathy thus did not vote.
>Muslim League still had not passed the Lahore Resolution, majority of Muslims did not know
>League’s aims. Thus voted for congress because senior and experienced party and same aim

 CONGRESS RULE 1937 – 1939

Reasons for why it was so hated by the Indians and Muslims:

>Hindu made official language, Muslims could not read, write this, so unemployment
>Bande Matram asked to expel Muslims and was nationalistic Indian song, became like national
song
>Warda Scheme was introduced, picture of Gandhi, cotton weaving.
>Congress banned Cow slaughter, Muslims oppressed if they slaughtered cows.
>Disturbances to Muslim Life: Azaan banned, Pigs pushed into mosques.
>Anti Muslim riots, Muslim property, houses burned. Complaints ignored
>Widdiya Mander scheme, Hindu temple as education centers, Hindu heroes were taught to
Muslim Children

~Because of this, Day of Deliverance observed, hatred of Congress rule shown. Thus gap
between the two communities increased, showed they did not get together. Even Nehru
commented on how little they seemed to get along.

Q: Was the celebration of the day of deliverance justified? Explain your answer.

L3: Day of delivarnce.

L4: Congress tyrannies.
  LAHORE RESOLUTION - 1940

Reasons for it being passed:

>Congress rule was tyrannical for Muslims
>Iqbal and Chaudri Rehmat Ali gave idea of separate Homeland in early 1930s, Jinnah agreed to
it only after Congress Rule.
>Muslims knew that Independence had to be achieved before the British left India

 CRIPPS MISSION – 1942

Why it was unsuccessful:

>Cripps mission suggested that Dominion status be given to India, Congress wanted immediate
power transfer
>It suggested that Individual Provinces be allowed to opt out, but this would lead to Pakistan
creation/Muslim Majority, so Congress opposed it.
J>innah still rejected it since he wanted a clear cut reference to Pakistan’s creation.

It’s Importance to Pakistan’s creation:

>Suggested that Individual provinces could opt out, thus SOME reference to Pakistan Movement
was present
>Jinnah rejected it since he desired clear cut reference to Pakistan, shows determination of
Jinnah and clear cut goals
>Congress demand of immediate independence alarmed League, Since no Pakistan if British
were not there to conduct partition before leaving.
  QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT - 1942

Why started:
>Congress was aware that British were going to leave India, exploited British post WW2
weakness.
>Cripps Mission stated that individual provinces could opt out, alarmed them since this meant
>British were considering Partition
>Japan was threatening British, this meant possible Indian invasion. If British left, threat of
invasion would finish.

Why Unsuccesful:
>Main Leaders, Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. No guidance
>British used Aerial Bombing and Machine Guns, against QIM supporters, 1000’s thus died.
>Jinnah didn’t approve, since he knew no Pakistan if Independence without British being there
to Partition

Importance:
>Congress started QIM to get general Independence and stop creation of Pakistan, alarming
>Jinnah who quickened pace for Pakistan creation
>Due to QIM leaders being arrested, League gained a huge advantage which it exploited to gain
strength
>Jinnah declared the QIM as blackmail, declaring it an attempt to take advantage of weak British
condition. Jinnah supported British (important for Pakistan)
  GANDHI JINNAH TALKS – 1944

Why it was unsuccessful

>Gandhi wanted subjects like Defence and Foreign Affairs to be under control of central
government. Jinnah wanted this in provinces
>Gandhi wanted Congress and League to work for general Indpendance first
>Gandhi rejected the two nation theory, believed that all Indians were one nation, but this was
basis for Pakistan Movement
>Gandhi said that of 6 declared provinces, only 3 could be made part of Pakistan since they were
>Muslim majority, Punjab, Bengal and Assam should be communally divided as they were
partially Muslim. Jinnah said no, since this would mean financially weak Pakistan

Why successful:
…..(last point of unsuccessful) pleased Jinnah since this should that Indians had realized that
>Partition might happen
>Gandhi said that Jinnah and Congress should work for general Independence first
>Jinnah handled these intelligently, didn’t compromise Muslim Muslim Rights. His standing
thus improved

 SIMLA CONFERENCE – 1945

Unsuccessful:
>Congress wanted to nominate at least one Muslim member in executive council, rejected by
>Jinnah since League wanted to be sole representation of Muslims in India.
>Jinnah dissatisfied with parity of seats between Muslims and Hindus since Sikh and low Caste
members would side with Hindus, leading to permanent Muslim minority.

Importance:
>Jinnah handled it intelligently, didn’t compromise Muslim rights. Thus image improved among
>Muslims and support of Pakistan movement increased (can be seen in 1945-46 elections)
>Deadlock between League and Congress over nomination of seats led to Wavell realizing
>Partition would be necessary
>Wavell suggested that an executive council be formed in which Indians would be members with
viceroy as defense minister. This transfer of power showed that British were planning to leave
India.
Q: During WW2 negotiations aimed at independence….
>Cripps mission
>Gandhi Jinnah Talks
>Simla Conference

Q: How successful were events during WW2 in achieving independence? Explain your answer.

