CONTENTS

TOPIC’S PAGE NO.

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

3. SUB-STATION 6-7

4. ELETRICAL INSTRUMENTS 8

5. TRANSFORMER 9-13

6. PARTS OF TRANSFORMER 14-16

7. CURRENT TRANSFORMER 17-18

8. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 19-22

9. CAPACITOR BANK 23

10. 11KV INCOMING INDOOR 24

11. CONTROL PANNEL 25-26

12. BUS BARS 27-28

13. CIRCUIT BREAKER 29-31

14. LIGHTNING ARRESTER 32-33

15. POWER-LINE COMMUNICATION 34

16. ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR 35-36

17. ELECTRICAL INSULATOR 37-38

18. BATTERY ROOM 39

19. OVER CURRENT RELAY 40

20. EARTH FAULT REALY 41-42

21. TOOLS USE IN ELECTRICAL 43-47

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Nothing cocrte can be achieved without an optimum

combination of instection and perspiration I owe a lot to many

for instiration path. But thinking people who have contributed

to a training of a train we is a little like saying thanks at the

academy awards.

I wish expess my sincere sense of gratitude to ‘Mr. Simerpreet

singh’ (HOD/EE) for permtting me to conduct industrial training

in an esteemed organization :PUNJAB STATE CORPORATION

LTD. I wish to express of gratitude to my training incharge ‘Er

kulwant singh’ for his undaunted guidance and constant

encouragement at all the stages of my training I carried out

under him. Last but not the least, I express my sicer gratitude

to my faculty members, my family member who have taken

great pains to enable me to reach up to this status of life.

THANK YOU

3
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Training manuals

 www.google.com

 www.wikipedia.com

 www.pspcl.com

 www.tech-faq.com

 www.Electricalengg.com

 www.pseb.com

4
 SUB STATION

Sub-station serve as sources of energy supply for the local

areas of distribution in which these are located. Their main

functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage

from the generating station receive energy transmitted at high

voltage from the generating station reduce te voltage to a

value appropriate for local distribution and provide faculties

for switching. A sub-station is convenient place for installing

synchronous condensers at the end of the transmission line for

purpose of improving power factor and make measurements to

check the operation ao the various parts of the power system

street lighting equipment as well as switching controls for

street lights can be insarlled in a sub-station.

Classifications

1. On the basis of nature of duty :-

o Step-up or primary sub-station :- These are the sub-

station where form power is transmitted to various

load centers in the system network.

o Step-up & step-down or secondery sub-station:-

Sub-station of this type may be located at

generating points where from power is fed directly

to the loads and balance power generated is

transmitted to the network for transmission to

other load centers.

5
 o Step-down or distribution sub-station:- Such sub-

station receive power from secodary sub-station at

extra high voltage and step down its voltage for

secondary distribution.

2. On the basis of operating voltage :-

o High voltage sub-stations involving voltage

between 11KV &66KV.

o Extra high voltage substations involving voltages

between 132KV & 400KV.

o Ultra high voltage sub-station operation on voltage

above 400KV.

3. On the basis of importance’s:-

o Grid sub-station:- These are the sub-station form

where bulk power is transmitted form one point to

another point in the grid. These are important because

any distribution in these sub-station may cause the

failure of grid.

o Town sub-station:- These sub-station are EHV sub-

station, which step down the voltage at 33/11KV for

further sub-station results in the failure of supply for

whole of the town.

6
4. ON the basic of design:-

o In door type sub-station:-In such sub-staion the

apparatus is installed with in the sub-station bulding.

Such sub-station are usually for a voltage up to 11KV

but can be erected for the 33KV to 66KV when the

surrounding atmosphere is contaminated with

impurities such as metal corrading gases and fumes

conductive dust etc.

o Out door type sub-station:- These sub-sation are futher

subdivided into:-pole mounted sub-station :-such sub-

station are erected for distribution of power in

localities. Single stout pole H-pole & 4-pole structures

with suitable platforms are employed for transformers

capacity up to 25KV,100KVA and 100KV respectively.

o Foundation mounted sub-station :-For transformer of

capacity above 250KVA the transformer are too heavy

for pole mounting. Such sub-station are usually for

voltage of 33000V & above.

o Selection and location of site :-

a. Type of sub-station

b. Available of suitable and sufficient land

c. Communication facility

d. Atmospheric pollution

7
 INSTRUMENTS USE IN 66KV SUB-STATION

 TRANSFORMER

 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

 WAVE TRAP

 LIGHTING ARRESTER

 ELECTRIC ISOLATER

 BUS BARS

 BUS COUPLER

 CIRCUIT BREAKER

 CONTROL PANEL

 POWER LINE COMMUNICATION

 EARTH FAULT RELAY

 ON LOAD TAP CHARGER

 CAPACITOR BANK

 BATTERYS

8
 TRANSFORMER

Power transformer is the main electrical used in the sub-

station for changing the voltage from that of incoming supply

so that of outgoing distribution feeder.

