Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology

CIVL 4750 Numerical Solu5ons to

Geotechnical Problems
Lecture 6: Con-nuum Mechanics and
Cons-tu-ve Models for Soil

Jidong Zhao

 Last & This Lecture
•  Last lecture
–  Slope stability analysis
–  Use of SLOPE/W for slope analysis
–  Tutorials

•  This lecture
–  Con-nuum Mechanics
–  Soil cons-tu-ve models

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 2

 Con5nuum Mechanics
•  Con-nuum assump-on
–  Averaged response of a body of
material, i.e. soil par-cles
•  The body should
be sta-s-cally
representa-ve
•  Lab/Numerical tests

–  Represent a material point

•  Stress-strain rela-ons
•  Nonlinear response
•  Pore water responses

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 3

ES x yx

Stresses
xz

ded body, there are six i ndependent components of stress at a point yz

y

x z

z zy
Shear stress
zx
y
xy

x yx

xz
t ab
yz
y Face of cube Direc-on
face of cube direction
x
From balance of moment
t xy = t yx , t yz y = t zy , t xz = t zx
3

z
Independent stress components
1

t ab

face of cube direction

2

Principal stresses
x
t xy = t yx , t yz = t zy , t xz = t zx
3

z 1 y

here are always thr ee mutually perpendicular planes on which the shear stresses
CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 4
 Stress Invariants
•  Rota-on of coordinates changes the values of stress
components
•  Stress invariants do not change with coordinate system

Hydrosta-c axis
•  Principal stresses

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 5

 Strains

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 6

 Elas5city
•  Elas-c rela-on – generalized Hooke’s Law

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 7

 Plas5city
•  Elas-city – the material body is linear and
elas-c

•  Plas-city – plas-c yielding

is apparent
–  Dominant in soils
–  Elas-city is far from accurate
–  Coulomb failure criterion (1773), Tresca (1864), Von Mises (1913)
–  Mathema-cal theory of Plas-city (Hill, 1998)
•  Yield surface
•  Flow rule
•  Hardening laws

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 8

 1D Plas5c Behavior

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 9

 Yield Func5on

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 10

 Yield Func5on Example

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 11

 Von Mises Yield Func5on

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 12

 Mohr-Coulomb Yield Criterion

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 13

 Other Failure Criteria

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 14

 Strains & Plas5c Flow

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 15

 Soil Models

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 16

 Linear Elas5c Model: Transverse Isotropy

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 17

 Gibson Soil
Increasing s5ffness with depth

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 18

 Nonlinear Elas5city: Duncan-Chang Model
•  Incremental stress-strain rela-on

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 19

 Elas5c-perfectly Plas5c Model- DP Model
•  Drucker-Prager model with tension cutoff

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 20

 Elas5c-perfectly Plas5c Model- MC Model
•  Mohr-Coulomb model with tension cutoff

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 21

 Modified Cam-clay Model
•  MCC: an incremental hardening/socening EP model
–  Nonlinear elas-city, hardening/socening by volumetric plas-c strain
–  Failure envelope ellipse in p-q space
–  Shear flow associated. No tension allowed.

•  The concept of cri-cal state

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 22

 Modified Cam-clay Model

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 23

 Modified Cam-clay Model
•  The concept of cri-cal state
•  A soil con-nues to deform under shear at constant stress and
constant void ra-o
•  Stress ra-o is constant
•  No volumetric change, just shear flow

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 24

 MCC – Yield Func5on

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 25

 MCC-Associated Plas5c Flow Rule

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 26

 MCC-Incremental Elas5c Rela5on

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 27

 MCC Response: drained TC – K0

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 28

 MCC Response: drained TC

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 29

 MCC Response: Lightly OC Soil
Lightly over-consolidated soil

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 30

 MCC Response: Heavily OC Soil
Heavily overconsolidated soil

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 31

 Calibra5on of Model Parameters
•  For Modified Cam-clay model
–  Triaxial tests

–  Oedometer tests

–  Index tests
•  Plas-c limit
•  Liquid limit
–  Pre-consolida-on pressure
•  Determine the ini-al shape of yield func-on

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 32

 Typical Values for Model Parameters
Elas-c Constant for isotropic Rocks (Lab scale)

Elas-c Constant for anisotropic Rocks (Lab scale)

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 33

 Typical Values for Model Parameters
Elas-c Constant for Soils

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 34

 Typical Values for Model Parameters
Strength Proper5es for Rocks

Strength Proper5es for Soils

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 35

 Typical Values for Model Parameters
Duncan-Chang Model parameters

CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 36

 Summary
•  Con-nuum Mechanics
•  Material point – Cauchy postulate
•  Defini-on of stress and strain
•  Cons-tu-ve models for soils/rocks
•  Isotropic/anisotropic linear elas-c model
•  Nonlinear elas-c model (Duncan-Chang Model)
•  Elasto-perfect-plas-c model (DP/MC models)
•  Elasto-plas-c hardening/socening model (MCC)
•  Important concepts
–  Linear/nonlinear, homogeneous/nonhomogeneous
–  Isotropic/anisotropic, elas-c/plas-c

•  Next lecture
•  2D FEM for stress-strain analysis
CIVL 4750 | Lecture 6 | HKUST 37