Public transport

Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or

mass transit) is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems
available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule,
operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.[1][2][3]
Examples of public transport include city buses, trolleybuses, trams (or light rail)
and passenger trains, rapid transit (metro/subway/underground, etc.) and ferries.
Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity
rail. High-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world.
New York City Subway, the world's
Most public transport systems run along fixed routes with set largest rapid transit system by
embarkation/disembarkation points to a prearranged timetable, with the most number of stations

frequent services running to a headway (e.g.: "every 15 minutes" as opposed to

being scheduled for any specific time of the day). However, most public
transport trips include other modes of travel, such as passengers walking or
catching bus services to access train stations.[4] Share taxis offer on-demand
services in many parts of the world, which may compete with fixed public
transport lines, or compliment them, by bringing passengers to interchanges.
Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a
door-to-door service.[5]

Urban public transit differs distinctly among Asia, North America, and Europe.
In Asia, profit-driven, privately-owned and publicly traded mass transit and real Trolza trolleybus in Moscow –
operating the world's largest
estate conglomerates predominantly operate public transit systems [6][7] In North
trolleybus system
America, municipal transit authorities most commonly run mass transit
operations. In Europe, both state-owned and private companies predominantly
operate mass transit systems, Public transport services can be profit-driven by
use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat
rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be fully profitable through
high usership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated and
possibly subsidised from local or national tax revenue. Fully subsidised, free of
charge services operate in some towns and cities.

For geographical, historical and economic reasons, differences exist

internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. While countries in Shanghai Metro is the largest rapid
transit system in the world by route
the Old World tend to have extensive and frequent systems serving their old and
length.
dense cities, many cities of the New World have more sprawl and much less
comprehensive public transport. The International Association of Public
Transport (UITP) is the international network for public transport authorities and operators, policy decision-makers, scientific
institutes and the public transport supply and service industry. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries from all over the globe.

Contents
 History
Types
Comparing modes
Airline
Bus and coach
Train
Commuter, intercity, and high-speed rail
Rapid transit
Tram
Light rail
The Port Vell Aerial Tramway in
Personal rapid transit Barcelona, Spain
Cable-propelled transit
Ferry
Cycleway network
Operation
Infrastructure
Interchanges
Timetables
Financing
Fare and ticketing
Revenue, profit and subsidies
Safety and security
Impact
Environmental
Land use
Social
Economic
Regulations
Food and drink
Smoking
Noise
Banned items
Other regulations
Sleeping
See also
References
Further reading
External links

History
Conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport: on land
people walked (sometimes in groups and on pilgrimages, as noted in sources such as the Bible and The Canterbury Tales) or (at
least in Eurasia and Africa) rode an animal.[8] Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a
coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades.[9]

Some historical forms of public transport include the stagecoach, traveling a fixed route between coaching inns, and the horse-
drawn boat carrying paying passengers, which was a feature of European canals from their 17th-century origins. The canal itself
as a form of infrastructure dates back to antiquity – ancient Egyptians certainly used a canal for freight transportation to bypass
the Aswan cataract – and the Chinese also built canals for water transportation as
far back as the Warring States period[10] which began in the 5th century BCE.
Whether or not those canals were used for for-hire public transport remains
unknown; the Grand Canal in China (begun in 486 BCE) served primarily for
shipping grain.

The omnibus, the first organized public transit system within a city, appears to
have originated in Paris, France, in 1662,[11] although the service in question,
Carrosses à cinq sols, failed a few months after its founder, Blaise Pascal, died in Early trolley car in Newton,
August 1662; omnibuses are next known to have appeared in Nantes, France, in Massachusetts
1826. The omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829.[12]

The first passenger horse-drawn railway opened in 1806: it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United
Kingdom.[13] In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England,
the first public steam railway in the world.

