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01. A closed system undergoes a cyclic process. For the net work done by the system to the
surroundings, which of the following statements is FALSE:
(a) Net work is always zero
(b) Net work is PdV if the process is reversible
(c) Net work can be negative
(d) Net work can be positive
Ans: (a)
02. A steadily flowing ideal gas undergoes adiabatic throttling, where
T1: temperature before throttling
T2: temperature after throttling
Assuming no change in kinetic and potential energy due to throttling, which of the following is
correct?
(a) T1 = T2 (b) T1>T2
(c) T1 < T2 (d) T1 = T2, : specific heat ratio
Ans: (a)
Sol: h1 = h2 (Throttling process)
h1 − h2 = 0
Cp(T1−T2) = 0, for an ideal gas
T1 − T2 = 0 T1 = T2
03. A hot ideal gas (Cp = 1.2 kJ/kg.K) steadily flows through a turbine with inlet and exit temperatures
of 1500 K and 500 K respectively. The minimum mass flow rate (in kg/s) of the hot gas to achieve
a power output of 12 MW is __________.
Ans: 10 (Range: 9.5 to 10.5)
kg kJ
Sol:
Power (kW) = m CP (T )
sec kg K
1.2 (1500 − 500)
12×103 = m
12
=
m = 10 kg / sec
1.2
04. An ideal gas expands in an adiabatic frictionless nozzle from the inlet conditions of 31 bar, 800K
to the ambient pressure of 1 bar at the outlet. The specific heat Cp for the gas is 1 kJ/kg K and the
specific heat ratio = 1.4. Neglecting inlet kinetic energy, the velocity of the gas (in m/s) at the
nozzle exit is
(a) 32 (b) 500 (c) 707 (d) 1000
Ans: (d)
Sol: P1 = 3100 kPa; T1 = 800 K
P2 = 100 kPa; T2 = ?
Adiabatic expansion
−1
P
T2 = T1 2
P1
1.4−1
100 1.4
= 800 = 299.9 K
3100
Cp = 1000 J/kg k, V1 = 0
V2 = 0 + 2 1000(800 − 299.9)
= 1000 m/sec
05. A rigid vessel of volume 10 m3 is filled with hydrogen at 25C and 500 kPa. Due to leakage, some
gas has escaped from the vessel until the pressure in the vessel drops down to 200 kPa, and the
corresponding temperature of the gas inside the vessel is found to be 15C. The amount of gas
leaked (in kg) from the vessel is ________.
05. Ans: 2.36 (Range: 2.2 to 2.5)
Sol: P1 = 500 kPa
V1 = 10 m3
T1 = 273 + 25 = 298 K
R 8.314
R H2 = = = 4.157
MH2 2
P1V1 500 10
m1 = = = 4.0362 kg
RT1 4.157 298
P2 = 200 kPa (final state)
V2 = 10 m3 (rigid vessel)
T2 = 273 + 15 = 288K
P2 V2 200 10
m2 = = = 1.6705 kg
RT2 4.157 288
Amount or gas leaked = m1 − m2
= 4.0362 − 1.6705 = 2.3657 kg
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:3: Thermal Engineering
06. Compressed air, at 1 MPa pressure, 400 K temperature flows through a large pipe. An evacuated,
insulated rigid tank of 0.5 m3 volume is connected to the pipe through a valve. The valve is opened
to fill the tank and the valve closes automatically when the tank pressure reaches 1 MPa. Assuming
ideal gas be behaviour, the final air temperature in the tank (in K) is ________.