Successes and Failures of:

>Day of Deliverance
>Lahore Resolution
>Cripps Mission
>QIM
>Gandhi Jinnah Talks
>Simla conference

Q: Which of the following was the most important in the formation of Pakistan?
i) Simla Conference
ii) Gandhi Jinnah talks
iii) QIM
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above?
>Include importance of all these,

Q: Was Simla Conference the most important between 1940 – 1945 that helped in the formation
of Pakistan? Explain your answer.
L3: Simla Conference
L4: Other events; Lahore Resolution, Cripps Mission, QIM, Gandhi Jinnah Talks

Q: Gandhi – Jinnah talks were more important for formation of Pakistan than QIM? Give reasons
for your answer.
L3: G-J talks
L4: QIM successes

Q: How successful was the simla conference of 1945? 10/marks

>2 successes, 3 failures.
  ELECTIONS OF 1945 – 1946

Why Muslim League was so successful:

>Congress Rule was tyrannical and League promised rights, so Muslims voted for the League.
>League learnt from 1937 elections and thus improved planning, organization and campaigned
efficiently. Thus more Muslims knew of the league.
>Muslim League had passed the Lahore Resolution and started working for separate homeland,
>Muslims voted as they wanted to avoid Hindu domination
>League lost 1937 elections due to image problem, which they worked on by working hard in
the 1940’s by working har for Muslim rights.

Importance of these Elections:

>Hindus voted for Congress/Independane, Muslims voted for League/Pakistan creation. Thus
British realized that they were separate communities. Thus paved way for Pakistan
>After winning the 1946 elections, League became a stronger party with complete Muslim
support, thus demands for separate homelands could not be ignored.

 CABINET MISSION PLAN – 1946

Why was the Cabinet Mission Plan Unsuccesful?
>It stated that India would be divided into 3 parts, (Two Muslim majority, one large Indian
Majority) with full provincial autonomy and right to form own constitution. Jinnah immediately
accepted as Muslim rights protected, but Nehru stated in a press conference this they were not
bound to keep it once the British left, Jinnah thus immediately rejected the plan.
>Was not able to close the gap between Muslims & Hindus (i.e Partition vs United)
Suggested an All India Commission to decide outcome (Partition, or United India). Rejected by
both Congress and League since both feared that the outcome would go against their demands.

Importance of Cabinet Mission Plan

>Cabinet Mission negotiated with parties, found that they had different aims, thus unsuccessful
since bridge between two undividable and partition would be necessary.
(First point of Unsuccessfulness)

Q: How successful was the cabinet Mission plan of 1946? Explain your answer /10
>2 importances
>3 (?) Failures.
  DIRECT ACTION DAY – 1946

Importance to Pakistan formation:

>In 1946 Jinnah feared the British might leave India without partition thus called for a large
peaceful demonstration of Muslim feelings. Many Muslims celebrated, and made it clear that
Pakistan formation demand was democratic and could not be ignored.
>Hindu – Muslim clashes in Calcutta during this day, resulted in 4000 people losing their lives,
British realized that these two communities could not live together peacefully.

 3RD JUNE PLAN

A new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten was sent to India in 1947 to negotiate with local political
parties regarding the future of India. Jinnah was adamant with his demand of Pakistan and the
Viceroy was forced to accept. In the 3rd June Plan, the viceroy announced that India would be
divided into two states, i.e India and Pakistan. Jinnah’s efforts therefore bore fruit and this plan
made the creation of Pakistan official.
  JINNAH

Why Jinnah changed his stance from Hindu Muslim unity to Two Nation Theory.
>Congress Rule of 1937 was tyrannical for Muslims.
>Anti Muslim Nehru report suggested that Hindu should be made the official Language.
>The RTC’s made him pessimistic about Hindu Muslim Unity.

Jinnah’s importance to the Pakistan Movement:

>14 Points
>Rejection of Nehru Report
>Jinnah declared the QIM black mail, felt that Congress tried to exploit poor conditions of
British in WW2
>Lahore Resolution
>Gandhi suggested that Congress and Muslim League work together, and Partition after
Independence, but Jinnah was too clever to agree to this.
>Simla Conference
>Jinnah worked hard to improve the image problem of the Muslims after 1937 elections, thus
successful in the 1945 elections.
>Direct Action day started.
>There was a hint to opt out of the individual provinces of the Cripps Mission which was
rejected by Jinnah since he wanted a clear reference to Pakistan.
>Forced Viceroy Mountbatten to accept 3rd June Plan.
 PAK STUDIES
PAPER 1
History Section
3
Regimes:
1. Jinnah + Initial Problems (1947 – 1946)
2. Liaqat Ali Khan (1948 – 1951)
3. Malik Ghulam Muhammad (1951 -1955)
4. Iskindar Mirza (1955 – 1957)
5. Ayub Khan (1958 – 1969)
6. Yayha Khan (1969 – 1971)
7. Creation of Bengal
8. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971 - 1977)
9. Zia ul Haq (1977 – 1988)
10. Benazir Bhutto (1988 – 1990) + (1993 – 1996)
11. Nawaz Sharif (1990 – 1993) + (1997 – 1999)