The first successful electric streetcar was built for 12 miles of track for the Union Passenger Railway in Richmond, Virginia in
1888. Electric streetcars could carry heavier passenger loads than predecessors, which reduced fares and stimulated greater transit
use. Two years after the Richmond success, over thirty two thousand electric streetcars were operating in America. Electric
streetcars also paved the way for the first subway system in America. Before electric streetcars, steam powered subways were
considered. However, most people believed that riders would avoid the smoke filled subway tunnels from the steam engines. In
1894, Boston built the first subway in the United States, an electric streetcar line in a 1.5 mile tunnel under Tremont Street’s retail
district. Other cities such as New York quickly followed, constructing hundreds of miles of subway in the following decades.[14]

Types
Aerial lift

Aerial tramway

Funifor
Chairlift

Detachable chairlift
Funitel
Gondola lift
Maritime transport

Ferry

Cable ferry

Reaction ferry
Water taxi
Land transport

Personal public transport

Bicycle-sharing system
Carsharing
Personal rapid transit
Rail transport

Inter-city rail

High-speed rail
 Maglev
Urban rail transit

Airport rail link

Atmospheric railway
Automated guideway transit
Cable car
Cable railway
Commuter rail
Elevated railway
Funicular

Inclined elevator
Light rail
Medium-capacity rail system
Monorail

Slope car
Suspension railway
People mover
Railway electrification system
Rapid transit

Rubber-tyred metro
Tram

Heritage streetcar
Tram-train
Road transport

Public transport bus service

Transit bus

Articulated bus

Bi-articulated bus
Trailer bus

Trackless train
Rigid bus

Airport bus
Bus rapid transit
Double-decker bus
Express bus service
Guided bus

Rubber-tyred trams
High-floor
Low-floor bus
Midibus
Single-deck bus
Tourist trolley
Trolleybus
Intercity bus service

Coach
 Minibus

Paratransit
Taxicab

Hackney carriage
Share taxi

Comparing modes
Seven criteria measure the usability of different types of public transport and its overall appeal. The criteria are speed, comfort,
safety, cost, proximity, timeliness and directness.[15] Speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity
means how far passengers must walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey and how
close it leaves them to their desired destination. Timeliness is how long they must wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far
a journey using public transport deviates from the route.

In selecting between competing modes of transport, many individuals are strongly motivated by direct cost (travel fare/ ticket
price to them) and convenience, as well as being informed by habit. The same individual may accept the lost time and statistically
higher risk of accident in private transport, together with the initial, running and parking costs. Loss of control, spatial
constriction, overcrowding, high speeds/accelerations, height and other phobias may discourage use of public transport.

Actual travel time on public transport becomes a lesser consideration when predictable and when travel itself is reasonably
comfortable (seats, toilets, services), and can thus be scheduled and used pleasurably, productively or for (overnight) rest.
Chauffeured movement is enjoyed by many people when it is relaxing, safe but not too monotonous. Waiting, interchanging,
stops and holdups, for example due to traffic or for security, are discomforting. Jet lag is a human constraint discouraging
frequent rapid long-distance East-West commuting, favoring modern telecommunications and VR technologies.

Airline
An airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports. Air travel has high speeds, but incurs large waiting times
prior to and after travel, and is therefore often only feasible over longer distances or in areas where a lack of ground infrastructure
makes other modes of transport impossible. Bush airlines work more similarly to bus stops; an aircraft waits for passengers and
takes off when the aircraft is full.

Bus and coach

Transperth bus operating in Perth,
Western Australia
smaller cities, towns, and rural areas, and for shuttle services supplementing
Bus services use buses on
conventional roads to carry
numerous passengers on shorter
journeys. Buses operate with
low capacity (compared with
trams or trains), and can operate
on conventional roads, with Two Oxford Tube body on chassis
relatively inexpensive bus stops vehicles at the Buckingham Palace
to serve passengers. Therefore, Road terminus
buses are commonly used in
other means of transit in large cities. Bus rapid transit is an ambiguous term used for buses operating on dedicated right-of-way,
much like a light rail. Trolleybuses are electric buses that receive power from overhead wires for mobility. Online Electric
Vehicles are buses that run on a conventional battery, but are recharged frequently at certain points via underground wires.[16]

Coach services use coaches (long-distance buses) for suburb-to-CBD or longer-distance transportation. The vehicles are normally
equipped with more comfortable seating, a separate luggage compartment, video and possibly also a toilet. They have higher
standards than city buses, but a limited stopping pattern.

Train
Passenger rail transport is the conveyance of passengers by means of wheeled
vehicles specially designed to run on railways. Trains allow high capacity on
short or long distance, but require track, signalling, infrastructure and stations to
be built and maintained. Urban rail transit consists of trams, light rail, rapid
transit, people movers, commuter rail, monorail, suspension railways and
funiculars.