Charging process
Insulated Q = 0
Empty vessel (m = 0)
Tf = T = 1.4×400 = 560 K
07. If ln V is taken on y–axis lnT on x-axis then the slope of adiabatic curve is
(a) ( –1) (b) 1/–1 (c) 1– (d) 1/1–
2 3
T=C
P1= 100 kPa
V1 = 0.4 m3
T1 = 273+27 = 300 K
T1 = T2 = 300 K
P1V1 100 0.4
m= = = 0.6407 kg
RT1 0.2081 300
R 5 / 3 0.2081
Cp = = = 0.52025 kJ / kg.K
−1 5/ 3 −1
10. Air is entering a nozzle with negligible velocity. The ratio of exit pressure to inlet pressure is 1/6
and inlet temperature of air is 300 K. The exit velocity (in m/sec) is ________
T
= 2c p Ti 1 − e
Ti
From adiabatic law
−1
Te Pe
=
Ti Pi
−1
Pe
Ve = 2c p Ti 1 −
Pi
0.4
1 1.4
= 2 1005 3001 −
6
= 491.52 m/sec
11. A student living in a 4m × 6m × 6m dormitory room turns on her 150 W fan before she leaves the
room. Assuming no heat loss, determine the temperature in the room when she comes back 10 hours
later. The room is at 100 kPa and 15C initially.
(a) 29C (b) 46C (c) 58C (d) 72C
Ans: (c)
Sol: Non flow process
Power = 0.15 kW
P1 = 100 kPa
Time = 10 × 3600 seconds
T1 = 273 + 15 = 288 K
V1 = 4 × 6 × 6 = 144 m3
1Q2 = 0 Insulated (no losses)
Ans: (c)
Sol: m = 1kg / sec
P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 300 K
P2 = 1000 kPa
−1
T2 P2
=
T1 P1
−1
P
T2 = T1 2
P1
1.4 −1
1000 1.4
= 300
100
= 579.2 K
C p (T2 − T1 )
Power input= m
= 1 1.005(579.2 − 300)
= 280.6 kW
13. A cylinder piston assembly contains a certain quantity of gas and an electrical resistor. The resistor
is connected to a storage battery and current passes through it for a specified interval of time while
the gas pressure is kept constant. Considering the gas and resistor as the system
(a) energy is added as heat and work done by the system
(b) energy is added as heat and work was done on the system
(c) energy is added as work and work was done by the system
(d) energy is added as work and the system does not do work on surroundings.
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:7: Thermal Engineering
Ans: (c)
14. A gas is held between two horizontal metal plates in which the top plate is maintained at 600 K
while the bottom plate is at 400 K, then the system is
(a) steady state condition (b) state of thermal equilibrium
(c) quasi equilibrium (d) unstable equilibrium
Ans: (a)
Sol: The temperature of the gas at any given location does not vary with time, but the temperature is not
uniform throughout. Hence it is in steady state condition.
15. A house has an electric heating system that consists of 300 W fan and an electric resistance heating
element placed in duct. Air flows steadily through the duct at a rate of 0.6 kg/sec and experiences a
temperature rise of 7C. The rate of heat loss from the air in the duct is estimated to be 300W.
Determine the power rating of electric resistance heating element.
(a) 3.621 kW (b) 4.221 kW (c) 6.621 kW (d) 7.221 kW
Ans: (b)
Sol:
(2)
(1)
(W2
a (h1 − h 2 ) + Q
)heating element = m − W
1
1 ( ) fan
a (c Pf )a (T1 − T2 ) + Q
= m − W
1
1 ( ) fan
16. A 110V electric hot water heater warms 0.1 L/Sec of water from 18 to 30C. Calculate the current
in amperes that must be supplied to this heater is ____________ ( C p w = 4.18 kJ / kg K )
17. Steam enters a nozzle with a low velocity at 150C and 200 kPa and leaves as saturated vapor at 75
kPa. There is a heat transfer from the nozzle to the surroundings in the amount of 26 kJ for every
kg of steam flowing through the nozzle. Determine the mass flow rate of steam at inlet if nozzle
exit area is 0.001 m2.