International Relations:
>India
>USA
>Soviet Union/USSR/Russia
>China
>Afghanistan
>British
>Commonwealth
>UNO
>Bangladesh
>Iran
>Turkey
>Gulf States
Jinnah as Governor General + Initial Problems
Initial Problems:
>Radcliffe Award:
…. Many Muslim Majority areas (Gurdaspur, Ferozepur) were given to india
….This aggravated the refugee issue
….Led to Kashmir Dispute
…..Ferozepur led to Indus Water Dispute
>Geographical Problems
….Two parts, 1000 miles apart
….Hard to administer
….Differing cultures
….Jinnah tried to fix this through speeches
….Jinnah insisted on Urdu as national language
>Political/Administrative Problems
….Poor Administration and Infrastructure
….^Civil Servants, Govt buildings, Furniture shortage
….Jinnah flew experienced Govt officials to Karachi in special trains,
planes.
….Constitution was not made
….^Framework for setting up constitution was delayed
….^Constituent Assembly members were dumb, wealthy, landlords.
….Jinnah was chief executive, didn’t start work nor outline the time to
assembly.
>Economy
…..Pakistan lacked proper Industries
….Jute production was in East Pakistan, Mills went to India
….Suffered because of Canal Water Dispute
>Social
….5 nationalities/population groups
….^Culturally different
….Most of Pakistan lacked educational Infrastructure
….^Plus a lack of Health Services
>Financial Asset division
….India refused to pay assets
….Pakistan was supposed to get 750m
…Got 200m, war started and India didn’t gave.
….^Gandhi’s hunger strike made them give 500m more
>Military Asset Division
….Pakistan needed 4000 officers
….^Had only 2500. 500 British brought in
….No ordnance factories,
….^Jinnah made them send 60m for ordinance factories
….Supplies sent to Pakistan were old, worn, damaged.

>Canal Water Dispute

,…April 1948 India stopped water supply to Pakistan,
….^Agrarian Economy threatened
….May 1948, Temporary agreement till Pakistan gets other sources by
Jinnah
….^T e m p o r a r y agreement
>Refugee Issue
….Unfair Radcliffe award (Gurdaspur, Ferozepur)
….20m homeless, Different groups turned on each other
….Pakistan and India worked together in an attempt to evacuate and accommodate.
….Jinnah declared himself “Protector general of minorities” Set up
relief fund
….Jinnah Shifted center to Lahore
…These weren’t accommodated properly. No houses, jobs etc
>Kashmir
….Muslim population wanted Pakistan, Hindu leader wanted India.
….Border uncertain
….Both laid claims, conflict and tension
….Jinnah was unable to solve it
….Hyderabad and Junagadh and similar problems.

Other Contributions of Jinnah:

>State bank of Pakistan in 1948
….Thus economic and monetary policies developed
>Civil service recognized, rules drafted
….insisted officials to work for nation’s sake
Why was there a Refugee Issue?
>Muslims in wrong areas, Guraspur, Ferozepur were not fairly partitioned
>Muslims in India were subject to violence, large scale massacres by Hindus, Sikhs
>They were short of food, shelter due to new Govts.

Why did the Canal Water Dispute arise?

>Mainly arose because of the partition of Ferozepur (Headworks problem)
>Argument over Water, India claimed Beas and Sutlej, Pakistan needed water.
>India promised not to interfere in the water supply and Pakistan could not cultivate

Why was the Military asset division a problem?:

….Pakistan needed 4000 officers
….^Had only 2500. 500 British brought in
….No ordnance factories,
….^Jinnah made them send 60m for ordinance factories
….India had 36:64 ratio. Supplies sent to Pakistan were late old, worn, damaged

Radcliffe award unfair?

…India got Ferozepur
…India got Gurdaspur
…India got Calcutta (surrounding areas were Muslim majority, Jinnah’s referendum
was denied)
 LIAQAT ALI KHAN AS PRIME MINISTER
(1948 – 1951)
Successes
>Objectives Resolution introduced in constituent assembly
….Guaranteed Islamic State with Islamic laws, justice, basic human rights, religious
freedom.
….Accepted by basic principles committee thus start to constitution making was begun
>Objectives resolution appeased Ulemas with the Islamic references.
….Support for LAK’s government increased.
>The Resolution became the preamble of the 1956, 1962, 1973 constitutions.
….Still used today, importance can thus be judged.
>LAK gave surplus budgets to Pakistan
….Thus kept a strong economy in tough financial conditions
>Appointed Ayub Khan as CnC
….Sated demands of Pakistani CnC instead of General Gracy
>LAK signed the Liaqat-Nehru pact for the minority protection
….Thus helped fix minority issue

Failures
>Objectives resolution had no time frame for completion
….Thus it was not there when it was sorely needed (e.g: in 1956)
>First report of basic principles committee rejected
….Furthered East/West divide
….Constitution making delayed
>PROD introduced, gave power to dismiss people from office
….Meant to prevent corruption, but gave officials power to remove opponents
….Jinnah’s vision of democracy damaged

Why constitution making was delayed in 1950/Why basic principles committee criticized:
>Parity of seats between East and West criticized by East Pakistan
.…claimed they deserved higher seats
>It suggested Urdu as national language
.…Rejected by E.P, they wanted Bengali
>Stronger Central Govt criticized
.…Provincial leaders wanted provincial autonomy.
 MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD AS GOVERNER
GENERAL
(1951 to 1955)
Was Finance Minister, took control after LAK’s assassination after persuading Khwaja
Nazimuddin.

Successes
>Introduced a 5 year and a 6 year plan for development. Development of Economic
Sectors like Agriculutre, Industry (e.g: EP Jute Mill, important as Jute was main export)
….Helped to Develop Pakistan economically
>Large reserves of N.Gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan in 1952, this
strengthened Pakistan’s economy as now the fuel requirements of Pakistan’s industries
could be met and power sector requirements were easily fulfilled
>Managed to alleviate rioting due to food shortages by persuading the US to send a
million tons of Wheat.

