1. Eureka!

1
a) 1 was working
2 was developing
3 discovered
4 required
5 could be separated
6 launched
7 was selling
b) 1 was doing
2 was working
3 discovered
4 was invented
5 to be used
6 was reduced
7 were shrunk
8 could be implanted

2
1. A: How long has your company been extracting oil and gas from the North Sea?
B: For 40 years.
A: How does the crude oil get to the refineries on shore?
B: Before, it was transported/used to be transported by tankers, but now it's
brought ashore by pipeline.
2. A: How long have companies been producing LPG?
B: Since 1912.
A: When did motorists start using LPG in their cars?
B: They started using it in the 1940s as an alternative to petrol and diesel.
3. A: Have sales of LPG in Europe been increasing or decreasing recently?
B: For the past eight years, sales have been rising/have risen steadily.
A: In your opinion, what has caused this increase in sales?
B: These days, more LPG is being used in rural areas for heating and electricity
generation.

2. Smart drilling
1
1 organic
2 liquid
3 geological
4 absorbent
5 solid
6 conventional
7 sufficient
8 innovative
9 flammable
10 partial
11 concentrated

2
1. Classified on the basis of their composition, oil shales include carbonate-rich
shales.
2. Developed between 1987 and 1991, the most common classification adapts terms
from coal terminology.
3. Described as 'terrestrial' (Earth) or 'marine' (sea), oil shales are the result
of the initial biomass deposit and its environment.
4. Used since prehistoric times, oil shales burn without any processing.
5. Started in France in 1837, industrial mining was followed by further
exploitation in Scotland and Germany.
6. Accompanied by an increase in petrol consumption, the mass production of cars
helped to expand the European oil-shale industry before 1914.

3. Lasers
1
1. All the topics are mentioned except: Discovery of X-rays; using X-rays to
examine metal beams; The use of lasers in medicine.

2
1 lead case
2 cathode
3 tungsten anode
4 electric current
5 electron beam
6 tube
7 heat
8 oil bath
9 X-ray photons
10 X-ray beam
11 filter
12 atoms

3
1 Our aim; to explain what an X-ray is.
2 to talk about; like to take over
3 you have a look at this slide; can see a diagram
4 can now turn to; to ask Magda to take over; going to talk about
5 Ahmed just explained
6 have to say now
7 there are no; hand back

4. Word list
1
1 e
2 h
3 a
4 g
5 i
6 c
7 b
8 f
9 d

2
1 ruby crystal
2 photons
3 atoms
4 absorb
5 emits
6 back and forth
7 partial
8 concentrated