200 kPa, 150C:
v = 0.95986 m3/kg
h = 2769.1 kJ/kg
75 kPa:
hg = 2662.4 kJ/kg
vg = 2.2172 m3/kg
(a) 0.1812 kg/sec (b) 0.1142 kg/sec (c) 0.145 kg/sec (d) 0.214 kg/sec
Ans: (a)
Sol: 2
1
200kPa, 150C 75 kPa, drysaturated
v1 = 0.95986 m3/kg h2 = 2662.4 kJ/kg
h1 = 2769.1 kJ/kg v2 = 2.2172 m3/kg
V22
2769.1 + 0 − 26 = 2662.4 + +0
2000
V2 = 161400 = 401.75 m/s
A 2 V2 0.001 401.75
Exit mass flow rate = = = 0.1812 kg/s
v2 2.2172
Inlet mass flow rate = Exit mass flow rate = 0.1812 kg/sec
18. A spherical hot air balloon is initially filled with air at 120kPa and 20 oC with an initial diameter of
5m. Air enters the balloon at 120kPa and 20oC with a velocity of 3m/sec through a 1m diameter
opening. How many seconds will it take to inflate this balloon to a 15m diameter when the pressure
and temperature of air in the balloon remains same as air entering balloon. Assume density of air
as 1.44 kg/m3.
(a) 723 (b) 327 (c) 273 (d) 372
Ans: (a)
Sol: D1 = initial diameter = 5m
Initial mass = m1 = 1V1
3
4 5
= 1
3 2
3
4 5
= 1.44 = 94.25 kg
3 2
Final diameter = D2 = 15m
Final mass = m2 = 2V2
3
4 15
= 1.44 = 2544.7 kg
3 2
Increase in mass = m2 – m1
= 2544.7 – 94.25 = 2450.45 kg
Diameter of tube, d = 1m
Velocity of flow in tube, V = 3 m/s
= mass flow rate in tube = AV =
m d2 V
4
= 1.44 12 3 = 3.3929 kg / sec
4
m 2 − m1 increase in mass 2450.45 kg
Time for filling = = = = 723 sec
m mass flow rate 3.3929 kg / sec
19. A 1m3 rigid tank initially contains air whose density is 1.18kg/m3.The tank is connected to a high
pressure supply through a valve. The valve is opened and air is allowed to enter tank until the
density in tank rises to 7.2 kg/m3. The mass of air that has entered the tank is ______ (in kg)
Ans: 6.02 kgs, (Range: 6.0 to 6.05)
Sol: V = volume of tank = 1m3
Initial density = 1 = 1.18kg/m3
Initial mass = m1 = 1V = 1.181
= 1.18kg
Final mass = m2 = 2 V = 7.21 = 7.2kg
2 − m1 = 7.2 − 1.18 = 6.02kg
Mass added= m
20. Calculate work produced in kJ/kg for reversible steady flow process 1-3
3
2
2100
P(kPa)
1
105
Ans: (b)
Sol: Area to the left curve is the workdone as it is a flow process
Sol: Given:
A reversible non-flow process with
p1 = 0.7 bar = 70 kPa, p2 = 7 bar = 700 kPa
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: 11 : Thermal Engineering
2.80 3
and relation V= m
p
The initial and final volumes of the working substance
2.80 2.8
V1 = = = 4 m3
p1 0.7
2.80 2.8
V2 = = = 0.4 m3
p2 7
From the given relation, the pressure p can be expressed as
2.80
p= bar = 280 kPa
V
The work done by system can be calculated as
0.4
dV = 280 ln (V )4 = 280 ln
2 0.4 1
W = pdV = 100 2.8
0.4
1 4 V 4
= –644.72 kJ
22. A 4m × 5m × 6m Room is to be heated by a base board resistance heater. It is desired that the
resistance heater be able to raise the air temperature in room from 5C to 30C within 11 min.
Assuming no heat losses from the room and an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the
required power of resistance heater.