Failures:
>Rioting happened due to shortage of food
….As well as due to Ahmedis present in the govt. Civil govt could not control these riots.
>Military Help was sought by MGM which opened the door for future martial laws.
>1952 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented the second report of the Basic Principle
Committee in Asembly.
….This said assembly would have East West seat parity, disliked by higher population
of East Pakistan.
….Stated Prime Minister of Pakistan must be a Muslim, angered Non Muslims as they
could no longer attain the highest Govt post.
….Constituent Assembly disliked Council of Ulemas who had Constitutional power to
amend and change laws. Thus undemocratic
>MGM dismissed KN from power despite his support. Undemocratic and unfair, shows
his want for power.
>in 1954, PRODA was reappealed by Bogra, annoyed MGMT. He retaliated by
dissolving the Assembly. The Constituent assembly’s dissolving was troublesome since
constitution delayed.
 ISKINDAR MIRZA AS GOVERNER
GENERAL/PRESIDENT
1955-1956, 1956-1958
Successes and Failures.
>Introduced “One Unit Scheme” which made all the separate provinces into one
province. Pakistan now had 2 provinces.
+Helped Constitutional Crisis of dividing seats between the two sides.
-EP demanded more seats because majority.
-Criticized by smaller units as smaller units felt that they’d be dominated by Punjab, the
biggest and most developed.
>Constitution of 1956 brought in, stated that Pakistan would be an Islamic state, Muslim
President
+Satisfied Ulemas who wanted a purely Islamic State
-Minorities disappointed and felt like second class citizens.
+Both Urdu and Bengali recognized as national language
>Communication and telecommunication projects started
+Karachi airport created, Railway and Telephone services improved. Thus Pakistan
modernized
>Political Actions:
-Dismissed 4 PM’s in 2 years,
-Brought in Ayub Khan when he feared East Pakistan politicians
….Abrogated his own constitution

Why the One Unit Scheme was introduced:

>People of the 4 procinves were loyal to their own local people and area, Mirza believed
that creating one province would unifty and increase patriotism.
>Government expenditure would ve reudeced since there would be only one provinceial
govt.
>Constitution easier to agree upon.

Why the One Unit Scheme was unpopular:

>E,P saw it as move to take away their majority, as now seats were equal
>Smaller units of WP saw it as a threat to their separate identities
….feared Punjab Domination
….Feared that their resources would be used by other provines.
Reasons for Martial Law in 1958:
>Rapid change in PM’s: Chundrigar, Suhrawari, Feroze Khan Noon.. Caused
Administrative problems, Ayub thus felt the need to step in.
>Iskindar Mirza’s desire to stay in power, he found that Suhrawardi had united the
political leaders of Punjab and Bengal against him he turned to the military so he could
retain power.
>Ghulam had given himself the right to dismiss power after the case of the dissolving of
the constituent assembly in 1954, “As the situation demanded it”. This pave way for
Ayub and Iskindar’s martial law for the nation’s interest

Factors that delayed Constitution making 1947 – 1956:

>Refugee Problems
>Constitutuent Assembly members were landlords
>Objectives resolution had no time frame
>Basic Principles Committee first report rejected
>1952 report rejected
>1954 Crisis
>Also: Death of Jinnah + Death of LAK
 AYUB KHAN AS OVERLORD OF PAKISTAN
(1958 – 1969)
Reforms of Ayub:

Political:
>Introduced BD system (Union council < Sub District < District < Divisional), 80K in
number, half from east half from west.
+Excellent System as common people problems would be easily communicated
+Better position for Pakistan, as voting done for Ayub improved his position as leader,
thus he cold remove Martial Law
+Also good since now he could say he was democratic
>Constitution of 1962
-Renamed to “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”, failure since he came under pressure.
-President-al form of Govt, as he had executive, judicial/lawmaking powers –
“Democracy with Discipline”. Undemocratic, as these powers should be divided.
-If problems happened in the future, he would be blamed. Happened in 1968.
+This Constitution had certain measures to placate EP. Bengali and Urdu were both
accepted as national language.
+Cultural Rights were maintained, Sessions in Dhaka and E.P (speaker from diff)
-Parity of seats maintained.
Economic
>Agriculture: 1959 Land reforms and Green Revolution
+Land reforms of 1959 set a bar for lands, made larger farms into more efficient smaller
farms
-Land reforms remained on paper bec landlords passed on land to relatives, tenants.
+Green revolution encouraged farmers to use modern methods, output increased,
better income, better economy
-Many tenants became jobless
-Mostly enjoyed by the rich, the poor were unable to reap its benefits
>Industrial: Oil Refinery, Growth Rate, 22 Families
+Established Oil Refinery in Karachi, Pakistan could now import crude oil instead of
refined oil
+Positive Economic Policies led to growth rate of 7% (best in Asia, 3x that of India)
-Only 22 families controlled most of the wealth, poor couldn’t benefit
-^most of these were of West Pakistan
Social
+With American aid first family planning problem was started, any decrease in
population growth can be attributed to him
-Ulemas opposed it, considered it Unislamic, so largely unsuccessful
+Family ordnances in 1961, all marriages, divorces now had to be registered. Husband
needed 1st wife’s permission before further marriages. Women’s rights supported
despite Ulema opposition.
+Action taken against refugee problem, General Azam Khan was appointed as
Rehabilitation minister.
+Many schools, colleges etc were set u
+^Curriculum reorgaznied.