3 different types of trains (U-Bahn, S-

Bahn and regional/long distance trains) in
Hamburg, Germany

A Washington Metro Green Line train

arriving at College Park–University of
Maryland station in College Park,
Maryland

Left: Tokyo's Yamanote Line, one of the world's busiest commuter rail lines.
Right: Chicago Transit Authority control tower 18 guides elevated Chicago 'L' northbound Purple and Brown
lines intersecting with westbound Pink and Green lines and the looping Orange line above the Wells and Lake
street intersection in the loop.

Commuter, intercity, and high-speed rail

Commuter rail is part of an urban area's public transport; it provides faster
services to outer suburbs and neighboring towns and villages. Trains stop at
stations that are located to serve a smaller suburban or town center. The stations
are often combined with shuttle bus or park and ride systems. Frequency may be
up to several times per hour, and commuter rail systems may either be part of the
national railway or operated by local transit agencies.

Intercity rail is long-haul passenger services that connect multiple urban areas.
They have few stops, and aim at high average speeds, typically only making one A SEPTA Regional Rail train in
of a few stops per city. These services may also be international. Cheltenham, Pennsylvania, a form of
commuter rail
High-speed rail is passenger trains operating significantly faster than
conventional rail—typically defined as at least 200 kilometres per hour
(120 mph). The most predominant systems have been built in Europe and East Asia, and compared with air travel, offer long-
distance rail journeys as quick as air services, have lower prices to compete more effectively and use electricity instead of
combustion.[17]

Rapid transit
A rapid transit railway system (also called a metro, underground, or subway)
operates in an urban area with high capacity and frequency, and grade separation
from other traffic.[18][19]

Systems are able to transport large numbers of people quickly over short
distances with little land use. Variations of rapid transit include people movers,
small-scale light metro and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. More than 160
cities have rapid transit systems, totalling more than 8,000 km (4,971 mi) of
track and 7,000 stations. Twenty-five cities have systems under construction.
The SkyTrain in Vancouver is the
longest rapid transit system in
Tram Canada.
Trams are railborne vehicles that run in city streets or dedicated tracks. They
have higher capacity than buses, but must follow dedicated infrastructure with
rails and wires either above or below the track, limiting their flexibility.

Light rail
Light rail is a modern development (and use) of the tram, with dedicated right-
of-way not shared with other traffic, (often) step-free access and increased speed.
Light rail lines are, thus, essentially modernized interurbans.

A streetcar in Toronto, which

Personal rapid transit operates the largest tramway in
Personal rapid transit is an automated cab service that runs on rails or a North America
guideway. This is an uncommon mode of transportation (excluding elevators)
due to the complexity of automation. A fully implemented system might provide
most of the convenience of individual automobiles with the efficiency of public transit. The crucial innovation is that the
automated vehicles carry just a few passengers, turn off the guideway to pick up passengers (permitting other PRT vehicles to
continue at full speed), and drop them off to the location of their choice (rather than at a stop). Conventional transit simulations
show that PRT might attract many auto users in problematic medium-density urban areas. A number of experimental systems are
in progress. One might compare personal rapid transit to the more labor-
intensive taxi or paratransit modes of transportation, or to the (by now
automated) elevators common in many publicly accessible areas.

Cable-propelled transit
Cable-propelled transit (CPT) is a transit technology that moves people in motor-
less, engine-less vehicles that are propelled by a steel cable.[20] There are two
sub-groups of CPT – gondola lifts and cable cars (railway). Gondola lifts are
People mover vehicle of Morgantown
supported and propelled from above by cables, whereas cable cars are supported
Personal Rapid Transit
and propelled from below by cables.

While historically associated with usage in ski resorts, gondola lifts are now
finding increased consumption and utilization in many urban areas – built
specifically for the purposes of mass transit.[21] Many, if not all, of these systems
are implemented and fully integrated within existing public transportation
networks. Examples include Metrocable (Medellín), Metrocable (Caracas),
Portland Aerial Tram, Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, and
London's Emirates Air Line.
Gulmarg Gondola in Gulmarg, India

Ferry
A ferry is a boat used to carry (or ferry) passengers, and sometimes their
vehicles, across a body of water. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops is
sometimes called a water bus. Ferries form a part of the public transport systems
of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a
capital cost much lower than bridges or tunnels, though at a lower speed. Ship
connections of much larger distances (such as over long distances in water
bodies like the Mediterranean Sea) may also be called ferry services.