(a) 3.73 kW (b) 4.09 kW (c) 5.42 kW (d) 4.58 kW
Ans: (b)
Sol: Non flow process
P = 100 kPa ; m = 150.4 kg
t = 11 × 60 = 660 seconds T1 = 25C
T2 = 50C
T1 = 273 + 5 = 278 K C v = 0.718
V = 4 × 5 × 6 = 120 m3
PV 100 120
m= = = 150.4kg
RT 0.287 278
= 2699.68 kJ
dW 2699.68
Power = = = 4.09kW
t 660
23. 3 kg of air at 1.50 bar pressure and 87°C temperature at condition 1 is compressed polytropically
to condition 2 at pressure 7.50 bar, index of compression being 1.2. It is then cooled at constant
pressure to condition 3 and then finally heated at constant temperature to its original condition 1.
Find the net work done and heat transferred.
P
P=C 2
3
PVn=C
T=C
For air
PV = mRT
mRT1 3 0.287 360
V1 = = = 2.0664 m3
P1 150
Process 1-2: polytropic compression
P1V1 − P2V2
W12 =
n −1
For polytropic process
1
V2 P1 n
= V2 = 0.54 m3
V1 P2
n −1
V
and T2 = 1 T1 = 470.83K
V2
W12 =
(150 2.0644) − (750 0.54)
1.2 − 1
W12 = – 476.812 kJ
Negative sign indicates that work is done on the system
Sol: Given:
Initial diameter, D1 = 1 m
Pressure P1 = 200 kPa
Initial Temperature, T1 = 300 K
Pressure, P2 = 500 kPa
Pressure Diameter
To find:
W = PdV
PD
P = KD
4
Volume of sphere, V = R 3
3
D 3
V=
6
Change in volume,
3D 2
dV = dD
6
2
= D dD
2
P 200
K= =
D 1
P1 P
= 2
D1 D 2
P2 500
D 2 = D1 = 1
P1 200
D2 = 2.5m
W = PdV
D 2
D2
= KD
D1
2
dD
K D 42 − D14
=
2 4
=
200
8
(2.5) − 14
4
W = 2989.42 kJ
25. In a piston-cylinder arrangement, the pressure is inversely proportional to the square of the volume.
The initial pressure is 10 bar in the cylinder and the initial volume is 0.1 m 3. The volume is now
changes so that the final pressure is 2 bar. Find the work done in kJ.
Sol: Given:
1
The relation p .
V2
p1 = 10 bar = 1000 kPa V1 = 1.0 m3
p2 = 2 bar = 200 kPa
The given relation
1 K
p or p=
V2 V2
1 K
At the state 1, p1 or p1 =
V12 V12
where K is the constant of proportionality and it is calculated by initial condition. Therefore,
= 10 kPa.m6
K
Now at the state 2, p2 =
V22
K 10
or V2 = = = 0.223 m3
p2 200
1 1
W = 10 − = 10 (10 − 4.29) = 57.1kJ
0.1 0.233
26. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m3 to 0.4 MPa, 0.03 m3.
Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by pvn = constant, find the work done by the gas
system.
Ans: –11.83 kJ
27. A spherical balloon contains 5 kg of air at 200 kPa and 500 K. The balloon material is such that at
the pressure inside is always proportional to the square of the diameter. Determine the work done
when the volume of the balloon doubles as a result of heat transfer.
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: 16 : Thermal Engineering
1 2 D52 D15
= 55.44 D dD = 87.08
4
−
2 1
5 5
(2.393)5 (1.8993)5
= 87.08 − = 936.22 kJ
5 5
28. A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device shown in figure. The
piston is frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due to atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
The stirring device is turned 9500 revolutions with an average torque against the fluid of 1.25 Nm.
