Assign Virtual Labs

8/3/2019 Virtual Labs
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (../INDEX.HTML)

Home (../../index.html) () > Dsp lab (../index.html) > Study of sampling theorem, effect of undersampling. (index.html)
Study of sampling theorem, effect of

undersampling.
INTRODUCTION (#) THEORY (#) PROCEDURE (#) SIMULATOR (#) QUIZZES (#) REFERENCE (#)
Introduction
This experiment enables a student to learn

How to view the real life analog signal with an oscilloscope.
How to set the amplitude, frequency and phase of the signal source.
How to set the sampling frequency of the source such that the signal is exactly reconstructed from its samples.
The principal objective of this experiment is to understand the principle of sampling of continuous time analog signal.
vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/dsp/exp1/index.html# 1/1


undersampling.
procedure
SIMULATORIt will open the workspace.

1.Click on the Experiment tab
2.See the movie in experiment page by pressing help button ? to understand how the following steps are to be
executed.
3.In the workspace click on Browse Blocks BROWSE BLOCKS.to understand how the following steps are to be
executed.
4.Drag Sinewave Generator in the left side of the workspace. Click it to parameterize the sinusoidal signal output.
Make amplitude = 3V, frequency = 19 Hz, phase=0 angle.
5.Drag Sampling Block in the workplace. Place it after Sinewave Generator to its right. Click it to parameterize. Make
sampling frequency =40 Hz. It will show no. of sample as 80 for display. The display is conformed for 2 sec.
6.Drag the scope in the workspace after sampler to its right.
7.For making connection, take the cursor to the node provided in each block where form connection is to be made.
Click on it a circle will appear in the background. If pointed properly a yellowish tinge will appear click at that time to
enable connection.
8.Connect sinewave generator O/P to I/O of sampler by clicking at both blocks and a link will appear.
9.Similarly connect sampler O/P to one of the I/O of scope.
10.Click somewhere in the middle of the link connecting signal generator & sampler. Keep clicking at bends till you
connect it to the other input of the scope.
11.Click on the scope, a new window will appear. It shows that the sinusoidal signal as well as sample in red dots.
12.Move the cursor from one sample to another by draging the slider provide along the x-axis and you will find
sample values in the boxes at bottom left part of the window. Note the first 15 values in a note book. This 15 values
will go as table 1 in your report.
13.In this window, you can change parameters like frequency, amplitude and phase angle of sinusoidal signal
generator & sampling frequency.
14.Change the sinusoidal signal generator O/P amplitude to 1.5V and note 1st 15 values. This will form Table 2 in
your report. In your observation & discussion part of the reporting, you have to compare Table 1 and Table 2.
15.Change sampling frequency to 43 Hz and amplitude of sinusoidal signal generator at 1V. Note first 15 readings to
from Table 3. Compare Table 1 and Table 3
16.Make sampling frequency 40Hz, amplitude of sinusoidal signal generator 10V, phase=30. Table 1st reading to
from Table 4. Compare Table 1 and Table 4.
17.Under sampling:Change the Sinusoidal signal generator frequency 50Hz, amplitude 1.4V, phase=0. Sampling
frequency= 40 Hz. Take 1st 15 readings. This will from Table 5. Compare Table 1 and Table 5.
18.Change the Sinusoidal signal generator frequency=30Hz, Amplitude=1V, Phase=0, sampling frequency = 40Hz.
Take 15 readings. This will produce Table 6. Compare Table 1 and Table 6
19.Optional: Select sinusoidal signal generator frequency and sampling frequency simultaneously to form more Table,
Table 7 and Table 8 which leads to nyquist rate from observation phenomenon.
20.Click on Report Generation button. The reporting window will appear. Here on by clicking Add Table , you can add
tables. In each tables, by clicking add row will be able to add row.
21.For each table make a screenshot of your plots by taking Virtual
8/3/2019 print Labs
screen and edit in any image editor to upload a
image for each table.
22.The observation and discussion box, appears at the end. Then click Yes I have finished my Experiment button to
submit your report.
23.Note: if at any time during making circuit if you face any problem please use reset button to erase the circuit and
draw the circuit freshly.