Water bus (vaporetto) of Venice, Italy

Cycleway network
A report published by the UK National Infrastructure Commission in 2018 states that "cycling is mass transit and must be treated
as such." Cycling infrastructure is normally provided without charge to users because it is cheaper to operate than mechanised
transit systems that use sophisticated equipment and do not use human power.[22]

Operation

Infrastructure
All public transport runs on infrastructure, either on roads, rail, airways or
seaways. The infrastructure can be shared with other modes, freight and private
transport, or it can be dedicated to public transport. The latter is especially Cycle Superhighway CS6 is part of
Central London's Cycle Network
valuable in cases where there are capacity problems for private transport.
mass transit infrastructure
Investments in infrastructure are expensive and make up a substantial part of the
total costs in systems that are new or expanding. Once built, the infrastructure
will require operating and maintenance costs, adding to the total cost of public transport. Sometimes governments subsidize
infrastructure by providing it free of charge, just as is common with roads for
automobiles.

Interchanges
Interchanges are locations where passengers can switch from one public
transport route to another. This may be between vehicles of the same mode (like
a bus interchange), or e.g. between bus and train. It can be between local and
intercity transport (such as at a central station or airport).
Play media
Timelapse video of Downtown
Seattle from atop a Community
Timetables
Transit double-decker bus
Timetables (or 'schedules' in North American English) are provided by the
transport operator to allow users to plan their journeys. They are often
supplemented by maps and fare schemes to help travelers coordinate their travel.
Online public transport route planners help make planning easier. Mobile apps
are available for multiple transit systems that provide timetables and other
service information and, in some cases, allow ticket purchase, some allowing to
plan your journey, with time fares zones eg.

Services are often arranged to operate at regular intervals throughout the day or
part of the day (known as clock-face scheduling). Often, more frequent services
or even extra routes are operated during the morning and evening rush hours.
Cycle rickshaw in Kandirpar,
Coordination between services at interchange points is important to reduce the Bangladesh
total travel time for passengers. This can be done by coordinating shuttle
services with main routes, or by creating a fixed time (for instance twice per
hour) when all bus and rail routes meet at a station and exchange passengers. There is often a potential conflict between this
objective and optimising the utilisation of vehicles and drivers.

Financing
The main sources of financing are ticket revenue, government subsidies and advertising. The percentage of revenue from
passenger charges is known as the farebox recovery ratio. A limited amount of income may come from land development and
rental income from stores and vendors, parking fees, and leasing tunnels and rights-of-way to carry fiber optic communication
lines.

Fare and ticketing

Most—but not all—public transport requires the purchase of a ticket to generate revenue for the operators. Tickets may be bought
either in advance, or at the time of the journey, or the carrier may allow both methods. Passengers may be issued with a paper
ticket, a metal or plastic token, or a magnetic or electronic card (smart card, contactless smart card). Sometimes a ticket has to be
validated, e.g. a paper ticket has to be stamped, or an electronic ticket has to be checked in.

Tickets may be valid for a single (or return) trip, or valid within a certain area for a period of time (see transit pass). The fare is
based on the travel class, either depending on the traveled distance, or based on zone pricing.

The tickets may have to be shown or checked automatically at the station platform or when boarding, or during the ride by a
conductor. Operators may choose to control all riders, allowing sale of the ticket at the time of ride. Alternatively, a proof-of-
payment system allows riders to enter the vehicles without showing the ticket, but riders may or may not be controlled by a ticket
controller; if the rider fails to show proof of payment, the operator may fine the rider at the magnitude
of the fare.

Multi-use tickets allow travel more than once. In addition to return tickets, this includes period cards
allowing travel within a certain area (for instance month cards), or during a given number of days that
can be chosen within a longer period of time (for instance eight days within a month). Passes aimed at
tourists, allowing free or discounted entry at many tourist attractions, typically include zero-fare
public transport within the city. Period tickets may be for a particular route (in both directions), or for
a whole network. A free travel pass allowing free and unlimited travel within a system is sometimes
A contactless
granted to particular social sectors, for example students, elderly, children, employees (job ticket) and ticket validator
the physically or mentally disabled. used in Moscow,
Russia
Zero-fare public transport services are funded in full by means other than collecting a fare from
passengers, normally through heavy subsidy or commercial sponsorship by
businesses. Several mid-size European cities and many smaller towns around the
world have converted their entire bus networks to zero-fare. The only European
capital with free public transport is Tallinn. Local zero-fare shuttles or inner-city
loops are far more common than city-wide systems. There are also zero-fare
airport circulators and university transportation systems.