Meanwhile the piston of 0.65 m diameter moves out 0.6 m. Find the net work transfer for the system.
p
2
6 bar
pVn = C
1 bar 1
v
Process: Polytropic process
Constants: R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K
(i) Considering the compression process is a quasi-static polytropic process, thus
p1V1n = p 2 V2n
p 1
n 1 n
Index of compression, n= 2 =
p 6 = − 1.7917 = 1.292
V 0.03 − 1.3863
n 2 n
V1 0.12
1− n 1−1.292
V 0.03
(ii) Temperature after compression, T2 = T1 2 = 363 = 544.5 K
V1 0.12
Sol: Given:
Mass of air, m = 3kg
Pressure, P1 = 1.5 bar = 150kPa
Temperature , T1 = 87oC = 360 K
Pressure, P2 = 7.5 bar = 750 kPa
n = 1.2
To Find:
(i) Net work done
(ii) Heat transferred
Assumption:
(i) Air is taken as a system
(ii) Air is treated as ideal gas
(iii) System is a closed system
(iv) kinetic and potential energy changes neglected
P
P=C 2
3
PVn=C
T=C
For air
PV = mRT
mRT1 3 0.287 360
V1 = = = 2.0664 m3
P1 150
Process 1-2: polytropic compression
P1V1 − P2V2
W12 =
n −1
For polytropic process
1
V2 P1 n
= V2 = 0.54 m3
V1 P2
n −1
V
and T2 = 1 T1 = 470.83K
V2
W12 =
(150 2.0644) − (750 0.54)
1.2 − 1
W12 = – 476.812 kJ
Negative sign indicates that work is done on the system
2 Q=54000 kJ/h
m,v2,p2,h2
1 W
2 Control volume
z2=150m m,v1,p1,h1,T1
1 z1=100m
Datum
33. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s velocity, 100
kPa pressure and 0.95 m2/kg specific volume and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa and 0.19 m 3/kg,
respectively. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering.
Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 kW.
Compute the power input to the compressor,
m =0.5 kg/s of air
Q = –58 kW v2 = 5 m/s
Sol: Given: An air compressor with, p2 = 700 kPa
v2 = 0.19 m3/kg
Air u2 = u1 + 90 kJ/kg
Compressor
W=?
m = 0.5 kg/s
v1 = 7 m/s
p1 = 100 kPa
Assumptions: v1 = 0.95 m3/kg
(C v )He = R
=
8.314
M ( − 1) 4(0.67)
= 3.102 kJ/kgK
Till the pressure reaches 500 kPa the piston will not move.
Hence the volume remains constant during the heat transferring process.
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
100 500
= T2 = 1490 K
298 T2
dQ − dW = dU
dV = 0 dW = 0
dQ = mCv dT
= 0.53.102(1490 – 298)
= 1848.79 kJ
35. Air flows at the rate of 2.3 kg/s in a 15 cm diameter pipe. It has a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature
of 95C before it is throttled by a valve to 3.5 bar. Find the velocity of air demonstration of the
restrictions.
Sol: Given: Throttling of air as shown in below figure.
1 2
Assumptions:
d1 = 0.15 m
(i) Adiabatic conditions (Q = 0), p2 = 7 bar p2 = 15 bar
d2 = 15 cm
(ii) Steady flow process, m = 2.3 kg/s
T1 = 95C
(iii) Change in potential energy is negligible, i.e.,
(iv) Air properties, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
mv1 mv1
or V1 = =
A1 ( / 4 )d12
2.3 0.151
or V1 = = 19.63 m / s
(0.15)
2
4
During the throttling process enthalpy remains constant;
h1 = h2
or cpT1 = cpT2
or T1 = T2
RT1 0.287 368
Then specific volume at exit, v1 = = = 0.301m3 / kg
p2 3.5 100
Pf = 416.65 kPa
37. Air flows at the rate of 2.3 kg/s in a 15 cm diameter pipe. It has a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature
of 95C before it is throttled by a valve to 3.5 bar. Find the velocity of air demonstration of the
restrictions.