undersampling.
Theory
The real life signals that we encounter in our day to day basis are mostly analog signals. These signals are defined
continuously in time and have infinite range of amplitude values. In order to process these signals to obtain
meaningful information, they need to be converted to a format which is easily handled by computing resources like
microprocessors, computers etc... The first step in this process is to convert the real-time signal into discrete-time
signals. Discrete-time signals are defined only at a particular set of time instances. They can thus be represented as
sequence of numbers with continuous range of values.
The process of converting an analog signal (denoted as x(t)) to a digital signal (denoted as x(n)) is called the analog-
to-digital conversion (referred to as digitization), usually performed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Here t is
the continuous time variable and n is the sequence order. In many applications after the processing of the digital
signal is performed, x(n) needs to be converted back to analog signal x(t) before it is applied to appropriate analog
device. This reverse process is called digital-to-analog conversion and is typically performed using a digital-to-
analog converter (DAC).
The typical block diagram of an ADC is shown in Fig. 1 below.
The process of digitization consists of first sampling (digitization in time) and quantization (digitization in amplitude).
In this experiment we will study and understand the principle of sampling, while the principle of quantization will be
studied in the next experiment. The sampling process depicts an analog signal as a sequence of values. The basic
sampling function can be carried out with an ideal 'sample-and-hold' circuit which maintains the sampled signal until
next sample is taken. An ideal sampler can be considered as a switch that periodically opens and closes every T
seconds. The sampling frequency (fs in Hertz) is thus defined as
1
fs = .... (1)
T
The sampled discrete time signal x(nT) , n=0,1,2,.... of the original continuous time signal x(t) is shown in Fig. 2
below.
In order to represent an analog signal x(t) by a discrete-time signal x(nT) accurately, so that the analog signal can be
exactly reconstructed back from the discrete-time signal, the sampling frequency fs must be at least twice the
maximum frequency component (fM) of the original analog signal. Thus we have,
fs ≥ 2fm .... (2)
The minimum sampling rate is called the Nyquist rate and the above Sampling Theorem is called the Shannon's
Sampling Theorem. When an analog signal is sampled at fs , frequency components higher than fs/2 fold back into
the frequency range [0, fs/2]. This folded frequency components overlap with the original frequency components in
the same range and leads to an undesired effect known as aliasing. In this case, the original analog signal cannot be
recovered from the sample data.
Consider an analog signal of frequency 1Hz as shown in Fig. 3(a) below. The sampling frequency is 4Hz. The sampled
signal is shown in Fig. 3(b), Note that an exact reconstruction of the missing samples is obtained so long as the
Shannon's Sampling Theorem is satisfied.
Now let's consider, the analog signal of frequency 5Hz as shown in Fig. 4(a) below. The sampling frequency is same
as above, i.e. 4Hz. The sampled signal is shown in Fig. 4(b), Note that the reconstruction of the original analog signal
is not possible since the sampling frequency does not satisfy Shannon's Sampling Theorem. In this case the
reconstructed signal has a frequency of 1Hz. The signal of 5Hz is folded back as 1Hz, into the range determined by
the sampling frequency leading to the problem of aliasing.

Assign Virtual Labs

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Assign Virtual Labs

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

8/3/2019 Virtual Labs

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (../INDEX.HTML)

Study of sampling theorem, effect of

This experiment enables a student to learn

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (../INDEX.HTML)

Study of sampling theorem, effect of

SIMULATORIt will open the workspace.

6.Drag the scope in the workspace after sampler to its right.

9.Similarly connect sampler O/P to one of the I/O of scope.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (../INDEX.HTML)

Study of sampling theorem, effect of

The typical block diagram of an ADC is shown in Fig. 1 below.

fs ≥ 2fm .... (2)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen