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College Magazine 2009

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYMETACRYLATE


MICROSPHERE OF METFORMIN BY SPHERICAL
CRYSTALLIZATION
Jain S.*, Bhowmick M., Pandey G.K., Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Microsphere which are matrix system containing the drug throughout the structure are potential
candidate for oral controlled release. Methacrylate copolymers (Eudragit RS) have received
increased attention for preparing sustained dosage forms because of their inertness, solubility in
relatively non-toxic solvents and availability of resins with different propertie. Metformin is an
anti-hyperglycemic agent, which improves glucose tolerance in type -2 diabetes. Biological half-
life of metformin is 1.5-1.6hr. and the main site of its absorption is proximal small intestine.
Present investigation describes the formulation and development of sustained drug delivery
system of Metformin. Polymethacrylate microspheres containing Metformin were prepared in
four different drug to carrier ratio F1(1:0.5), F2(1:1), F3(1:3) and F4(1:3) by using spherical
crystallization technique. The prepared microspheres were characterized for particle size, particle
shape, flow property, percentage yield, drug entrapment, stability studies, In-vitro drug release.
The shape of microspheres was found to be spherical by scanning electron microscope. The size
of microsperes was found to be ranging 45.2 µm to 224.6µm. All formulation showed good flow
property in terms of angle repose. Percentage yield and entrapment efficiency was in the range of
79.11, 87.15% and 82.31,95.16% w/w respectively. No appreciable difference was observed in
the extent of degradation of product during 60 days in the microspheres which were stored at
various temperatures.
MICROCHIP FOR DRUG DELIVERY

OMRE R.K.*; SAHU R.; PANDEY G.K.; BHOWMICK M.; DUBEY B.K.
TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Much research has been ongoing in the quest to find an ideal system for drug delivery within the
human body. Drug delivery is a very important aspect of medical treatment. The effectiveness of
many drugs is directly related to the way in which they are administered. Unfortunately, this can
make it very difficult to select the proper drug delivery system. Some therapies require that the
drug repeatedly administered to the patient over a long period of time, or in specific amounts at a
time in order to maximize drug effectiveness. It is of a great advantage to find a drug delivery
device that is capable of controlled, pulsatile or continuous release of a wide variety of drugs and
other therapeutics that can be safely implanted inside the body. This device is less complex and
much more dependable than the devices that attempt to control drug release rate (i.e. electro-
mechanical or polymer systems). The microchip can be created by general microfabrication
techniques and can also be self-contained, which eliminates the need for patient or doctor
intervention. The proposed device described (assuming one dose per day) can last over a year;
however, the delivery abilities do depend on patient need.
NITROUS OXIDE: ENHANCER OF NEURODEGENERATION OF THE BRAIN

Ankit B.*, Rajvaidhya S., Prajapati N, Bhowmick M., Dubey B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Recent studies revealed that nitric oxide act as a key mediator of neurodegeneration in numerous
diseases of the nervous system, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and ischemic brain injury. Nitrous oxide was already reported as
neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and mediator of blood vessel dilation. In addition to its physiologic
functions it can convert into highly reactive and toxic molecules that readily react with cellular
component of the body like proteins, DNA, and lipids to alter their function. Nitric oxide is produced
from L-arginine by different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. The free radical activity of Nitric oxide can
cause cellular damage through a phenomenon known as nitrosative stress. Nitrous oxide has been
shown to modify protein function by nitrosylation and nitrotyrosination, contribute to glutamate
excitotoxicity, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complexes, participate in organelle fragmentation, and
mobilize zinc from internal stores. In this poster, we discuss the evidence for each of these mechanisms
in different neurodegenerative diseases and propose future directions for research of the role of Nitric
oxide in neurodegeneration.

ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING


Chaturvedi Aditi*, Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Most scientists and governments say they agree that animal testing should cause as little
suffering as possible, and that alternatives to animal testing need to be developed. The "three Rs"
first described by Russell and Burch in 1959, are guiding principles for the use of animals in
research in many countries:

Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information
from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.

Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and
enhance animal welfare for the animals still used. Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-
animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim.

Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico
computer simulation. However, some claim they are not true alternatives since simulations use
data from prior animal experiments and cultured cells often require animal derived products,
such as serum. Others say that they cannot replace animals completely as they are unlikely to
ever provide enough information about the complex interactions of living systems. Other
alternatives, not subject to this criticism, involve the use of humans for skin irritancy tests and
donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. Another alternative is so-called microdosing, in
which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well
below those expected to produce whole-body effects

Dietary Antioxidant During Cancer Chemotherapy


Dhakar Suresh, Dhakar Kahar, Pathak Brijesh Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT
Several studies suggest that dietary supplementation with antioxidants can influence the response to
chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects that results from treatment with
antineoplastic agents. Administration of antineoplastic agents results in oxidative stress, i.e., the
production of free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress reduces the rate of
cell proliferation, and that occurring during chemotherapy may interfere with the cytotoxic effects of
antineoplastic drugs, which depend on rapid proliferation of cancer cells for optimal activity.
Antioxidants detoxify ROS and may enhance the anticancer effects of chemotherapy. For some
supplements, activities beyond their antioxidant properties, such as inhibition of topoisomerase II or
protein tyrosine kinases, may also contribute. ROS cause or contribute to certain side effects that are
common to many anticancer drugs, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and mutagenesis. ROS also
contribute to side effects that occur only with individual agents, such as doxorubicin-induced
cardiotoxicity, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxidants
can reduce or prevent many of these side effects, and for some supplements the protective effect
results from activities other than their antioxidant properties. Certain side effects, however, such as
alopecia and myelosuppression, are not prevented by antioxidants, and agents that interfere with these
side effects may also interfere with the anticancer effects of chemotherapy.

VALIDATION: AN INTEGRAL PORTION OF QUALITY SYSTEM

Sharma Ankita, Basedia Deepak, Prajapati N., Ahmed K., Dubey B.K.
TIT College Of Pharmacy
Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Validation study is an essential part of GMP and should be conducted in accordance with predefined
protocols .Processes and procedures should be conducted in accordance with predefined protocols
.Processes and procedures should be established on the basis of a validation study and undergo periodic
revalidation to ensure that they remain capable of achieving the intended results .The purpose of
validation is To determine the contents of the typical validation program To examine the contents of the
typical variety To critically access or assess the value of these components To propose methods
advantageous from the perspectives of both cost and performance. Process validation elements and
concepts should be considered as per FDA acceptable guidelines .The guidelines for process validation
are issued under the CFR section 10.90 (Code for Federal Registration ,USFDA).They are applicable to
manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

The objectives of validation of a new product is to ensure that the product can consistently be made in
compliance with all CGMP requirements, to ensure that all quality systems are in place to guarantee
consistently high quality..

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

An antibody is produced by a single clone of cells (specifically, a single clone of hybridoma


cells) and therefore a single pure homogeneous type of antibody. Monoclonal antibodies can be
produced in large amounts in the laboratory and are a cornerstone of immunology. The term
"monoclonal" pertains to a single clone of cells, a single cell and the progeny of that cell.
Monoclonal antibodies are quickly becoming key resources in the therapeutic, diagnostic and
drug discovery fields. With the phenomenal growth in the market for monoclonal antibodies, it
becomes even more critical to explore diverse methods of design, production and application of
technologies to provide the antibodies needed. This article will provide researchers with key
updates on important developments in the monoclonal antibody field covering generation,
optimization, drug discovery research, and in vivo diagnostics.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING


DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF LANSOPRAZOLE
Bhawsar V.*, Bhowmick M., Dubey B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar, BHEL Bhopal - 462021
ABSTRACT

The design of an oral controlled drug delivery system should be primarily aimed at achieving more
predictable and increased bioavailability of drugs. However, the development process is precluded
by several physiological difficulties, such as an inability to restrain and localize the drug delivery
system within desired regions of gastro intestinal tract and the highly variable nature of gastric
emptying process. Various attempts have been made to prolong the retention time of the dosage
form in the stomach. Gastro retentive dosage forms have potential for oral use as controlled drug
delivery system and an attempt was made to prepare a device that remains buoyant in the stomach
contents due to its lower density than that of gastric fluids. Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor,
used in the treatment of ulcer and reflux oesophagitis. It has short plasma and elimination half life.
In the present study, Floating microspheres containing Lansoprazole was prepared by emulsion
solvent diffusion method using various ratios of Eudragit RS 100 (ES) and
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The Prepared floating Microspheres were characterized for
particle size, particle shape, angle of repose, bulk density, true density, compressibility, porosity,
percentage yield, drug entrapment, in vitro floating behavior and for in vitro drug release. FT-IR
study confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. Percentage entrapment
was found to decrease on increasing the concentration of HPMC. The floating ability was tested in
0.1 N HCL containing 0.02 % Tween. The drug release rate was tested in 0.1 N HCL (pH 1.2)
containing Tween 20 (0.02% w/v) or phosphate buffer pH 6.8 containing Tween 80 (0.05%w/v). The
formulation containing EC:HPMC (9:1) demonstrated favorable in vitro floating and in vitro release
rate characteristics.

NANOROB OTS: MEDICINE OF THE FUTURE

Rathore Y.S.*, Srivastava A., Pandey G.K.,Bhowmick M.,Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

This application of Nanotechnology to the field of medicine is commonly called as


nanomedicine. Machines constructed at the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure
the human body of its various ills. Nanorobots are Nanodevices that will be used for the purpose
of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens.
The proposed application of nanorobots can range from common cold to dreadful disease like
cancer. Some such example can be pharmacyte,respirocyte,microbivores,chromallocyte and
many more.
The idea to built a Nanorobot comes from the fact that the body’s natural nanodevices ;the
Neutraphiles, Lymphocytes and White blood cells constantly rove about the body repairing
damaged tissue, attacking and eating invading microorganisms, and sweeping up foreign
particles for various organs to break down or excrete. Nanorobotics is emerging as a demanding
field dealing with miniscule things at molecular level.

A REVIEW ON IMMUNOMODULATOR HERBAL MEDICINAL PLANTS

Jain Nidhi, , Dubey Abhijeet, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021
ABSTRACT

The immune system is a well-organized and well regulated system and any disturbance may lead
to the development of Immune diseases. Many synthetic drugs are available to treat Immune disease
but they have adverse effects. Many herbs and other substances are used by cultures around the world
to nourish and support immunity and protect us from a multitude of disease causing micro-organisms,
with a proven advantage and favorable benefit-to-risk ratio. The present review is focused on the
medicinal plants which have Immunomodulatory effects based on the chemical constituents present in
that particular plant, animal studies and clinical studies made on that plant. Some of the important
drugs having the immunomodulatory activity are Echinacea, Ashwagandha, Ginseng, Aloe and Garlic.

Echinacea has Immunostimulatory properties to target both non-specific and specific immune
function. Ashwagandha is considered to be an adaptogen. Ginseng, the Asian herb stimulates the
immune resistance to infection. Garlic is an immune modifier and Aloe posses the immunomodulatory
effects.

