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[Food Processing] Fisheries: Freshwater, Aquaculture, Shrimpfarming: supply

chain, upstream, downstream, Marine Policy, Fisherman Welfare Scheme
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35 Comments (https://mrunal.org/2013/09/food-processing- sheries-freshwater-aquaculture-shrimpfarming-s
6 years Ago

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1. Prologue
2. Fisheries: Scope/signi cance
3. EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
4. Fish Supply chain
1. Saltwater@Upstream
2. Freshwater@Upstream
3. Aquaculture@upstream
4. Shrimp-farming@Upstream
5. @Processing
6. @Downstream
5. Government Policies/Schemes
1. Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy, 2004
2. National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)  
 3. Government Schemes
4. Fishermen Welfare Scheme
5. International Support
6. State governments
6. Mock Questions

Prologue
syllabus of UPSC Mains (GS) topics in this article

just a brief table on

(GS1) Distribution of key natural resources across the world and India
EEZ

Comprehensive
(GS2) Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors Marine Fishing Policy,
2004

Fishermen Welfare
(GS2) Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population
Scheme

Related to freshwater,
(GS3) Food processing and related industries in India-scope and signi cance,
saltwater and
location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
shrimps.

later: we’ll see [Food processing] Poultry, meat, tea, co ee, wine, edible oil.

Fisheries: Scope/significance

Ranking India is the second largest producer of sh in the world

~5% within GDP from agri-allied sector.

GDP contribution
~0.8% within total GDP.

Indian Fish export >$3500 million dollar

Indian meat export ~$3000 million dollar
Export (2011-12 data)
still, India’s share in world export Is barely 0.1% (for each sh and
meat individually)

3000 shermen villages

Gives employment to more
8 lakh shermen families
than
40 lakh shermen

Top 5 fish producers

Top-5 Countries (2009 data) Top-5 States (2012 data)

 1. China 1. Andhra Pradesh
2. India 2. West Bengal
3. Peru 3. Gujarat
4. Indonesia 4. Kerala
5. Vietnam 5. Tamil Nadu

Some stupid numbers from economic survey

Export (2011-12 data) export (approx. Million dollar) India’s share in world trade (approx.)

Fish 3400 3%

Meat 2700 2%

Geographical advantage:

Coast Line more than 8100 kms

Continental Shelf ~half million sq.km

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) more than 2 million sq.km

+millions of hectares of ponds, tanks, rivers, reservoirs, canals, brackish water area.

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

The EEZ of India can be further divided into the following regions:

North West  Gujarat & Maharashtra

WEST COAST=42% OF EEZ
South West  Goa, Karnataka & Kerala

Lower East Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh & Pondicherry

EAST COAST=28% OF EEZ
Upper East  Orissa & West Bengal

Remaining EEZ area under Andaman and the Nicobar Islands.

Andaman- Nicobar Lakshadweep

6 lakhs sq km EEZ 4 lakh sq km EEZ

There is immense potential for import of sh into India from neighboring countries in South Asia and South
East Asia.
Indian sheries sector classi cation

1. Marine
A. Deep Sea Fishing
B. Coastal Fishing
2. Inland (Freshwater)
3. Aquaculture

Fish Supply chain Management

(https://www. ickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9841283294/)
CLICK TO ENLARGE SUPPLY CHAIN OF FISH

Among all Desi food processing industries, Fish processing supply chain = shortest. Because in most of
the cases, shermen themselves sell their catch directly to consumers via local wet sh markets.
Alternate channels for distribution: Fishermen=> commission agents=> Fish market.

Saltwater@Upstream
1. Arabian sea=broader continental shelf= sh production higher than Eastern coast.
2. Despite government ban, sherman use ne-sized net= even Juvenile sh are being caught.
3. 30% to 40% of the catch is discarded by shermen in high seas because juvenile sh who don’t fetch
good prices in market= resource lost.
4. During breeding season, shing is banned in coastal waters. But the authorities don’t enforce it strictly.
5. Lack of surveillance of territorial waters= even outsiders (Pakistani shermen) do illegal shing in our
area.
6. The EEZ around Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep con uences with international waters. This makes
these Island territories vulnerable to illegal Fishing by foreign vessels.
7. Most shing vessels don’t have facility to freeze the sh onboard immediately after catching= quality
deterioration before they reach the coast.
8. unregulated shing of highly migratory species just outside the EEZ=negative impact on Marine
biodiversity.
9. Most vessel don’t have special equipment to do deep water shing beyond depth of 400m. Example
yellow n tuna found around Lakshadweep islands. They’re almost unexploited since the technology for
deep long lining is not prevalent in the Islands.