Foreign Policy
+Signed Indus Water Treaty under the UN
+RCD highway constructed b/w Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, improving relations and all
agreed to co operate in different sectors
+Tashkent Accord signed to send 1965 war in Russian City Tashkent, relations
improved with both as a result.
 YAYHA KHAN + SECOND PARTITION

Successes:
>Finished the One Unit Scheme which had been heavily criticized, broke Pakistan back
into separate provinces.
>Announced that seats would be proportionate to the population, pleased East Pakistan
>Organized First elections on basis of one man one vote, most fair elections in Pakistan
History

Failures:
>Abrogated 1962 Constitution,
>Finished the BD system
>Postponed the first session of the newly elected assembly indefinitely. Didn’t let
Mujeeb take power despite the fact that he won the elections fairly.
>Took military action against EP, caused political unrest
>Ordered troops to surrender in the 1971 war.

Why Mujib gave his six points:

>To achieve Provincial autonomy sd he believed WP was dominating EP through the
central Govt, he thus wanted to achieve political rights
>Mujib wanted that taxes be collected by provinces and not the center, since he
believed that EP unfairly spend the revenue on the development of WP. Thus gave the
points for the economic independence of EP so they would not be exploited by WP.
>He believed that these points contained the main demands of EP (Provincial
autonomy, Minority rights, Separate currencies etc. Thus he made the points to gain
support of EP in the elections

Why there was a war in EP in 1971:

>Yayha delayed the National Assembly’s meetings after Awami League’s victory. EP
felt that they had been betrayed and so rebelled against Yayha’s govt to show their
opposition to his unjust acts.
>Yayha started a military action against EP to suppress their opposition. 1000s were
killed. They thus rebelled in order to liberate themselves from WP’s tyrannical
government
>Mujib, their main leader was arrested by the army. They now believed that they were
being politically oppressed as well,. Thus rebelled to protect their rights.
 Reasons for the creation of Bangladesh:
Economic:
>Largest export, Jute was grown in EP, but most of the budget spending was on the
border disputes with India in WP. India had no such issues and were angry and felt
deprived of their own share in foreign trade
>During Ayub’s rule it was revealed that just 22 families controlled almost al of
Pakistan’s banking + industrial assets, these were almost all from WP.

Social:
>Diff between art, music, dress style of the West and East alienated both sides. The
West insulted Bengali dresses/dress styles. West went on to consider themselves
culturally superior.
>This was worsened by the language issue, since WP wanted urdu and even Jinnah
insisted on it whereas West made Bengali the national language in numerous
constitutions.

Political/Military:
>President Yayha Khan started military action against EP to suppress their opposition.
1000’s were killed, situation was aggravated and was made worse rather than end. It
was obvious that one unit was not possible, EP disliked rule from Islamabad. They
announced Independence in a broadcast
>YK postponed the first assembly session after 1970 elections. He feared the
formulation of Bangladesh, and EP felt that they had been betrayed the right to form a
government. Awami League won with a clear majority
>Demands of six points of Awami League were rejected by Aub in 1966 and leader
Sheikh Mujeeb was arrested, the biased nature of the government became clear to the
EPakistanis.
>EP had been faced by continous flood, the Bangali govt didn’t get the relief in time and
attempts to rescue and help were half hearted. The locals thus felt neglected in 1970.
>Six points of Mujeeb were accepted, Bengalis looked forward to it being accepted as
the Govt
>Intervention by Indian troops in December 1971 resulted in loss of Pakistan in the
1971 war
>East Pakistan was angry with the many dismissed previous prime ministers by Iskindar
Mirza such as Suhrawardy.
 ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO
Domestic Policies:
>Changes in the Military >1973 Constitution >Agricultural Reforms
>Industrial Reforms >Educational Reforms >Health Reforms
>Administrative Reforms
Foreign Policy:
>1972 Simla Agreement >Visit to Soviet Union

Changes in the Military:

+Removed Important Military Officers from power, Brought in supporters and improved Rule. (Tikka Khan
replaced with Gul Hassan as Chief of Army Staff)
-Established Federal Security force (FSF), Misused by Him to ret rid of opponents, accused of murdering
an opponent and hanged.
Constitution:
+Approved, was democratic, strengthened his govt, no more criticism
+Islam Republic of Pakistan, approved by Ulemas. President and PM as Muslims. Jimmat E Islami
approved of it.
+Lower House (National Assembly) had seats equal to population, but Upper House (senate) had seats
equal in provinces. Thus helped minorities and stopped Punjabi Domination.
Agriculture:
-Land Reforms, halved Ayub’s Limits. Landlords understated it by transferring lands, thus it was not
brought in properly
-Tenant first right of purchase was given, but useless since tenants too poor.
Industries:
+Nationalized Industries leading to Economic Growth increasing, Inflation going down by 25%
-Lack of experts, qualified managers to run these since there was no education system to produce
qualified teachers
Education:
+Free Education was provided
-Administration was not in place to provide this. Child Labour tendencies meant that this was unlikely to
succeed. Literacy rate increased by a measly 1%.
Health Reforms:
+IFM was really high, Life Expectancy was really low, He reduced these through Rurl Health Cetners in
villages as well as Basic Health Units, which provided free health care
+All medicines had to be sold under medical names, cheaper and more affordable
-but also meant less investment by foreign companies and substandard medicines
Administration:
+Unified pay scales, removing unnecessary
-Reorganized CSF into numerous levels and let anyone join at any level without working their way up, but
opponents accused him of doing this to let him appoint his own people at positions he wanted.
Foreign Policy:
+Simla Agreement of 1971, Pakistani POW’s were returned
+Kashmir agreement, improved Indo-Pak relations and Pakistani Image
+Soviet Union visit in 1972, they agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.
Why Bhutto came to power:
>Army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb, Yayha (Martial Law
Administrator and and president had been disgraced. The army was at a low ebb.
Bhutto took the opportunity to seek power.
>E.P had been lost, and became Bangladesh. Yayha and army were blamed. Bhutto
decided to take advantage of this and force Zia down and attempt to shape Pakistan.
>His program of reforms: Food, Clothing and Shelter was attractive and appealed to the
electorate. Thus he won a majority in W.P in the national assembly in 1970 elections.
Thus it was his democratic right.

Why Bhutto fell from power:

>Bhutto rigged the elections of 1977, which was apparent with PPP’s “shocking”
landslide victory. In some areas, the results were announced even before the votes
were counted. This effected his credibility and sowed the seeds for his decline.
>Greatly angered the opposition alliance, the PNA which began large scale strikes and
demonstrations in all parts of Pakistan. This instability gave Zia, the Chief of army staff
a reason to take over by imposing Martial Law which ended Bhutto’s government.
>The economic policies angered the populace. (nationalization, land reforms) and
began to work against his rule.

Why Bhutto was executed:

>When Zia released Bhutto, he tried to reassert his political power by gaining the
support of the people. This was a threat to the rule of Zia.
>Moreover Bhutto, along with 3 others was accused of murdering a political opponent
by sending the FSF. The trial took place, lasted for 2 years, found Bhutto guilty.
>Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would charge him for tampering with the
constitution, Zia feared punishment under article 6 of the constitution. Thus got Bhutto
executed.
 ZIA UL HAQ
Islamization:
>Hudood Ordinances:
…Different Islamic Punishments for different things, cutting of hair, lashing for adultery
+Reduced Crime Rate rapidly, pleased the Ulema.
-Partially Implemented (Amputation) or implanted wrong (4 witnesses)
>Federal Shariat Court:
…To give decisions in light of Quranic Laws and Hadis.
+Satisfied Muslim circles who believed Zia tried to make Islamic Judiciary.
>Zakat Ordinances:
st
…Deducted from the savings of bank accounts of every Pakistani on 1 Ramzan.
-Shiaa side claimed it was Unislamic because Involuntary, they disliked it and
sectarian divisions began.
+Implemented a pillar of Islam, helped poor Muslims
>Islamiat & Pakistan Studies compulsory:
+Shows his commitment to Islamization for future generations
-Course was unbalanced and crappy. overburdened, they learnt it only to pass.
….20 extra marks for Hafiz in FSC, MBPS, Matric.
+Good incentive
–Bad for Non Muslims
>Arabic Course in the media and universities.
+Also taught Quran in Arabic
>”Sanctity of Ramadan” preserved
+Helped ensure fasting, Special Transmissions increased Islamyness.
Economic:
>Denationalized Industries.
+Reduced burden on government, since they became sick Industries
+Offered them to private sector, increasing Industry growth
>Promised no further nationalization + Fair compensation if it did
+More foreign investors
>Remittances sent from Pakistanis Abroad who went due to his policies.
+Around 3 – 4 billion earned, helped F.E
+Economic Growth was above 6% highest in the world.
Changes in Judiciary:
>Introduced Military Courts, even though he had promised to make judiciary impartial, but tightened grip
on it as well as the provincial constitutional order (PCO). Which made judges take an oath and weren’t
allowed to take a decision against Zia’s govt.
>Established Islamic Parliament “Majlis e Shoora”. Only advisory, no real power. Parliament supported it
and increased his support.
Political Reforms:
th
>8 amendment in the constitution of 1973
+Gave president extensive powers, he could dismiss the PM + Cabinet, could dismiss assembly.
Government of Junejo was a mere puppet, many PM’s were dismissed for “lame reasons” thus
strengthened his rule.
-Presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected governments: Benazir in
1990, Nawazu in 1993. Thus, political instability increased by this amendments.

Foreign Policy:
>In 1979, Russians invaded Afghanistan
+Agreed to help the U.S. Lots of imports of economy, military, it was the summit of PAK US relations
+Improved relations with Pakistan as they gave shelter to 3 million refugees who fled to Pakistan to
escape the war.

Why Zia was unpopular:

>Afghan Mircale led to drugginess and guns and crime rate.
>NWFP had to bear Afghan Refugees, Balochistan was annoyed. Thus disunity in
support.
>End of Afghan Mircale meant no financial aid meant unable to care for refugees.