Revenue, profit and subsidies

The SmartRider is a smart card for
Governments frequently opt to subsidize public transport for social, public transportation tickets in Perth,
environmental or economic reasons. Common motivations include the desire to Western Australia
provide transport to people who are unable to use an automobile[23] and to
reduce congestion, land use and automobile emissions.[24]

Subsidies may take the form of direct payments for financially unprofitable services, but support may also include indirect
subsidies. For example, the government may allow free or reduced-cost use of state-owned infrastructure such as railways and
roads, to stimulate public transport's economic competitiveness over private transport, that normally also has free infrastructure
(subsidized through such things as gas taxes). Other subsidies include tax advantages (for instance aviation fuel is typically not
taxed), bailouts if companies that are likely to collapse (often applied to airlines) and reduction of competition through licensing
schemes (often applied to taxis and airlines). Private transport is normally subsidized indirectly through free roads and
infrastructure,[25] as well as incentives to build car factories[26] and, on occasion, directly via bailouts of automakers.[27][28]

Land development schemes may be initialized, where operators are given the rights to use lands near stations, depots, or tracks
for property development. For instance, in Hong Kong, MTR Corporation Limited and KCR Corporation generate additional
profits from land development to partially cover the cost of the construction of the urban rail system.[29]

Some supporters of mass transit believe that use of taxpayer capital to fund mass transit will ultimately save taxpayer money in
other ways, and therefore, state-funded mass transit is a benefit to the taxpayer. Some research has supported this position,[30] but
the measurement of benefits and costs is a complex and controversial issue.[31] A lack of mass transit results in more traffic,
pollution,[32][33][34] and road construction[35] to accommodate more vehicles, all costly to taxpayers;[36] providing mass transit
will therefore alleviate these costs.[37] (Perhaps,[38][39][40][41] although right-wing think tanks disagree[42][43])

Safety and security

In the United States expansion of public transportation systems is often opposed by critics who see them as vehicles for violent
criminals and homeless persons to expand into new areas (to which they would otherwise have to walk).[44] According to the
Transportation Research Board, "[v]iolent crime is perceived as pandemic .... Personal security affects many peoples' [sic]
decisions to use public transportation."[45] Despite the occasional highly
publicized incident, the vast majority of modern public transport systems are
well designed and patrolled and generally have low crime rates. Many systems
are monitored by CCTV, mirrors, or patrol.[46]

Nevertheless, some systems attract vagrants who use the stations or trains as
sleeping shelters, though most operators have practices that discourage this.[46]

Though public transit accidents attract far more publicity than car wrecks, public
transport has much lower accident rates. Annually, public transit prevents A LASD deputy and a police dog
200,000 deaths, injuries, and accidents had equivalent trips been made by car. patrol a LA Metro light rail train
The National Safety Council estimates that riding the bus is over 170 times safer
than private car.[47]

Impact

Environmental
Although there is continuing debate as to the true efficiency of different modes
of transportation, mass transit is generally regarded as significantly more energy
efficient than other forms of travel. A 2002 study by the Brookings Institution
and the American Enterprise Institute found that public transportation in the U.S
uses approximately half the fuel required by cars, SUV's and light trucks. In
addition, the study noted that "private vehicles emit about 95 percent more
carbon monoxide, 92 percent more volatile organic compounds and about twice
as much carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide than public vehicles for every
passenger mile traveled".[49] The pink Bus Rapid Transit of Metz
uses a diesel-electric hybrid driving
A 2004 study from Lancaster University concluded that there was no
system, developed by Belgian Van
environmental benefit to be gained from persuading car or plane travelers to Hool manufacturer.[48]
switch to trains. Environmental group Friends of the Earth were skeptical of the
findings, claiming the results are not in line with previous studies.[50] The study
showed that trains had failed to keep up with the advances that the automotive and aviation industries had made in improved fuel
efficiency. Express trains travelling from London to Edinburgh consumed 11.5 litres more fuel per seat than a modern diesel car.

Studies have shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between urban population density and energy consumption per
capita, and that public transport could facilitate increased urban population densities, and thus reduce travel distances and fossil
fuel consumption.[51]

Supporters of the green movement usually advocate public transportation, because it offers decreased airborne pollution
compared to automobiles. A study conducted in Milan, Italy, in 2004 during and after a transportation strike serves to illustrate
the impact that mass transportation has on the environment. Air samples were taken between 2 and 9 January, and then tested for
methane, carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), and other gases identified as harmful to the environment. The
figure below is a computer simulation showing the results of the study "with 2 January showing the lowest concentrations as a
result of decreased activity in the city during the holiday season. 9 January showed the highest NMHC concentrations because of
increased vehicular activity in the city due to a public transportation strike."[52]
Based on the benefits of public transport, the green movement has impacted public policy. For example, the state of New Jersey
released Getting to Work: Reconnecting Jobs with Transit.[53] This initiative attempts to relocate new jobs into areas with higher
public transportation accessibility. The initiative cites the use of public transportation as being a means of reducing traffic
congestion, providing an economic boost to the areas of job relocation, and most importantly, contributing to a green environment
by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Using public transportation can result in a reduction of an individual's carbon footprint. A single person, 20-mile (32 km) round
trip by car can be replaced using public transportation and result in a net CO2 emissions reduction of 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg) per
year.[54] Using public transportation saves CO2 emissions in more ways than simply travel as public transportation can help to
alleviate traffic congestion as well as promote more efficient land use. When all three of these are considered, it is estimated that
37 million metric tons of CO2 will be saved annually.[54] Another study claims that using public transit instead of private in the
U.S. in 2005 would have reduced CO2 emissions by 3.9 million metric tons and that the resulting traffic congestion reduction
accounts for an additional 3.0 million metric tons of CO2 saved.[55] This is a total savings of about 6.9 million metric tons per
year given the 2005 values.

In order to compare energy impact of public transportation to private transportation, the amount of energy per passenger mile
must be calculated. The reason that comparing the energy expenditure per person is necessary is to normalize the data for easy
comparison. Here, the units are in per 100 p-km (read as person kilometer or passenger kilometer). In terms of energy
consumption, public transportation is better than individual transport in a personal vehicle.[56] In England, bus and rail are
popular methods of public transportation, especially in London. Rail provides rapid movement into and out of the city of London
while busing helps to provide transport within the city itself. As of 2006–2007, the total energy cost of London's trains was 15
kWh per 100 p-km, about 5 times better than a personal car.[57] For busing in London, it was 32 kWh per 100 p-km, or about 2.5
times that of a personal car.[57] This includes lighting, depots, inefficiencies due to capacity (i.e., the train or bus may not be
operating at full capacity at all times), and other inefficiencies. Efficiencies of transport in Japan in 1999 were 68 kWh per 100 p-
km for a personal car, 19 kWh per 100 p-km for a bus, 6 kWh per 100 p-km for rail, 51 kWh per 100 p-km for air, and 57 kWh
per 100 p-km for sea.[57] These numbers from either country can be used in energy comparison calculations or life cycle
assessment calculations.

Public transportation also provides an arena to test environmentally friendly fuel alternatives, such as hydrogen-powered vehicles.
Swapping out materials to create lighter public transportation vehicles with the same or better performance will increase
environmental friendliness of public transportation vehicles while maintaining current standards or improving them. Informing
the public about the positive environmental effects of using public transportation in addition to pointing out the potential
economic benefit is an important first step towards making a difference.

Land use
Urban space is a precious commodity and public transport utilises it more
efficiently than a car dominant society, allowing cities to be built more
compactly than if they were dependent on automobile transport.[58] If public
transport planning is at the core of urban planning, it will also force cities to be
built more compactly to create efficient feeds into the stations and stops of
transport.[59][4] This will at the same time allow the creation of centers around
the hubs, serving passengers' daily commercial needs and public services. This
approach significantly reduces urban sprawl. Public land planning for public
Traffic jam in São Paulo, Brazil
transportation can be difficult but it is the State and Regional organizations that
are responsible to planning and improving public transportation roads and
routes. With public land prices booming, there must be a plan to using the land most efficiently for public transportation in order
to create better transportation systems. Inefficient land use and poor planning leads to a decrease in accessibility to jobs,
education, and health care.[60]

Social
An important social role played by public transport is to
A developed country is not a place where the poor have
ensure that all members of society are able to travel, not
cars; it's where the rich use public transport —Enrique
just those with a driving license and access to an Penalosa, former mayor of Bogotá[61]
automobile—which include groups such as the young, the
old, the poor, those with medical conditions, and people
banned from driving. Automobile dependency is a name given by policy makers to places where those without access to a private
vehicle do not have access to independent mobility.[62]

Above that, public transportation opens to its users the possibility of meeting other people, as no concentration is diverted from
interacting with fellow-travelers due to any steering activities. Adding to the above-said, public transport becomes a location of
inter-social encounters across all boundaries of social, ethnic and other types of affiliation.