Fish Supply: Freshwater@Upstream

For inland sheries, two big players= WB+Andhra.
But even those state governments not enforcing shing net size in rivers, lakes and reservoirs= juvenile
sh caught and discarded.
Fishing ban during breeding season not strictly enforced.

Aquaculture@upstream

National Fisheries Development Board vs. Department of Animal Husbandry,

Dairying and Fisheries.
Their jurisdictions/responsibilities are still not clearly de ned
EMPIRES
Result: overlapping, lack of synergy.
Freshwater aquaculture, contributed to the ‘Blue Revolution’ in the country in late
1970s. But not it is now almost stagnating in terms of yield rates.

Fish production can be enhanced 2 to 4 times by creating more rainfed water

MNREGA
bodies via MNREGA labour. But this potential is largely ignored.

Fish feed not available at reasonable prices.

Most farmers are small/marginal, don’t know best practices in cultivation, post-
AQUACULTURE
harvest management for sh farming.
waste disposal done in hygienic manner= environmental implications

Shrimp-farming@Upstream
Nellor District, AP= Shrimp Capital of India.
Pink revolution=Shrimp/prawns. (as per some books/ PDF reports.)
Pink revolution also means meat + poultry. (as per food processing ministry, FAO etc)
anyways, let’s check the issues.
 Disease free brooder stock (parent shrimps)= not available. Hence their next
generation is also diseased.
If you import the brooder stock=there are no regulation/quality  checks =infected
PARENTS stock=>the shrimps thus grown have variety of disease=rejected in US/EU for export.
For aquaculture/shrimp culture, you need to get approval from State sheries
Department. But Often, the state departments take 3-6 months to scrutinize
documents= project implementation delayed.

Imported feed or antibiotics=>high custom duty=expensive.

Therefore lot of Chinese/counterfeit/spurious products in market.
ANTIBIOTICS
Farmer unknowingly uses such input= antibiotic traces found in Indian
shrimps=>they’re rejected in US/EU market.

feed cost accounts for 50% of the total cost

FEED COST
Government investment in research for low cost feed and technology required.

Need to educate farmers on modern techniques of shrimp farming so they can

TRAINING enhance the quality and body weight of shrimps.
but there is shortage of extension sta for sheries in state departments.

@Processing

Fish
Adani Exports, Hindustan Lever Ltd, Ruchi Worldwide, Vishal Exports, Aditya
Supply:NOTABLE
Enterprises ,Liberty, Falcon Marine.
Indian PLAYERS

Potable water is not available at landing and cleaning sheds at the ports.
EU speci es more than 50 parameters of water, If traces of these chemicals are
WATER QUALITY
detected= product rejected. (and as you can guess, our exports are often
rejected.)

Need Focused research to develop low-cost packaging for seafood products,

PACKAGING
both for the export + domestic market.

Even for exports, our sh-processing is primary/basic level

We merely freeze/mince the shes/shrimps and export them to
LOW VALUE
China/Thailand/Japan.
ADDITION
They do more value-addition and create variety of ready-to-eat sh food (e.g.
sushi shrimps) =>export to US/EU @higher prices.

Fish Supply Chain To comply with US/EU/HACCP regulation, we need huge capital investments to
INVESTMENT upgrade our processing units.

Fish Supply: @Downstream

More than 1/3rd of Indians eat sh but demand for “processed sh”=limited because

Indian consumer prefer wet (fresh) sh rather than processed sh.

 Cost of processed sh product= 20-25% higher than fresh sh.(due to indirect taxes)
Desi Consumers prefer to buy fresh sh from wet markets and process it at home
Therefore, Indian sh processing segment=entirely export-oriented, due to lack of local/domestic
demand

Fish prices more than doubled during the Eleventh Plan, a higher in ation than either
INFLATION crops or any other livestock segment.
This is negatively a ecting business and demand.

There is inadequate awareness about nutritional bene ts of sh.

Need marketing campaign to increase desi-demand- showing hygienic, healthy,
MARKETING
consistent quality of branded, packaged sh products over the unhygienic macchi-
market.