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

Pushpa anand*,Shagufta Khan,Tripti Tiwari, Mithun Bhowmick,B.K Dubey

TIT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BHOPAL M.P

ABSTRACT

Since the beginning of this century, 2000, science and engineering has seen a rapid increase in interest
for materials at the nano-scale. In fact, statistical data from Lux Research, Inc. shows that worldwide
spending on research and development of nano-technology is in excess of $8 billion . The United States
government alone is spending over $1 billion annually . Nano-materials have attracted such a strong
interest because of the physical, electronic, and magnetic properties resulting from their quantum size.
The potential for nano-technology is immensely diverse with potential applications in the fields of
electronics, biomedical devices, energy applications, military uses, and waste management . Nano-
materials could be utilized to design nano-transistors, to develop and deliver medicines for locally
treating diseases and ailments within the body, and for the creation new age weapons and armor for
military applications . Ultimately, nano-technology has the potential to offer new, inexpensive, and
more efficient materials for a greater range of applications than achievable by bulk materials today.
Within the field of nano-materials under worldwide research is the subset of magnetic nano-materials.
This paper will discuss the bottom-up synthesis of magnetic nano-particles via thermal decomposition of
metal-carbonyl complexes, describe some of the methods used to characterize magnetic particles, and
discuss current research for application of these particles.Magnetic nanoparticles are a class
of nanoparticle which can be manipulated using magnetic field. Such particles commonly consist of
magnetic elements such as iron, nickel and cobalt and their chemical compounds. These particles have
been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see
potential use in catalysis biomedicine magnetic resonance imaging data storage and environmental
remediation The physical and chemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles largely depend on the
synthesis method and chemical structure. In most cases, the particles range from 1 to 100 nm in size and
may displaysuperparamagnetism.

Magnetic nanoparticles is used as targeted drug delivery. Drug coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
can be drawn to the site that needs the drugs with a magnetic field.

CLINICAL PREDICTORS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by heterogeneity of clinical presentations, association of


signs and symptoms, rate of progression, and response to therapy. The aim of this prospective
5-year study was to evaluate whether clinical features at onset were predictive of the
subsequent progression. Two courses were identified which differed in the characteristics at
onset. Slow course was characterized by earlier age at onset, lateralization of motor signs, rest
tremor, and absence of gait disturbance. Rapid course presented older age, less evident
lateralization of signs, predominance of bradykinesia rigidity and gait disturbance. Our results
confirmed that PD is clinically heterogeneous and specific patterns of onset seem to be
associated with different rates of disease progression. Predictive models based on these clinical
characteristics have a good sensitivity in indicating a slow disease progression but are not
reliable in indicating a rapid evolution.

NEEDLE FREE INJECTION TECHNOLOGY


Shukla V*,Namdeo V,Kamal Ahmed,Prajapati N.K. , Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Needle free technology offers the very obvious benefit of reducing patients concern about the use of
needle.For some, especially those suffering from chronic disease requiring injectable products two or
three times a day. This process is an ongoing reality of daily life .For example diabetics-accepted, but
always with the hope that something new will replace the ritual of needle insertion to overcome the
problems related to needle based injections. There is one technology that has received considerable
attention during the past few years and that offers all of the sought after benefits is Needle Free
Injection Technology(NFIT).This technology was first described in 19th century in France , when the
French company –H Galante-manufactured an’apparatus for aquapuncture’. Since then the demand had
increased considerably .It was first commercialized in the U.S. in1960s.The condition can occur at any
age but is rare in infants.Mhi-500is the novel needle fre insulin delivery system which offers benefits for
all those involved in diabetes care and also for those involved in the management of clinical waste. The
mhi-500 injects insulin by using a fine , high presuure jet of insulin. This jet then penetrates the tissue ,
depositing the insulin in the subcutaneous layer.The new device is expected to give a boost to the
therapy, as needle phobia was one of the reasons preventing insulin use on a wider scale.Biojects needle
free injection technology works by forcing liquid medication at high speed through a tiny orifice that is
held against the skin.This create an ultra fine stream of high pressure that penetrates the skin without
using a needle.

CHLOROPHYLL-AS POTENT ANTIOXIDANT

Dhakar Brijmohan,Gupta Amit ,Jain Gaurav, Rajvaidhya S, Prajapati N, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Call it by any name,’Green Gold’ or ‘Plant Blood’ , chlorophyll is a proven pigment of life.Chlorophyll is
the most important plant pigment amd a’real life force’that nature uses to explode plants into
greenery.It is not a single compound but made of two claasical components-the bluish black
Chlorophyll-A and dark green Chlorophyll-B.

Green tea guards against catrdio vascular disease in many different ways. It lowers cholesterol and
blood pressure and reduces platelet aggregation. Its epigallocatechin gallate, an antioxidant, is reported
to be at least 100 times more effective than Vitamin-C and 25 times more effective than Vitamin-E at
protecting cells and DNA from damage, is believed to be linked to high disease and cancer. Chlorophyll
has been used in folk medicine as a deodorizer. It is effective for those suffering from halitosis(bad
breath) and can be used for a freshening gargle. It is used in treating diabetic foot ulcer, constipation
and hemhorrhoids used to neutralize the acidifying stimulating of excess protein , sugars and starch.
Chlorophyll is a colouring agent in products such as soaps , candy and in formulations for skin health and
glow.

SWINE INFLUENZA-A ZOONOSIS


Sharma V., Chaudhary P., Kumar P*, Dushyant barve, B.K. Dubey

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Swine influenza (also called swine flu, pig flu) is an infection by any one of several types of swine
influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic
in pigs. The known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2,
H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.Transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals
and also to people who work with poultry and swine. Symptoms -In pigs produces fever, lethargy,
sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite. In humans include fever, cough, sore
throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Treatment -The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention recommends the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) for the treatment
and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses. Oseltamivir: An antiviral drug that slows the
spread of influenza (flu) virus between cells in the body by stopping the new virus from chemically
cutting ties with its host cell. Zanamivir: Neuraminidase inhibitor used in the treatment and prophylaxis
of Influenza virus A and Influenza virus B.