mv1 mv1
or V1 = =
A1 ( / 4 )d12
2.3 0.151
or V1 = = 19.63 m / s
(0.15)
2
4
During the throttling process enthalpy remains constant;
h1 = h2
or cpT1 = cpT2
or T1 = T2
RT1 0.287 368
Then specific volume at exit, v1 = = = 0.301m3 / kg
p2 3.5 100
−1
T2 p 2
=
T1 p1
1.4 −1
0.286
T2 T 12 14 12
= 2 =
315 315 16 16
0.886
12
Or, T2 = 315 = 290 K
16
Now mass of air in the receiver in final condition,
p 2 V1 12 105 5.5
m2 = = = 79.3 kg
RT2 (0.287 103 ) 290
39. In the figure a container is shown to have a movable (without friction) piston on top. The container
and the piston are all made of perfectly insulating material allowing no heat transfer between outside
and inside the container. The container is divided into two compartments by a rigid partition made of
a thermally conducting material that allows slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of the
container is filled with 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at 700 K and the upper compartment is
filled with 2 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at 400K. The heat capacities per mole of an ideal
3 5 5 7
monoatomic gas are C v = R , C p = R and those for an ideal diatomic gas are C v = R , C p = R.
2 2 2 2
(Where R is universal gas constant)
Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the
final temperature of the gases will be
(A) 550 K (B) 525 K (C) 513 K (D) 490K
Ans: (D)
Sol: Let the final temperature of both compartments is T. Heat given by lower compartment
Q = nC v T = 2 R (700 − T ) ………(i)
3
2
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: 27 : Thermal Engineering
Q = nC p T = 2 R (T − 400) ………(ii)
7
2
From (i) and (ii)
T = 490 K
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 40 and 41:
A piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in the figure initially contains air at 150 kPa and 400C.
The arrangement is allowed to cool to the ambient temperature of 20C. The characteristic gas
constant for air is 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The cylinder wall has stops of negligible thickness that can prevent
the piston from moving down. The stops are 1 m from the inner side of the base surface of the
cylinder. At the initial state, the piston is resting 1 m above the stops.
Piston
Stop
1m
Air 1m
x = 0.87m < 1m
As the final length of the gas is less than 1m
The piston rests on the stops
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
150 A(1 + 1) P2 A(1)
= P2 = 130.6 kPa
673 293
Work is done on the gas till the piston touches stops. Once the piston touches stops as the volume
is constant work done is zero.
P1V1 = mRT1
150V1 = 10.287673
V1 = 1.28m3/kg
V1
V2 = = 0.64m3/kg
2
Work = P(V2 – V1) = 150(0.64 – 1.28)
Work = –96 kJ/kg
2 P=C 1
150
P
V=C
130.6
3
V(m3)
V2 = 0.64 V1 = 1.28
42. The mass, internal energy, pressure and volume of a system are 10 kg, 100 kJ, 1 bar and 1 m3,
respectively. The value of specific enthalpy, in kJ/kg, of the system is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