Fish Supply: Large number of retailers are unable to sell processed sh products because they
RETAILERS don’t have due to cooling storage facilities + electricity problems.

Fish Supply: We don’t export Ready to eat marine products in signi cant volumes, because we are
MARKETING not aware of varied tastes and cuisines in di erent regions of the world
RESEARCH need investment in marketing research in foreign consumers’ food preferences.

US Department of Commerce has imposed an anti-dumping duty on Indian Shrimp.

more on dumping, already discussed click me (https://mrunal.org/2013/08/agrofood-
DUMPING
processing-export-dumping-fdi- nance-taxation-budget-provisions-codex-nwr-brgf-
rkvy.html#104)

US/EU/foreign countries often reject our sh/shrimp cargos for traces of antibiotics,
REJECTIONS
heavy-metals, foul smell.

Government Policies/Schemes
Jurisdiction:

States Marine sheries within the territorial waters are the subject of maritime states

Centre Fisheries beyond this limit within the EEZ fall in the jurisdiction of Central Government.

Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy, 2004

By Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture

Three main objectives: 1) boost export 2)socio-economic welfare of shermen 3) protect marine
ecology/biodiversity

ACTIVITY policy will address following:

 1. SUBSISTENCE
protection + welfare
FISHING

2. SMALL-SCALE
technology transfer to small scale sector
FISHING

work out strategy for shing in Antarctic waters by Indian owned vessels
3. INDUSTRIAL FISHING infrastructure support, Joint Venture for sh processing and export
PPP: Build-Operate-Own and Build- Operate-Transfer systems.

Salient Features of this policy

1. ATTENTION TO CONSUMERS
increase per capita ( sh) protein intake
Attention to consumer rights. Ensuring food safety, mandatory bar coding and packaging for sale of
sh products.
Ensure international quality and food safety in sh and shery products.
Ensure Hygiene in shing harbor and processing centers.
Protect consumers from sh contaminated with heavy metals and other hazardous chemicals
discharged from industrial establishments.
eco labeling of marine products
2. ATTENTION TO FISHERMEN
Each sherman household would be given a card for easy identi cation.
Strengthen Cooperative movement of shermen
Uniformity in central-state welfare schemes for sherman.
Greater participation of cooperatives, NGOs and local self-Governments
Government to contribute towards Insurance scheme for only those shermen who do not own a
boat.
Fishermen Housing Schemes will uni ed and implemented as a master plan through a national
agency.
3. ATTENTION TO ENVIRONMENT
responsible and sustainable shing practices to Preserve environment and biodiversity
Strict ban on all types of destructive methods of shing.
Regulate Mesh sizes in di erent parts of the shing gear. Penalties for violations of mesh regulations.
Prohibit Catching of juveniles and non- targeted species=prohibited
greater liaison between Central and State Pollution Control Board to control all industrial
establishments discharging e uents in to the sea
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) in e uent discharge systems will be made
mandatory.
 Mangrove plantation in Coastal areas.
4. ATTENTION TO FANCY THINGS:
HRD, R&D, use of IT, strengthening marine database via satellites etc.

National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)

HQ: Hyderabad. For both inland and marine sh. Promotes following

1. Accelerated development of the sheries and aquaculture in a sustainable manner

2. Hygienic development of wholesale and retail markets
3. Mariculture (cultivation of marine organized in enclosed section of ocean / pond / tank etc. Example:
prawn, pearls, agar etc)
4. Training to shermen/ sh farmers

Government Schemes

Component of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

National Mission for Protein to promote production of animal based protein through
Supplement (NMPS) livestock development, dairy farming, pig and goat rearing
and sheries

Development of Inland sheries & sh farmers were provided assistance for freshwater
Aquaculture aquaculture. ~30000 already bene tted under 11th FYP.

development of 13 shing harbors and 4 sh landing

Development of Marine Fisheries,
centres, 4 shing harbors were repaired and renovated.
Infrastructure Post Harvest
(11th FYP)
Operations.
safety appliances provided

Strengthening of Database & Under the scheme, inland water bodies are surveyed and
Geographic Information System for mapped in the States.
Fisheries Sector. Work already nished in W.Bengal.