SAFED MUSLI; A DIVYA AUSHADHI

Raikwal l.*, Barve D.,Pandey S., Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Sofed musli,the root of chlorophytum borivillianum,belonging family liliaceae,is a valued gift of nature
,it is used in many preparation of ayurveda,unani,from ancient and presenting getting allopathic
consideration too.There are around 256 varieties of chlorophytum in the world,which are yet known in
which around 17 varieties are found in India.It is an annual herb with tubers,crown,leaf,fiower and
natural occurs in forests of Gujrat,m.p.,and maharastra state.It contain many phytoconstituants of
pharmaceutical important including Saponine,Glycerides,Alkaloids ,fibers etc.Traditionally it is used as
health tonic aphrodisiac, immunomodulator and also in treatment of diabetes,arthritis. These article
provide the complete information about this drug,mainly emphosis on its uses,global demand and
production,which is beneficial for the individuals health as well as wealth
RESEALED ERYTHROCYT E: AS A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY
CARRIER

Tiwari S., Dubey S., Bhowmick M., Dubey B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Erythrocytes (RBCs) have potential carrier capabilities for the delivery of drugs. Erythrocytes are
biocompatible, biodegradable, possess long circulation half lives, and can be loaded with a variety of
biologically active compounds using various chemical and physical methods. Erythrocytes have been
extensively studied for their potential carrier capabilities for the delivery of drugs and drug-loaded
microspheres. Such drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes are simply prepared by collecting blood samples
from the interested organism, separating erythrocytes from plasma, entrapping drug in erythrocytes, and
resealing the resultant cellular carriers. Hence, these carriers are called resealed erythrocytes. The overall
process is based on the response of these cells under osmotic conditions. Upon reinjection, the drug-
loaded erythrocytes serve as slow circulating depots and target the drugs to a reticuloendothelial system
(RES).Resealed erythrocytes have applications in fields of human and veterinary medicine.Such cells
could be used as circulating carriers to disseminate a drug within a prolonged period of time in circulation
or in target-specific organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.A majority of the drug delivery
studies using drug-loaded erythrocytes are in the preclinical phase. Antineoplastic drugs such as
methotrexate, bleomycin, asparginase and adriamycin have been successfully delivered by
erythrocytes.Removal of RES iron overload, Removal of toxic agents and Delivery of antiviral agents are
some other applications of resealed erythrocytes. Biopharmaceuticals, therapeutically significant peptides
and proteins, nucleic acid-based biologicals, antigens and vaccines, are among the recently focused
pharmaceuticals for being delivered using carrier erythrocytes.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS OF FAMILY


LEGUMINOCEAE

Patel R.N., Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Natural products today are most likely going to continue to exist and grow. throughout the
world to become over more valuable as sources of new drug leads. This is because the degree of
chemical diversity found in natural products is broader than that from any other source and the degree
of novelty of molecular structure found in natural products is greater than that determined from any
other sources. Phytochemical investigations on this plant have shown the presence of coumarins,
flavonoids, rotenoids, flavanones and isoflavonones. Extract of this plant shows hepatoprotective
activity in the drug which is due to presence of flavonoid active principles. The higher activity of leaves
extract may be due to synergistic effect of flavonoids present in the drug. Tephrosia purpurea of family
Leguminoceae is a shrab distributed in moist places throught country.Preliminary chemical examination
shows the presence of a flavonoids compound. The crude drug may be of antihistaminic value which is
to be established xperimentally.the work is quite progressive and will be submitted in another paper.
Tephrosia purpurea has been used for centuries in the Indian traditional medicines, for the treatment of
various inflammatory disorders. It is considered beneficial for Liver, Spleen and Kidney disorder. Also it
has the property to cure all types of wounds. Experimental studies suggest that Tephrosia purpurea
extract is antiulcer, antitumor and anticarcinogenic.

RECENT ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

The eye has special attributes that allow local drug delivery and non-invasive treatment of disease, but it
is also a highly complex and unique organ, which makes understanding disease pathogenesis and
ophthalmic drug delivery challenging. For instance, the cornea is the tissue which has no blood supply,
whereas choroid and ciliary processes are highly vascularized and exhibit very high blood flow. A major
problem in ocular therapeutics is the attainment of an optimal drug concentration at the site of action.
Poor bioavailability of drugs from ophthalmic dosage forms is mainly due to the precorneal loss factors
which include tear drainage, insufficient absorption, transient residence time in the cul-de-sac, and the
relative impermeability of the corneal epithelial membrane. Due to these physiological and anatomical
constraints only a small fraction of the drug, effectively 1% or even less of the instilled dose is ocularly
absorbed. The delivery of the drug can be improved by varying the frequency of administration of the
medication or the retention time of medication in contact with the surface of the eye. This review is an
attempt to focus on the recent findings, development in the ocular drug delivery system. Various
approaches being used to improve the corneal penetration of a drug molecule and delay its elimination
from the eye are discussed in details in the present review.
Dengue: Prevention and Management
Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Dengue infection is endemic in tropical countries with new cases reported throughout the year. The
majority of cases are acquired locally (99%). The dengue virus is an arthropod-borne virus or arbovirus.
Dengue (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are caused by one of four closely related, but
antigenically distinct, virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4), of the genus Flavivirus. The
Aedes mosquitoes (mainly Aedes aegypti) becomes infected when it feeds on an infected host that has
viraemia, usually during the time of the fever. Aedes aegypti is a day-biting species with increased biting
activity for 2 hours aftersunrise and several hours before sunset. It is a domestic breeder and breeds in
water containers, discarded tyres, coconut shells, and overhead tanks. The virus develops in the
mosquito for about 8 to 10 days where the virus migrates to the salivary glands. Symptoms: High fever ,
Bleeding manifestations (e.g. petechie, ecchymosis, epistaxis, gum bleeding,heametemssis, melena)
,Thrombocytopenia (<100 X109/L) with Evidence of increased capillary permeability (Haematocrit
increased by >20% above baseline; Pleural effusion; Hypoalbuminaemia).

Treatment: Treatment generally focuses on relieving the symptoms that are caused by the infection.
As with other viral infection bed rest and increased fluid intake are crucial. Blood transfusions can also
be necessary because of the increased bleeding that is often found in dengue patients. Precaution: The
drugs to be avoided are NSAIDs and aspirin, along with any other medication that has a thinning effect
on the blood or can cause increased risk of bleeding. Bleeding is already a huge risk factor for those
suffering from dengue fever, and medications that exacerbate this risk should be avoided at all costs.

SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES


Y.Nema,M.Bhowmick,B.K.Dubey
TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Solid lipid nano particle are colloidal carrier system for the delivery of drugs. These have been reported
to be an alternative system to emulsions, liposomes, microparticles and their polymeric counterparts for
various application routes since the early 1990s due to their advantages. Various research groups have
also increasingly focused on improving their stability in body fluids after administration by coating of
particles with hydrophilic molecules such as poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG) derivatives. Altering surface
characteristics by coating SLN with hydrophilic molecules improves plasma stability and biodistribution,
and subsequent bioavailability of drugs entrapped. Their storage stability is also increased.

ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF FICUS

RACEMOSA LINN.

Dhangar Rajkumar, Singh Bheem, Martin Pankaj Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.
TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The crude extracts of Ficus racemosa (Moraceae) were evaluated for anthelmintic
activity using adult earthworms; the bark extract of Ficus racemosa exhibited a dose-
dependent inhibition of spontaneous motility (paralysis) and evoked responses to pin-
prick. With higher doses (50 mg/ml of aqueous extract), the effects were comparable with
that of 3% piperazine citrate. However ,there was no final recovery in the case of worms
treated with aqueous extract in contrast to piperazine citrate with which the paralysis was
reversible and the worms recovered completely within 5 hr. The result shows that the
aqueous extract possesses wormicidal activity and thus, may be useful as an antelmintic.

NUTRACEUTICLS THE DIABETES CONNECTION

Katre Vipin *, Jain Gaurav, Ahmed Kamaal, Jain Neha, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar, BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Nutracueticals find their application in all spheres of medicine, as memory enhancers, phytochemicals to
protect the immune system, to maintain a healthy heart, as antidiabetics, and in weight loss.
Nutracueticals are different from dietary supplement; they are a blend of pharmaceutical and nutritional
characteristics. They not only supplement diet but also aid in the prevention and disorder. Nutraceutical
are represented for use as a conventional food or as a sole item of meal or diet.

Momordica charanita (bitter melon or karela) is commonly used traditional remedy for diabetes in India,
Africa, Asia, and America. The fruits, leaves, and stem of the plant have all been used to make diabetes
decoction. It is believed to contribute hypoglycemic activity. It acts via both pancreatic and
extrapancreatic mechanisms with decreased hepatic glucose output, increased glucose uptake and
utilization by peripheral tissues, deceased intestinal glucose absorption and increased muscle glycogen
synthesis. Trigonella fornum-graecum (fenugreek or methi): it contains some of the Amino acids, which
act as Insulin Scoretogogues e.g, 4-hydroxy isoleucine, arginine. Much of the hypoglycemic activity is
due to inhibitory effect of mucilaginous fiber on glucose absorption. Fenugreek has been shown to
improve dyslipidemia in subject with diabetes. It decreases both fasting and postprandialblcod glucose
levels.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON WINTERGREEN OIL.

Jain Nidhi, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dhakar Suresh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Wintergreen oil obtained by the steam distillation of the leaves and fruits of the Gaultheria procumbens
Linn. (Ericaceae) is a much branched, evergreen, aromatic shrub, procumbent, distributed in North and
South America, Asia and Australia, India (central and eastern Himalayas, Khasi hills and hills of South
India). The principal constituent of wintergreen oil is methyl salicylate (methyl-2-hydroxy benzoate-
C8H8O3=152.1), which is now produced synthetically and is dispensed when wintergreen oil is prescribed
or demanded. Wintergreen oil is used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, counter irritant,
stimulant, carminative, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, etc. This review attempts to encompass the
available literature on Gaultheria procumbens with respect to its pharmacognostic characters,
traditional uses, phytochemistry and summary of its various pharmacological activities and clinical
effects. Other aspects such as toxicology and precautions of wintergreen oil are also discussed.

THE EFFECT OF GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA CHANGE ON THE RESTING


BEHAVIOUR OF SOCIALLY GROUPED SWINE
Rawat B.K.*; Raghuwanshi A.; Omre R.K.; Pandey G.K.; Bhowmick M.; Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT
The aformentioned research to determine if an intestinal microflora change leads to behavioural
alterations by the individual pigs or their penmates. Pigs were housed in 21 groups of three. In 11
treated groups one of three pigs received three doses of ampicillin; the penmates and pigs in control
pens received placebo doses. It was analysed for aggression, nosing, abnormal and resting behaviour.
Contrary to expectations, the frequency of aggressive behaviour performed was significantly higher in
ampicillin-dosed pigs compared to their untreated penmates and the average of pigs in the control pens.
Resting behaviour was unaffected, although heat pad use decreased. There were no clinical signs of
diarrhea, however a microbiological analysis on fecal samples showed significant changes on day +3
relative to dosing. This study shows that an intestinal microflora shift can alter social behaviour in the
absence of clinical signs. Here we present a review of the literature of influenza modeling studies, and
discuss how these models can provide insights into the future of the currently circulating novel strain of
influenza A (H1N1), formerly known as swine flu.

Gene therapy

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Genes are the basic physical, functional and biological unit of heredity. When genes are altered
so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal function, genetic disorders can
result. Gene therapy is the genetic modification of cells to prevent, alleviate or cure genetic
diseases. It is being investigated as an alternative treatment for a wide range of infectious
diseases. Approaches to gene therapy for infectious diseases can be divided into three broad
categories: (i) gene therapies based on nucleic acid moieties, including antisense DNA or RNA,
RNA decoys, and catalytic RNA moieties (ribozymes); (ii) protein approaches such as
transdominant negative proteins and single-chain antibodies; and (iii) immunotherapeutic
approaches involving genetic vaccines or pathogen-specific lymphocytes. Although the field of
gene therapy has experienced significant setbacks and limited success, it is one of the most
promising and active research fields in medicine. The relevance of gene therapy to medical
practices will increase and it will become important for physicians to understand the basic
principles and strategies that underlie the therapeutic intervention. It is further possible that
combinations of such mentioned approaches will be used simultaneously to inhibit multiple
stages of the life cycle of the infectious agent.