42. Ans: (b)
Sol: H = U + Pv
= 100 + 100 1= 200 kJ
H 200
h= = = 20 kJ/kg
m 10
43. Consider three identical tanks A, B, C shown below. What is the pressure p in tank C?
Tank B Tank C
Tank A 1 m3
1 m3 1 m3
x kg oxygen x kg nitrogen +
x kg nitrogen y kg oxygen
1 bar, 300 K 1 bar, 300 K
300 K, p = ?
(A) 1 bar (B) 1.5 bar (C) 2 bar (D) 2.5 bar
43. Ans: (C)
Sol: P1V1 = XR1T1
P2V2 = yR2T1
P2 V2 m 2 R 2 T1
=
P1 V1 m1 R 1T1
m1R1 = m 2 R 2
Finally PfV = mfReqTf
m1 R 1 + m 2 R 2
R eq =
m1 + m 2
(m1 + m 2 )(m1R 1 + m 2 R 2 )T
Pf 1 =
(m1 + m 2 )
Pf = 2m1R1T = 2P1V1
Pf = 2 bar
44. The thermometric property, x, of a thermometer varies with temperature, t, according to the relation
t = ax2+b, where t is in C, x is in cm, and a & b are constants. At ice point (0C) and steam point
(100C), the values of x are 5 cm and 20 cm, respectively. When this thermometer is brought in
contact with a heated body, the value of x is recorded as 15 cm. The temperature of the heated body
in C is
(a) 83.3 (b) 73.3 (c) 63.3 (d) 53.3
100
= (15) − 6.667
2
375
t = 53.3
45. Air at 10 bar and 400 K is flowing with a velocity of 20 m/s through a pipe of uniform cross-
sectional area of 20 cm2. The mass flow rate of air in the pipe is approximately.
(a) 0.25 kg/s (b) 0.35 kg/s (c) 2.5 kg/s (d) 3.5 kg/s
46. The condition of steam at inlet and exit of a perfectly insulated steam turbine running under steady
state conditions is as follows:
1602 1002
3230 + = 2660 + + WT
2000 2000
WT = 577.8 kJ/kg
47. A certain mass of gas at 0C is expanded to 81 times its original volume under adiabatic conditions.
If ratio of specific heats of the gas, = 1.25, the final temperature of the gas is
(A) –235C (B) –182C (C) –91C (D) 0C
48. Helium in a piston/cylinder assembly at 20C and 100 kPa is brought to 400 K in a reversible
polytropic process with exponent n = 1.25. Assume helium to be an ideal gas. The molecular mass
of helium is 4.003 kg/kmol. The specific work in the process is approximately
(a) –800 kJ/kg (b) –788 kJ/kg (c) 788 kJ/kg (d) –888 kJ/kg
1 bar 1
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0.2 m3 1.6 m3 V
: 32 : Thermal Engineering
= KD
D1
2
dD
Ans: 17.95 kW
K D 42 − D14
=
2 4 59. A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly
=
200
8
(2.5) − 14
4
undergoes an expansion process for which
the relationship between pressure and
W = 2989.42 kJ volume is given by pV n = constant. The
initial pressure is 0.3 MPa, the initial
56. A platinum wire is used as a resistance volume is 0.1 m3 and the final volume is 0.2
thermometer. The wire resistance was m3. Determine the work for the process in
found to be 10 ohm and 16 ohm at ice point kJ if (a) n = 1.5, (b) n = 1.0 and (c) n = 0.
and steam point respectively and 30 ohm at
sulphur boiling point of 444.6C. Find the Ans: [(a) 17.6 kJ, (b) 20.79 kJ, (c) 30 kJ]
resistance of the wire at 500C, if the
resistance varies with temperature by the 60. A sealed elevated storage tank of capacity
relation. R = Ro(1 + t + t2) 50 m3 initially containing air at 1 bar 25C
. Ans: 31.3 ohm is to be pumped with water from a lake also
at 25C. Where g = 9.7 m/s2. The pump is
57. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi- operated until the tank is ¾ full and during
3
static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m to 0.4 this operation the temperature of air and
3
MPa, 0.03 m . Assuming that the pressure water do not change the average elevation
of water in tank is 35 meters above surface
(C v )He = R
=
8.314
IDEAL M ( − 1) 4(0.67)
GAS Evacuated = 3.102 kJ/kgK
800 kPa
500C Till the pressure reaches 500 kPa the piston
will not move.
Hence the volume remains constant during
Ans: 323 K, 400 kPa the heat transferring process.
Sol: T1 = 50 + 273 = 323 K, m = 4 kg P1 P2
=
P1 = 800 kPa T1 T2
dQ = 0, ( ∵ insulated) 100 500
= T2 = 1490 K
dW = 0, ( free expansion) 298 T2
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: 36 : Thermal Engineering
temperature has fallen to 5000C. If the air Apply SFEE b/w 2 and 3