Why was Junejo dismissed by Zia in 1988:

>Junejo called an all party conferences as this meant Civil Government was acting
independently
>Junejo did an inquiry into the “Ojhri camp” incident, with intention to blame those
involved. Meant Zia could be punished as Army Staff chief.
>Said Junejo’s govt was not promoting Islamic practices, and was corrupt.
Why Zia introduced Islamisation:
>Bhutto had introduced some socialist measures e.g: nationalization of Industries etc.
Since there is no room for religion in socialism, Zia introduced these reforms to prove
that He was a better leader than Bhutto as he worked according to Pakistan’s Islamic
Ideology.
>Zia was aware that many Islamic Political Parties e.g: Jamat e Islami were influential in
both Civil Service and the army. Therefore he introduced Islamic Measures to
strengthen his rule by gaining their support.
>When the Russians invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Zia decided to fight against the
“Pagan” communists. However, he needed support of Muslim countries for his “Jihad” in
Afghanistan. Therefore he introduced Islamic Reforms to prove that he was a pure
Islam leader of a Muslim Country.
Benazir Bhutto Rule 1988–1990 and 1993–1996:
Successes:
>Restored Political System and democracy In Pakistan by ending ban on trade and
student unions during Zia’s time. Released Political Prisoners. Thus provided freedom
of speech and restored political and democracy system in Pakistan.
>Set up first woman bank for females. Created job opportunities for females and helped
protect their rights in a very male dominated society.
>Started Integrated Research Programme on missile development in Pakistan. First
military satellite “Badr-1” with the help of the Chinese. Thus provided missile system
and satellite surveillance to Pakistan Army, thus successful.
>She hosted the 4th SAARC conference in 1988 in Islamabad. All member countries
attended, as well as Rajiv Gandhi (Indian Prime Minister). Thus improved relations with
India and created census on major issues like narcotics/drugs.

Failures:
>Problems of unemployment, inflation, poorhealth and education increased. She had
originally made promises to stop the spread of these but ultimately failed in doing
anything. Thus the people were disillusioned the Pakistani People who stopped
supporting her.
>Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The
president had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of
superior court, but Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by president
created tension between both and weakened political system in Pakistan.
>Confrontation with Nawaz Sharif, who was heading the opposition alliance (IJI Islami
Jamuri Itihad). They made the government in Punjab and he became Chief Minister.
Political opposition increased so much that they both wanted to remove each other from
power, this confrontational path against opposing parties further weakened Benazir’s
political system.
>She faced Corruption on nepotism charges, her husband (Zardari) was accused of
corruption, bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior
Minister with a portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public
accounts committee. These charges badly effected her reputation and opposition
exploited these charges against her to eventually remove her from.
Why did Benazir fall from office in 1990?
>She faced Corruption on nepotism charges, her husband (Zardari) was accused of
corruption, bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior
Minister with a portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public
accounts committee. These charges badly effected her reputation and opposition
exploited these charges against her and thus justified Ghulam Ishaq’s dismissal of her.
>Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The
president had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of
superior court, but Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by president
created tension between both he dismissed her to retain his own powers.
>In 1988 PPP was able to get a majority but could not form its own govt. It made the
govt center In Sindh Province with MQM but this coalation started to crumble on issues,
such as the promotion of Sindhi language and people. This led to serious violence
where people died (Pacca Qila). Shealso faced policy of confrontation from Nawaz
Shrif, who was chief minister of Punjab and opposed her rule fiercely. The spread of
violence and killing disabled Sindh (largest trade/industrial hub), and fierce non co
operation from Punjab justified president’s dismissal of her.

Why did Benazir fall from office for a second time in 1996?
>Benazir succeeded Zulfikar, but had a feud with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir
Murtaza as head of PPP and successor as PM on his return from long exile in 1993. He
put up fierce opposition against her govt and against Asif Ali Zardari. He was killed in
1996 near his house by Sindh Police, this high profile murder/lawlessness justified
Farooq Ahmed Leghari’s actions of dismissing her govt.
>Nawaz Sharif of PMLN gave her fierce opposition. He along with mir Murtaza Bhutto
organized opposition against her, and the started the “Train march” from Karachi to
Peshawar in 1994-1995. Nawaz was able to gather much attention, and targeted the
poor economic performance of Benazir’s govt and Zardari’s corruption. He also
organized labour and industrial strikes in 1994. This spread of violence and killing in
major city under these strikes made her arrest her opposition leaders, this made her
politically weak and unpopular and led to Legari dismissing her,.
>She clashed with the Superior courts and their judges. In 1996, the Supreme Court
and 4 provincial high courts ordered the sacking of 24 judges appointed by her govt.
The Supreme Court further ordered the federal government to appoint judges on
permanent basis rather than on an acting basis and also to take seniority of judges into
account with their appointments. This dismissal created a political crisis as two highest
pillars of state were in a dispute thus making the whole political system weaker and
invited criticism, lending strength to her opposition.
 NAWAZ SHARIF
Successes:
>Started national reconstruction programme to develop industries, reversing the effects
of Z.A Bhutto’s nationalization policy. Pore than 50 industrial units and two banks and
PTCL were privatized.
…The burden on the national treasury was removed and the confidence of private
sector was restored.
>Initiated Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project + Gawadar Mini port on Makran coast..
This hydropower project could produce 1450MW. Stimulated the economy with the help
of large scale projects.
>Constructed the motorway beween Islamabad and Lahore, first motorway in South
Asia. This facilitated Industries and reduced burden on existing road network and
improved transport sector.
>Addressed important federal issues, the water apportionment accord (solved 4
province water distribution problem) award of National finance commission. (settled
issue of revenue distribution). Thus stopped dispute at Federal level between provinces
and center that were long lasting.
>Introduced 13th amendment. Repealed 8th amendment, which had given unfair powers
to the president to dismiss Prime Ministers, cabinet, assemblies. Had been used to
dismiss 4 PMs. It brought back the original shape of the 1973 constitution, and provided
political stability to Pakistan.