Economic
In the past, public transport allowed transport at an economy of scale not
available through private transport. Nowadays there is considerable debate on
the advantages and disadvantages of mass transit. According to the OECD, the
advantages of carsharing networks could very well obviate the need for
traditional public transport.[63] Advocates of public transport claim that
investing in mass transit will ultimately reduce the total transport cost for the
public. Time saved can also be significant, as fewer cars can translate to less
congestion, and faster speeds for remaining motorists.

Tram tunnel in Bratislava, Slovakia -

Transit-oriented development can both improve the usefulness and efficiency of
a connection of embankment with a
the public transit system as well as result in increased business for commercial
city centre
developments.

Because of the increased traffic and access to transit systems, putting in public
transit frequently has a positive effect on real estate prices. For example, the Washington DC Metro system has increased land
desirability around its stations, and The Hong Kong metro MTR generates a profit by redeveloping land around and above its
stations. Much public opposition to new transit construction can be based on the concern about the impact on neighborhoods of
this new economic development. Few localities have the ability to seize and reassign development rights to a private transit
operator, as Hong Kong has done.

Investment in public transport also has secondary positive effects on the local economy, with between $4[64] and $9 of economic
activity resulting from every dollar spent.[5] Many businesses rely on access to a transit system, in particular in cities and
countries where access to cars is less widespread, businesses which require large numbers of people going to a same place may
not be able to accommodate a large number of cars (concert venues, sport stadia, airports, exhibitions centres,...), or businesses
where people are not able to use a car (bars, hospitals, or industries in the tourism sector whose customers may not have their
cars). Transit systems also have an effect on derived businesses: commercial websites have been founded, such as Hopstop.com,
that give directions through mass transit systems; in some cities, such as London, products themed on the local transport system
are a popular tourist souvenir. Research in the Washington, DC area shows that public transport does a better job of providing
high-skill residents with access to high-skill jobs than it does mid-skill residents to mid-skill jobs and low-skill residents to low-
skill jobs.[65]

However, public transport projects frequently have very large upfront costs, requiring large investments from either local
government or private investors. Initial estimates of project cost and timescale are frequently underestimated, and nearly all
public transport requires government subsidies or direct government support in order to remain operational.

The existence of a transit system can lower land values in some cases, either through influence on a region's demographics and
crime rate (actual or perceived), or simply through the ambient noise and other discomforts the system creates.

Regulations

Food and drink

Longer distance public transport sometimes sell food and drinks on board, or have a dedicated buffet car or dining car. However,
some urban transport systems forbid the consumption of food, drink, or even chewing gum when riding on public transport.
Sometimes only certain types of food are forbidden with a higher risk of making a mess, e.g. ice creams and chips, and
sometimes crisps.

Some systems prohibit carrying open food or beverage containers, even if the food or beverage is not being consumed during the
journey.

Smoking
In Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Norway, Botswana, South Africa, Switzerland, the United States, and most of the
European Union, smoking is prohibited in all, or some parts of most public transportation systems due to health and safety issues.
Generally smoking is not allowed on buses and trains, while rules concerning stations and waiting platforms differ from system to
system. The situation in other countries varies widely, due to varying smoking laws.

Noise
Many mass transit systems prohibit the use of audio devices, such as mobile phones, radios, and MP3 players unless used with
earphones through which only the user can hear the audio transmitted.

Some mass transit systems have restricted the use of mobile phones. Long distance train services, such as the Amtrak system in
the United States, have "quiet cars" where mobile phone usage is prohibited.

Some systems forbid passengers from engaging in conversation with the operator. Others require that passengers who engage in
any conversation must keep the noise level low enough that it not be audible to other passengers.

Some systems have regulations on the use of profanity. In the United States, this has been challenged as a free speech issue.