The winding are placed in the oil tank and immersed in the

transformer oil for cooling the winding by circulating oil. The

power transformer is used for step up or step down, voltage.

The supply circuited is connected to the terminal of primary

winding and outgoing distribution feeder terminals are

connected to secondary winding through insulator bushing

mounted on the side of transformer.

In 66KV/11KV sub-station, Nabha two power transformer are

used. The primary and secondary winding of these

transformers connect in star-star connection. In this sub-

station 66KV/11KV transformer are used, two transformers are

use in there T1 & T2. The capacities of these transformers are

T1 is 20MVA & T2 is 31MVA

The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are:

 The core, which makes a path for the magnetic flux.

 The primary coil, which receives energy from the ac

source.

 The secondary coil, which receives energy from the

primary winding and delivers it to the load.

 The enclosure, which protects the transformer from dirt,

moisture, and mechanical damage.

9
 Fig.1. Transformer

Specification

T1

Capacity ……………………………………… 20MVA

Phases ……………………………………… 3

Frequency ……………………………………… 50HZ

Connections ……………………………………… *-* conn.

Voltage ..………….. HV side ………. 66KV

Voltage ….……….. LV side ……… 11KV

Max. current …..……… HV side ………… 174.95A

Max. current ………… LV sid ……….. 1049.75A

10
Transformer core:-
The composition of a transformer core depends on voltage,

current, and frequency. Commonly used core materials are air,

soft iron, and steel. Each of these materials is suitable for

certain applications. Generally, air-core

transformers are used when the voltage source has a high

frequency (above 20 kHz). Iron-core transformers are usually

used when the source frequency is low (below 20 kHz).

• A soft-iron-core transformer is very useful where the

transformer must be

physically small, yet efficient. The iron-core transformer

provides better power transfer than does the air-core

transformer. A transformer whose core is constructed of

laminated sheets of steel dissipates heat readily; thus it

provides for the efficient transfer of power.

• The majority of transformers contain laminated-steel cores.

These steel

laminations are insulated with a non conducting material, such

as varnish, and then formed into a core. It takes about 40

laminations to make a core of 2 cm thick. The purpose of the

laminations is to reduce losses which will be discussed later

in this chapter.

• The most efficient transformer core is one that offers the

best path for the most lines of flux with the least loss in

magnetic and electrical energy.

11
Ideal Transformer

Fig. 2 Ideal Transformer

Center-tapped Transformer

Fig.3 Center-tapped Transformer

12
Applications of Transformers
 Transformers have many applications in power

transmission and electronics:

 They may be used to minimise energy losses due to

voltage drop in transmitting electricity over long

distances.

 They match loads with internal resistance so that there

is maximum power transfer.

 They couple signals between electronic stages.

Losses in Transformers

All transformers have copper and core losses, and flux

leakage. Copper loss is ohmic power lost in the primary and

secondary windings of atransformer due to the ohmic

resistance of the windings. Copper loss, in watts, may be

found using the following equation

Copper Losses = Ip Rp + Is Rs

Where, Ip is the primay current, Is is the secondary current, Rp

is theprimary resistance, and Rs is the secondary resistance.

Core losses are caused by two factors: hysteresis and eddy

current losses. Hysteresis loss is that energy lost by reversing

the magnetic field in the core as the magnetizing AC rises and

falls and reverses direction. Eddy current loss is a result of

induced currents circulating in the iron core. It can be used by

laminations!

13
 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
 Conservater :-

Fig.4 Conservater

It is used generally to conserve the insulating properties of the

oil from deterioration and protect the transformer against

faliur on account of bad auality of oil. These are also

sometimes known as expansion vassel meant for provided

adequate space for expansion of oil than abient temperature

changes. It is a small tank. The main tank is completely filled

with transformer oil but conservator partically filled with

transformer oil

 Bushings :- Bushing are made for highly insulating

material to insulate and to bring out the terminals of the

transformer form the container.

 Oil Gagul :- Every transformer is provided with on oil

gague to indicate the oil level.

14
 Breather :-

Fig.5 Breather

The breather is used to prevent entey of moisture is used to

prevent entry of moisture inside the transformer tank. The

breather constant of silica gel. When air is taken in ao take out

of the transformer due to contraction or expension of oil in

tank the silica gel absorbs moisture and allows the air free

from moisture and allow the free from moisture to enter the

transformer

 Buchholz Relay :-

Fig.6 Buchholz Relay

It’s a gas actuated relay used for protecting oil immersed

transformer against all type of faults. This relay installed in the

pipe connecting the conservator to the main tank.

15
 The buchholz relay consist of an oil tight container with

mercury switch. One of the mercury switch is attached to the

upper float which close the alarm circuit.

 Radiators :-

Fig.7 Radiators

In large capacity transformer radiators are used for cooling.