Fishermen Welfare Scheme

In the 90s, there were multiple schemes for shermen welfare but in mid-2000s, all of them combined into
single “Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen” (duh, no catchy name/abbreviation,
not named after you know who. but then again, scheme falls under Department of Animal Husbandry &
Dairying= under Sharad Pawar=not directly under you know who’s party.)

anyways, this scheme has:

Two pronged approach

 PROTECTIVE To prevent any short term decline in the standard of living. (via insurance + savings)

To enhance the long term general living standard of the entire community. (via
PROMOTIONAL
model village + training)

four broad components

shermen (both inland and marine) will be given basic civic amenities like houses,
1. MODEL
drinking water, tube-well and commonplace for recreation and work.
FISHERMEN
for housing- Preference will be given to shermen below poverty line and to
VILLAGES
landless shermen.

Group Accident Insurance for Active Fishermen.

Rs 50,000/- against death or permanent total disability and Rs 25,000/- for partial
2. INSURANCE
permanent disability.
50:50 cost sharing by Center:state

3. SAVINGS during the shing season (8 month), sherman will give Rs.600, + government will
CUM contribute another Rs. 600. (total 1200)= this plus bank-interest will be given to
RELIEF sherman during lean season (remaining 4 months of the year)

self explanatory
4. TRAINING to update knowledge and improving skills of shers in regard to modern shing
technology.

Misc.

CIBA
An immunodot blot test for early detection of WSS virus in shrimp. Patent pending.
IMMUNoDot

Successful breeding experiments carried out.

Silver can be done in ponds, tanks and oating sea cages.
pompano price of pompano is about Rs.200/-per kg, The species is able to acclimatize and grow
well  in the vast low saline and brackish waters of our country.

International Support
Several international organizations, including the World Bank, UNDP , DANIDA, NORAD, ODA (UK and
Japan) provide aid to India for the development of sheries sector .
(UK) has provided technical aid for the prevention of post-harvest losses in marine sheries. Recently,
FAO launched a scheme for providing technical assistance to implement Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Points (HACCP) in seafood processing industries.

State governments
They need to do following:
 1. Enforce shing holidays during breeding season.
2. Awareness camps to educate the shermen on importance of the breeding cycle of the sh to replenish
the stock.
3. Regulate shing net size. 30 mm mesh size should be standardized for use.
4. Announce speci c nancing schemes for purchase of requisite vessels and equipment
5. Allow only a sustainable number of vessels to operate in the coastal waters. Don’t give license to
everyone.
6. Leasing of coastal zones – There is need to consider leasing of coastal zones on a long term basis (30
years) to private sector players, for introduction of advanced mariculture technologies such as cage
culture, pen culture etc.  for augmenting sh production.

Mock Questions
MCQs

1. Correct Statement about EEZ of India

a. Eastern Cost has larger area under EEZ than Western Cost
b. Among Union Territories, Lakshadweep is surrounded by the maximum EEZ area.
c. Both
d. None
2. Correct statements about yellow n tuna
a. Found in the shallow coastal waters around Lakshadweep
b. It is on verge of becoming extinct, because of destructive shing in this region.
c. Both
d. None

Descriptive

2m
1. Obstacles to Pink Revolution in India
2. MODEL FISHERMEN VILLAGES
3. National Mission for Protein Supplement (NMPS)
4. National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)
12m
1. Issues a ecting supply chain of marine sheries.
2. Write a note on Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen.
3. Enumerate the salient features of the Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy.
4. De ne Aquaculture and Mariculture. Discuss their signi cance in rural development in coastal areas.
25m
 1. Although India is the second largest sh producer of the world, the share of sheries sector in India’s
GDP is negligible. Examine the reasons for this phenomenon and suggest remedies.
Essay
1. Civilization is like a thin layer of ice upon a deep ocean of chaos and darkness.
2. India is rich in people, rich in culture, rich in resources and rich in trouble.

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35 Comments on “[Food Processing] Fisheries: Freshwater,

Aquaculture, Shrimpfarming: supply chain, upstream, downstream,
Marine Policy, Fisherman Welfare Scheme”

Basketball is life REPLY

Tnxxxxxxxxxxx a ton

prashant kumar REPLY

 thanks a lot sir. god bless you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

sakthi REPLY

stop “muwaahing” ladies… this is a public forum ha ha :P…

 M@YUR REPLY

hehehehehe………

 Abhiram REPLY

LOL….