Failures:
>Co operative societies were state owned and accepted by deposits from members and
provided them with loans for business. But this failed due to mismanagement and funds
went to Sharif’s family. Savings of the poor were wasted and Nawazu’s reputation was
damaged.
>Shariat Bill was passed in 1991 to make Quran and Sunnah the law but there was little
done to enforce the law. The bill was criticized by political opponents because of Islam’s
increased role in the govt, and no concrete measures were taken to enforce the laws so
religious parties opposed it. The opposition was a major failure.
>Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8th
amendment which reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint his own army
chief but Ishaq placed General Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could. Thus tension and
clashes between these and foundation weakened of govt. It became a major cause of
ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure.
>General Jahangir Karamt was dismissed by Nawaz due to his suggestions being
considered military intervention. The dismissal of this 4 star general damaged civil
military relationship and paved the way for a military coup.
Why Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993:
>The Prime Minister failed to transport the Yellow cab scheme in which taxi drivers
would get soft loans and installments. This was a failures because people didn’t return
the installments, causing a major economic crisis to the governments and invited much
criticism from the opposition. Became a major reason for his 1993 dismissal.
>State owned co operative societies accepted deposits from members and game them
laons in time of need, but this was exploited by Nawazu and his family gained the
money of the people. His reputation began to fall and he was dismissed because of this.
>Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8th
amendment which reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint his own army
chief but Ishaq placed General Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could. Thus tension and
clashes between these and foundation weakened of govt. It became a major cause of
ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure.

Why did Musharraf come to power in 1999/Nawz fall from power in 1999?
>Plane conspiracy became an immediate reason for his dismissal as when the
Musharraf was returning from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plan was not allowed to
land. In this time, he replaced Musharraf with the then ISI chief Zaiuddin Butt. But corps
commanders didn’t accept it and took over Karachi airport and Prime Minister, and PTV.
This humiliating practice angered the top part of the army and they retaliated to dislodge
Nawazu.
>Military started covert operation with the help of local fighters and captures heights of
Kargil and Drass region in india. Nawaz blamed Musharraf for this, and accused military
of hiding this from him. International pressure forced him to withdraw. The withdrawel
from US pressure and army blame created serious differences between civil and govt.
and the army leading to a military coup.
>General Jahangir Karamt was dismissed by Nawaz due to his suggestions being
considered military intervention. The dismissal of this 4 star general damaged civil
military relationship and paved the way for a military coup.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:

With USSR:
>Economic Support + Neutral Stance over Kashmir by Russia 1961 – 1963
>Helped concluding peace between Pakistan and India after 1965 war
>Bhutto visited in 1972 and established steel mill in 1973
-Liaqat Rejected Invitation in 1950
-Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO 1954 – 1955
-U2 Incident 1960
-Role of Russia in Indo-Pak war 1971

WITH USA:
>Visit to US by LAK 1950
>Joining CENTO and SEATO 1954-55
>Role of Pakistan during Afghan Wars 1979
>Visit of Benazir in 1994
-US support to India during Sino-Indian war 1962
-Arms Embarg over Pakistan during 1965 wr
-Nuclear test in 1998 by Nawazu
-Attack on US embassy in Islamabad in 1979

WITH BRITAIN/COMMONWEALTH:
>Economic Help extended
>Financial + Political head during the Afghan Crisis
>Role of UK during 1965 Indo-Pak war
-Britain preference of India in early years
-Britain recognizing Bangladesh as a separate nation
-Britain invasion of Suez Canal
-Cancellation of membership of commonwealth during military regimes

WITH AFGHANISTAN:
>Jinnah removed old British Military post on Durand line
>Neutral Stance by Afghanistan during 1965 Indo Pak war
>Help of Pakistan in Afghan Jihad
-Opposition of Pakistan joining UN
-Issue of Pakhtunistan
-Attack on Pakistan Embassy 1955
-Talibanization promoted
WITH CHINA:
-Civil War of China
-Indo Pak War of 1971
>Sino Pak Frontier/Boundary Agreement of 1963
>Pakistan supported entry of China in UN in 1964
>China’s help in 1965 war
>Construction of Karakoram Highway
>Interest of China in building other important projects in Pakistan

Why Pakistan Joined SEATO in 1972:

>SEATO made in 1954 with the purpose of preventing communism gaining ground in
South East Asia, Pakistan joined to receive support (Military and Political) against India.
But in 1971 war, they did not provide help thus it lost its appeal.
>Pakistan joined it in 1955, an year after it was formed because govt of Pakistan faced
opposition within Pakistan despite its foreign minister having signed it. The uncertenties
arose at the very outset, which brought doubts between America and Pakistan thus
weakened
>US intervened in Veitnam, early 1970’s member countries had begun to withdraw.
Neither Pakistan nor France supported the US intervention and both nations were
pulling away in the early 1970’s but Pakistan formally left in 1973. So with the end of the
Vietnam war, the reason for its very existence disappeared. Thus disbanded.

Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999?

>Job oppurtinities in England for workers both skilled and unskilled especially after
WW2. Many Muslim immigrants unhappy with their state migrated seeking better jobs
and lives.
>Construction of Mangla Dam in the 1960’s. It had large area and several valleys were
submerged. Inhabitants were given money, they had money and thus decided to settle
there for better life.
>The British nationality Act of 1948 used the terms “commonwealth citizen” and “British
Subject” interchangabely. They saw immigration controls as unnecessary and divisive.
>The commonwealth Immigration act of 1962 introduced a voucher schemewhich gave
Pakistanis in Britain the opportunity to arrange jobs and vouchers for friends and family
to move here. Thus immigration was extremely easy and the people were welcomed.