RECENT ADVANCE S IN PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY


BOWEL DISEASE
Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

The Inflammatory bowel disease comprises of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are
heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine. This inflammatory response is
most likely made possible by defects in both the mucosal immune system and the barrier
function of the intestinal epithelium. In despite intensive research, the etiology of Crohn's disease
and ulcerative colitis is still illusive. In the present seminar, attempt was made to delineate the
advances in pathogenesis regarding the immune mediators of intestinal inflammation responsible
for IBD. This information has led to new therapeutic approaches for IBD. The significance of
genetic factors in the development of IBD and the genetic loci which have been implicated
through genome wide searches are discussed. The commensal bacterial flora appears to be a
critical element, particularly in regards to Crohn's disease, although the precise role of the
bacteria in the disease manifestations remains unclear. Current investigations promise to yield
fresh insights in these areas.

HERBAL WAY OF TREATING COUGH

Katre Vipin *, Jain Gaurav , Ahmed Kamaal ,Jain Neha, Dubey B.K.

T.I.T. College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,B.H.E.L

Bhopal-462021

ABSTRACT

Acute cough due to upper respiratory tract infection is a common symptom. Many health practitioners
recommend non-prescription, OTC medicines as a treatment for cough. Codiene and
phenylpropanolamine Toxicity: The principal codeine toxicity clinical manifestations are respiratory
depression and obtundation. A view of clinical findings and the adverse effects of the synthetic
molecules promptly suggest the need of an effective and safe herbal formulation. Several Herbal drugs
are useful in treatment of cough with either absolutely no side effect or very mild and minimal side
effect in isolated cases that too after prolonged use. Vasaka consist of fresh, dried, mature leaves of
Adhatoda zeylanica Media and Adhatoda vasica Nees belonging to the Family Acanthaceae. It is a well
known plant in indigenous system of medicine and is used for its beneficial effect, particularty in
bronchitis. The leaves, flowers and fruits of Adhatoda species are extensively used to treat cold, cough,
chronic bronchitis and asthma.

Tulsi is consists of the dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn belonging to the Family Labiatae and is
commonly known as Holy Basil. It contain essential oil, of which the major components are Eugenol, a-
caryophyllene and a-elemene. The leaves also contains a-carotene and ursolic acid. Eugenol has been
largely respomsible for the therapeutic potentials of tulsi. Mulethi: It consists of the dried roots of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn belonging to the Family Leguminosae and is commonly known as liquorice. It is
used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and chronic cough and as a demulcent. The drug consists of
the glycyrrhizin as the principal constituent.

RECENT ADVANCE S IN BIO-TECHNOLOGY


Sahu Manoj, Singh Sanjay, Singh Bheem, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Modern Biotechnology provides a useful interface for any researcher who is working in the
traditional boundaries of chemistry, biology, engineering or biochemistry.It includes aspects
of computer science, software engineering, mathematics and molecular biology.The present
Biotechnology innovations are promising towards development of food security and health
management.Main areas of biotechnology are environmental Biotechnology, medical
Biotechnology and Bio-informatics. Biotechnological research and development are moving
at a very fast rate.The subject has assumed greatest importance in recent years in the
development of agriculture and human health. With the help of biotechnology we can create
novel genes and genotypes of plants, animals and fish.The application of Biotechnology in
the pharmaceutical sector is a relatively recent practice.The poster gives information of the
current progress and thrust areas in the use of synthetic hormones in, production of monosex,
uniparental and polyploid individuals, molecular biology and transgenesis, Biotechnology in
aquaculture nutrition and health management, gene banking and the marine natural products.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDE RMAL

PATCHES OF REPAGLINIDE

TRIPATHI A.*, SAHU M., RAO N., PUROHIT A.,BHOWMICK M.,DUBEY.B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present investigation was to formulate, design and evaluate Repaglinide
transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) that would provide continuous dosing of Repaglinide at constant
and controlled rate upto predetermined period of time. Repaglinide is an oral insulin secretagogue of
the meglitinide class used in the treatment of type II diabetes. Although it is rapidly, completely
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its bioavailability is low, reduces to one half due to first pass
effect. Its duration of action is short with relatively shorter half-life (~1 hr) hence the dosing frequency is
high.In the present investigation polymers tried were Ethyl cellulose, Cellulose acetate, Acrycoat RL 100,
Eudragit RL 100 and Eudragit NE 30D in some films Polyvinyl pyrrolidone was added as hydrophilic
polymer. Dibutyl phthalate added acted as a plasticizer. The films were prepared by solvent casting
technique. The polymeric films were thin, uniform, flexible and transparent in nature.The dried
polymeric films were evaluated with respect to weight variation, thickness uniformity, tensile strength
and percent elongation at break, folding endurance, content uniformity, in-vitro permeation study,
interaction studies and stability studies.

SKIN CANCER
Ahmed Kamaal, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT
Skin acts as protecting of body which protects the body against heat, light, infection, and injury. It
also stores water, fat, and vitamin D. Skin is composed with mainly two layers and several kinds of
cells. The top layer of skin is called the epidermis which is in direct contact with environment. Like
other cancer skin cancer is manifested by abnormal growth of cells. It mainly affects metaphase
stage of cell division. Causes may include sunburn, heredity, environment etc. Basal cell carcinoma
can be manifested into malignant in later stage. Skin cancer can only be diagnosed biopsy in which
doctor removes cells or tissues from the affected area and examine under a microscope. Skin cancer
can be treated by several methods like surgery, grafting, Radiation therapy, Simple excision, Mohs
micrographic surgery, electro-chemotherapy etc.

Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India: An Overview

Patel Ramlakhan *, Khare Salaj, Jha Urmilesh , Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

People are using herbal medicine from centuries for safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser
side effect. Written records about medication dates back to post Vedic era like Ayurveda. These days
also the herbal drugs are gaining back their popularity in Indian and world wide scenarios. Indian forests
are rich in their vegetations and biodiversity but the present share of India in global market is not up to
the mark. The present article deals with the measures to be adopted for the promotion and of Indian
herbal products world wide. The demand for plant based medicine health products, pharmaceuticals ,
food supplement , cosmetics etc increasing in both developed as well as in developing countries, due to
theirs wider acceptance that the herbal products have lesser toxic side effects and available at less
affordable price. The annual turn over of Indian herbal medicinal industry is about Rs. 2,300 crore as
against the pharmaceutical industries turn over of Rs. 14500 with a growth rate of 15%. India is a second
largest producer of caster side in the world producing about 125000 tones per annum. The major
pharmaceutical exported from India in recent years are isabgol, opium alkaloids, senna derivatives, vinca
extract, cinchona alkaloids, ipeca root alkaloids, menthol, gudmar herb, mehdi etc. The annual turn over
of Indian herbal industries was estimated around US$ 300 million ayurvedic medicine. There are about
8000 drug manufacturer in India but not more than 25 manufacturers can be listed as large scale
manufacturers. The India has grate potential to be a key player as supplier of herbal products to meet
the domestic demand as well as global herbal medicine supplier.

STANDARDISATION OF HERBAL DRUGS


Ankita Sharma, Saurabh Rajvaidhya, B.K.Dubey

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Herbal drugs are ethical drugs obtained from various plant sources having a therapeutic effect on
the complete individual rather than treating merely the symptoms of the disease.The process of
evaluating the quality and purity of crude drug by means of various parameters like
morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological observations is called
‘STANDARDISATION’.It is based on chemical and activity profile of drug and is done in order
to identify botanical source, quality evaluation of crude drugs originating from different
localities ,identification of herbs and medicines, getting recognisation from regulatory bodies
like WHO, FDA, Consumer groups, academic and research groups, have reproducible
specification standards for proving that medicinal plant based drugs are safe, effective and of
standard quality.Thus, standardization is a necessary factor before exporting a drug to the
western countries .With better standardization parameters ,more than 150 pharmaceutical
companies are engaged in the formulation of herbal drugs .More than 500 drugs are formulated
and many more therapeutically active herbal drugs can be discovered using modern scientific
parameters for standardisation.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF MONOLITHIC MATRIX TYPE TRANSDERMAL
PATCHES USING NON-ANTIGENIC AND BIOCOMPATIBLE
POLYMER
SAHU M.*, RAO N., PANDEY G.K., BHOWMICK M.,DUBEY B.K

TIT-COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BHOPAL

ABSTRACT

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) allow delivery of contained drug into the systemic
circulation via permeation through skin layers at a controlled rate while bypassing first pass metabolism
has accelerated Transdermal drug delivery research in the field of pharmaceutics. These systems are
easy to apply and remove as and when desired. This approach of drug delivery is more pertinent in case
of chronic disorders, such as hypertension, which require long term dosing to maintain therapeutic drug
concentration. One of the major limitations of TDDS is that sometimes it may induce an irritation or
sensitization reaction of the skin. These skin reactions may be elicited by the drug itself or by the
materials used to fabricate the devices. Patch testing of some TDDSs has revealed that some of these
skin reactions are directed against the device and are not due to drugs. One probable approach to
minimize the device associated adverse skin reactions of TDSs is to use highly biocompatible and non-
antigenic biopolymers such as chitosan for their fabrication. In the present investigation Monolithic
matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems of Atenolol was prepared using the natural polymer,
chitosan. Atenolol is a β1 blocker, incompletely absorbed from GIT and the mean elimination half-life is
6-7 hours. The bioavailability of the drug is 40-50%. Atenolol is used to treat cardiovascular diseases and
conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, angina and to treat and reduce
the risk of heart complications following myocardial infarction.The aim of this work is to investigate the
possibility of obtaining a prolonged, relatively constant effective level of Atenolol from transdermal drug
delivery system using natural, biocompatible polymer chitosan. This type of matrix TDDS was prepared
by using Solvent Evaporation technique. Characterisation of polymeric films were performed by
evaluating factors such as thickness uniformity, Folding endurance, Moisture uptake, Weight variation,
Drug content uniformity, skin irritation test, drug polymer interaction by FTIR, In-vitro permeation
studies of drug loaded patch in modified Franz diffusion cell. From the IR studies it is seen that there is
no interaction between drug and polymer, which shows that drug is compatible with polymer. Kinetic
study was performed and the formulation showed zero order release by diffusion mechanisim. Further
work is necessary to study in vivo release characteristics.

HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES


Dixit A.*, Bhowmick M., Pandey G.K. , Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Through a scheme or engineered plan known as Hybridoma technology, scientists are now able to
produce large quantities of immune system cells including both antibodies and lymphokines. The
readymade supply of these materials has not only revolutionized immunology but has also created a
great impact throught medicine and pharmaceutical industry.This technique is based on somatic cell
hybridization. Antibodies producing B-lymphocytes fused with myeloma cell(cancer cell) to produce a
Hybridoma cell. This fusion is performed by making both cell membranes more permeable. This
Hybridoma cell obtained retains the properties of the parent cell, that is antibody secretion property of
B-lymphocyte and uncontrolled division property of cancer cell. Since this antibodies are produced by a
clone of specific lymphocyte these are called as monoclonal antibodies.Such monoclonal antibodies, as
they are formed, have opened innovating approaches to prevent, diagnose and treat disease. These
monoclonal antibodies are used to distinguish subsets of B-cells and T-cells. This technology is not only
used to for basic research but also for identifying various type of Leukemia`s (blood cancer) &
lymphomas and allowing doctors to tailor treatment accordingly. Quantization the number of B-Cells &
T-Helper cells is all important in immune disorders such as AIDS. These monoclonal antibodies are
widely used to track cancer antigens and linked to anticancer agents, to attack cancer metastases. These
antibodies are also useful in the several serological test for detection of antigens and pathogens in quick
and accurate manner.