Dinesh Nubed REPLY

You are ‘Bharat nu Gaurav’. You may have read thousands of comments
praising you and your e orts and will read the same endlessly in your life. But
when I write this, I’m crying. Crying for getting a guide like you in a case when
nobody is to guide me in the remotest of the remote area I live. You are made
to light the way of others. I bow you and mein aapke paanv padhta huun.
Aapke roop mein maine ek chanakya paa liya he. Mrunal bhai: no more words.
Thanks a lot.You are the one who guides us for entire 2025 marks- the one
man army. GOD BLESS U sir.

 Bhor REPLY

wah mere bhai….

REPLY
 gaurav
dont be so overwhelmed, he actually is doing all these for his own
sake,this is marketing strategy, no wonder if one day u wil nd mrunal
institutes,publisher in his name,he is at product devt cycle right
now….but his knowledge is commendable i must say..

DEEPAK AGRAWAL REPLY

plz send me the detailed syll. of ias and tell me about the study material &
study plan and few points to crack the examination

MANOJ K SINGH REPLY

MCQ SOLUTION

1.D

2.A

Yellow Fin Tuna not extinct

 ZING REPLY

1. ka A ni hona chaiye?

 MANOJ K SINGH REPLY

No . See table not eastern part .

 Western part .
WESTERN > EASTERN
42% > 28%

 Dc REPLY

1D
2D

 Dc REPLY

As yellow n tuna found in the DEEP waters around Lakshadweep.

jude_lucy REPLY

Hey, are we supposed to do Statistics this year? Since it’s not mentioned in
syllabus, and until last year, it was mentioned. I sincerely hope Stats is still
there. The only constant of UPSC. Is it hidden somewhere b/w the lines, where
I could not infer it? Or is it gone.

 fan REPLY

its gone !

 jude_lucy REPLY

any idea on the second comment?

jude_lucy REPLY
 and any idea how/where to do the “Post independence , consolidation and
reorganization” part
and the Part ” People’s representation Act” I suppose it doesn’t means the
bare act but the silent features.

 harpreet s kukreja REPLY

read ‘India After Gandhi’ by R.Guha…it is the best

 Bhor REPLY

post independence consolidation not only means consolidating princely

states , it means consolidating in territorial and in emotional term,
consolidating across caste , religion,region,languages. it also means
means consolidation of our various Institution such as judiciary, election
commission etc . so overall consolidation of India as NATION AS WELL AS
STATE is to be studied under this topic.

 G-FOX REPLY

i concur! very well put, Bhor.

jude_lucy REPLY

Salient*

Uday Kumar Jha REPLY

Thanks a lot Bhai Saheb!!!

Splendid and unmatched contribution…
 ravi REPLY

thanks again sir

aditya REPLY

MRUNAL SIR KI JAI HO !!!!!!!! JIYA HO BIHAR KE LAALA !!!!

 Bhor REPLY

ha ha ha ha ha h

chandu REPLY

Essay questions are very interesting.Thank you.

anwar ali REPLY

thanks alot sir

anxiously waiting for next…….

anil dutt sharma REPLY

a well crafted info gift. thanks

navneet REPLY
 Law and regulations:
The legislatures in India have the power to make laws and regulations with
respect to many subjects including sheries, as well as the preservation,
protection and improvement of stock and the prevention of animal disease. At
the Central level, Indian Fisheries Act (1897), which penalizes the killing of sh
by poisoning water and by using explosives; the Environment (Protection) Act
(1986), being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environmental
related issues a ecting sheries and aquaculture industry in India, Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) and the Wild Life Protection
Act (1972) are the most important laws.

Saba Alam REPLY

Thank you so much for Posting Invaluable Materials for GS Papr 4 on Ethichs,
Integrity and Morality.Plz keep on the track.God Bless You!

lulu REPLY

Isn’t the Indian coastline 7517km long and not 8100km?

 Ajay vashisht REPLY

7515 IS FOR MAINLAND INDIA AND IF U INCLUDE LAKSHADWEEP, A ND

D ISLANDS THEN THAT GOES ABOVE 8100 KMS

aruna REPLY

sir, can u give notes on surrogacy ……

 Mrunal (https://mrunal.org) REPLY

 Surrogacy article already given: click me
(https://mrunal.org/2012/09/polity-surrogate.html)

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