Banned items
Certain items considered to be problematic are prohibited or regulated on many mass transit systems. These include firearms and
other weapons (unless licensed to carry), explosives, flammable items, or hazardous chemicals and substances.

Many systems prohibit live animals, but allow those that are in carrying cases or other closed containers. Additionally, guide dogs
for the blind or disabled are usually exempt from these rules.
Some systems prohibit items of a large size that may take up a lot of space, such as non-folding bicycles. But more systems in
recent years have been permitting passengers to bring bicycles onboard public transport.

In Sydney, it is illegal to carry spray cans or permanent markers on board public transport, as they can be used to cause vandalism
to the vehicles and stations. This rule also applies to sharp instruments that could damage on the train; such as screwdrivers that
could be used to make "scratchitti", a form of vandalism where tags are carved into a window.

Other regulations
Many systems have regulations against behavior deemed to be unruly or otherwise disturbing to other passengers. In such cases,
it is usually at the discretion of the operator, police officers, or other transit employees to determine what behaviors fit this
description.

Some systems have regulations against photography or videography of the system's vehicles, stations, or other property. Those
seen holding a mobile phone in a manner consistent with photography are considered to be suspicious for breaking this rule. This
is another issue that is challenged in the courts in the United States as a "Free Speech" issue. Almost all riders are equipped with
cell phones which can take pictures or record what is happening on the lines. Riders are able to record the actions of transit police
and transportation system employees.

Sleeping
In the era when long distance trips took several days, sleeping accommodations were an essential part of transportation. (On land,
the lodging involved was often part of the infrastructure: the inn or ryokan, which did not move, sheltered travellers. People also
slept on ships at sea.) Today, most airlines, inter-city trains and coaches offer reclining seats and many provide pillows and
blankets for overnight travellers. Better sleeping arrangements are commonly offered for a premium fare and include sleeping
cars on overnight trains, larger private cabins on ships and aircraft seats that convert into beds. Budget-conscious tourists
sometimes plan their trips using overnight train or bus journeys instead of paying for a hotel. The ability to get additional sleep on
the way to work is attractive to many commuters using public transport.

Because night trains or coaches can be cheaper than motels, homeless persons often use these as overnight shelters, as with the
famous Line 22 ("Hotel 22") in Silicon Valley.[66][67] Specifically, a local transit route with a long overnight segment and which
accepts inexpensive multi-use passes will acquire a reputation as a "moving hotel" for people with limited funds. Most
transportation agencies actively discourage this. For this and other reasons passengers are often required to exit the vehicle at the
end of the line; they can board again in the same or another vehicle, after some waiting. Even a low fare in some cases often
deters the poorest individuals, including homeless people.

See also
3D Express Coach
Finnish models of public transport
International Association of Public Transport
Passenger load factor
Patronage (transport)
Private transport
Public transport bus service
Public transport route planner
Public transport timetable
Sustainable transport
Transit district
Transit pass
 Transit police
List of urban transit advocacy organisations
Transit watchdog

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Further reading
Hess, D. 2007. "What is a clean bus? Object conflicts in the greening of urban transit." Sustainability: Science,
Practice, & Policy 3(1):45–58. [3] (https://web.archive.org/web/20091210190328/http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/v
ol3iss1/0608-027.hess.html)
Needle, Jerome A.; Transportation Security Board & Cobb, Renée M. (1997). Improving Transit Security (https://b
ooks.google.com/?id=WfBt0kzz524C). Transportation Security Board. ISBN 978-0-309-06013-4.
Newman, Peter; Jeffrey R. Kenworthy (1999). Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence.
Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-660-5.
Ovenden, Mark (2007). Transit Maps of the World. London: Penguin. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-14-311265-5.
Valderrama, A.; Beltran, I. (2007). "Diesel versus compressed natural gas in Transmilenio-Bogotá: innovation,
precaution, and distribution of risk" (https://archive.today/20070630062439/http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol3is
s1/0608-025.valderrama.html). Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 3(1):59–67. Archived from the original
(http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol3iss1/0608-025.valderrama.html) on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)

External links
International Association of Public Transport (http://www.uitp.org/)
US High Speed Rail Association (http://www.ushsr.com/)
Transit Standards (http://www.transitstandards.com/) - Knowledge base on branding, digital strategy, and graphic
standards for public transit, compiled by Stewart Mader. Contains over 100 resources and examples, including 30
graphics standards manuals from transit agencies worldwide.

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