INTELLIGENT BUT STILL ILLITRATES


Paleriya N,Jain P,Gupta N,Jain G,Dubey B.K.
TIT College of Pharmacy
Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

India has become a dumping ground for banned drugs; also the business for production of
banned drugs is booming. In spite of several initiatives, the authorities have allowed a
number of internationally disapproved drugs to circulate in the Indian market. Even countries
like Bangladesh banned this drug for both adults and children, but Indian Government has
turned a blind eye to the issue. Since the drugs are not banned, chemists and stockists have
no reason not to sell them or warn users about the controversy that engulfs the medicines.
One of the functions of the programme is to assess the benefit, harm, effectiveness and risk
of medicines; encourage their safe, rational and proper use; and improve patient care and
safety in relation to the use of medicines.
EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY – BASED MEDICAL
INFORMATION WEBSITES FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS

Soni R.; Soni R.N.; Omre R.K.; Pandey G.K.; Bhowmick M.; Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the various drug information queries received, and to assess the quality of services provided
by drug information center (DIC) of the pharmacy practice department. The drug information queries
during ward round, by telephone, direct access, internet, etc. These forms were evaluated
retrospectively for a period of 12 month. The quality of drug information services provided was assessed
both from the receiver’s as well as from the provider’s perspective was evaluated by using the guide
lines from the DSE/WHO seminar. Assessment and evaluation of drug information services were carried
out in three step –

1-The step involved retrospective evaluation of drug information request and documentation from for a
period of 12 month.

2- Secondly step, the quality of services provided was assess from the receiver perspective through a
questionnaire compressing question, pertaining to awareness.

3-The third step involved the assessment of quality of drug information services from the provider’s
perspective by using the guild line from the DSE/WHO

Pharmacy Practice and Education in India: Current Issues and Trends


Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy, Anand Nagar, BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Pharmacy education and practice has a significant impact on the health improvements of a nation.
Pharmacists represent the third largest healthcare professional group in the world. Pharmacists work in
the community, in hospitals, and in other medical facilities as members of the health care team and
have special responsibilities for the safe use of medicines. In developed nations, in addition to
traditional dispensing, pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients in response to drug
therapy and provide patient care that focuses on prevention of diseases and patient outcomes, and
accordingly educational curriculum is designed. Formal pharmacy education in India started (B. Pharm.
in BHU in 1937) long before the enactment of Pharmacy Act, 1948 and the formulation of the Education
Regulations in the year 1953. India has made rapid progress in pharmacy education over the last two
decades. This paper seeks to sketch the status of pharmacy practice in India vis-à-vis pharmacy
education, standards of education, and changes are being undertaken, and then pay particular attention
to the need for required actions to strengthen the curriculum and the profession. The pharmacy practice
concept was realized with the dawn of independence in 1947. The Pharmacy Act,1 1948 was the first
landmark, which came into existence in response to recommendations of Drugs Enquiry Committee
(Chopra committee) constituted in 1930, and report of Health Survey and Development Committee,
1943 (Bhore committee).The Chopra committee in its report recommended among others setting up of
courses for training in pharmacy and prescribing minimum qualifications for registration as a
pharmacist. The Bhore committee emphasized the need of government to control practice of pharmacy
and provide educational facilities for licentiate pharmacists.

LYOPHILIZATION

Rawat Shailendra*, Barve Dushyant, Jain Amit, Dubey B.K.


TIT College of Pharmacy
Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal - 462021
ABSTRACT

Lyophilization is a promising approach to ensure the long-term stability of liposomes. After


decades of studies in this field, different lyoprotective mechanisms, such as water replacement
and vitrification models, have been proposed. Much progress has been made in developing
highly stable liposomes after lyophilization based on optimization of formulation and process
parameters. Here, this paper reviews the lyoprotective mechanisms, the parameters affecting the
lyoprotective effect and the techniques used in a large number of studies. The parameters are
discussed with regard to the following two aspects: (1) the formulation factors: the choice of
drug, the lipid bilayer composition, vesicle size, selection of lyoprotectants, combination of
lyoprotectants and additives, dry mass ratio of lyoprotectant to lipid, distribution of lyoprotectant
on the two sides of lipid bilayers and others, which are the key factors determining the
lyoprotective effect of freeze-dried liposomes. (2) The technological factors: freezing protocols,
drying protocols, storage conditions and others, which are the extrinsic factors affecting the
stability of freeze-dried cakes. Moreover, encapsulated solute/drug retention (ESR), gel-to-liquid
crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm) and glass transition temperature (Tg) are selected as
indicators to investigate the protective effect during this process. Finally, the major areas and
future potential of research on lyophilized liposomes are highlighted.

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
Sharma Vinay*, Barve Dushyant, Bhatere Dagendra

TIT College of Pharmacy


Anand Nagar,BHEL
Bhopal - 462021
ABSTRACT

Somatic embryogenesis is an asexual form of plant propagation in nature that mimics many of the
events of sexual reproduction. Also, this process may be reproduced artificially by the manipulation of
tissues and cells in vitro, in which somatic embryos are formed from single cells cultivated in liquid or
solid medium. Cell suspensions can be plated onto solid media where cells grow into a callus from which
plants can often be regenerated. Some of the most important factors for successful plant regeneration
are the culture medium and environmental incubation conditions. In vitro somatic embryogenesis is an
important prerequisite for the use of many biotechnological tools for genetic improvement, as well as
for mass propagation.

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