When an electrical transformer is loaded, the current starts

flowing through it’s windings. Due to this flowing of electric

current, heat is produced in the windings, this heat ultimately

rises the temperature of transformer oil. We know that the

rating of any electrical equipment depends upon its allowable

temperature rise limit. Hence, if the temperature rise of the

transformer insulating oil is controlled, the capacity or rating

of transformer can be extended up to significant range.

16
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of

alternating electric current. Current transformers, together

with voltage (or potential) transformers (VT or PT), are known

as instrument transformers

Fig. 8 Current transformer

. When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to

measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a

reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the

circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring

and recording instruments. A current transformer isolates the

measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in

the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly

used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power

industry.
17
Design

Fig. 9 Basic operation of current transformer

Current transformer is used for measur of current in line. The

primary winding is connected in series with line carrying the

current to be measured. The primary winding consist of very

few turns and, due to this. Ther is no appreciable voltage drop

across it.

The secondary winding of the CT has a large number of turn

and the exxact number of turn can be determined by the turn

ratio. The ammeter current coils are connected directly across

the secondary nearly under short circuit conditions.

One of the secondery winding is earthed so as to protected

equipment and personal in case of insulation breakdown in the

current transformer.

Transformer capacity = 20MVA

H.V. 66KV L.V. 11KV

Max current 174.95A Max current 1049.73A

So, NOTE: Above 11000V current divided by 1A & upto 11000V

current divided by 5A.

18
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential Transformer is basicaly step down transformer.

Potential transformer are used to operates potential coils of

wattmeter, relay and voltmetre for high voltage line.

Fig.10 Potential Transformer

A voltage transformer theory or potential transformer theory is

just like a theory of general purpose step down transformer.

Primary of this transformer is connected across the phase and

ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down

purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding

at its secondary. The system voltage is applied across the

terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and then

proportionate secondary voltage appears across the

secondary terminals of the PT.

19
 The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an

ideal potential transformer or voltage transformer, when rated

burden gets connected across the secondary; the ratio of

primary and secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the

turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal voltages are in

precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual

transformer, there must be an error in the voltage ratio as well

as in the phase angle between primary and secondary

voltages.

The errors in potential transformer or voltage transformer can

be best explained by phasor diagram, and this is the main part

of potential transformer theory.

Fig. 11 Phasor diagram

20
Is - Secondary current. Es - Secondary induced emf. Vs -

Secondary terminal voltage. Rs - Secondary winding

resistance. Xs - Secondary winding reactance. Ip - Primary

current. Ep - Primary induced emf. Vp - Primary terminal

voltage. Rp - Primary winding resistance. Xp - Primary winding

reactance. KT - Turns ratio = Numbers of primary turns/number

of secondary turns. I0 - Excitation current. Im - Magnetizing

component of I0. Iw - Core loss component of I0. Φm - Main flux.

β - Phase angle error.

As in the case of current transformer and other purpose

electrical power transformer, total primary current Ip is the

vector sum of excitation current and the current equal to

reversal of secondary current multiplied by the ratio 1/KT.

Hence,Ip = I0 + Is/KT

If Vp is the system voltage applied to the primary of the PT,

then voltage drops due to resistance and reactance of primary

winding due to primary current Ip will come into picture. After

subtracting this voltage drop from Vp, Ep will appear across the

primary terminals. This Ep is equal to primary induced emf.

This primary emf will transform to the secondary winding by

mutual induction and transformed emf is Es. Again this Es will

be dropped by secondary winding resistance and reactance,

and resultant will actually appear across the burden terminals

and it is denoted as Vs.

21
So, if system voltage is Vp, ideally Vp/KT should be the

secondary voltage of PT, but in reality; actual secondary

voltage of PT is Vs.

Voltage Error or Ratio Error in Potential Transformer (PT) or

Voltage Transformer (VT)

The difference between the ideal value Vp/KT and actual value

Vs is the voltage error or ratio error in a potential transformer,

it can be expressed as,

Phase Error or Phase Angle Error in Potential or Voltage

Transformer

The angle ′β′ between the primary system voltage V p and the

reversed secondary voltage vectors KT.Vs is the phase error.

Cause of Error in Potential Transformer

The voltage applied to the primary of the potential

transformer first drops due to the internal impedance of the

primary. Then it appears across the primary winding and then

transformed proportionally to its turns ratio, to the secondary

winding. This transformed voltage across the secondary

winding will again drop due to the internal impedance of the

secondary, before appearing across burden terminals. This is

the reason of errors in potential transformer.

22
 CAPACITOR BANK

A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors

interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. These

groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or

counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor

lag or phase shifts inherent in alternating current (AC)

electrical power supplies. Capacitor banks may also be used

in direct current (DC) power supplies to increase stored energy

and improve the ripple current capacity of the power supply.

Fig.18 Capacitor Bank

Single capacitors are electrical or electronic components

which store electrical energy. Capacitors consist of two

conductors that are separated by an insulating material or

dielectric. When an electrical current is passed through the

conductor pair, a static electric field develops in the dielectric

which represents the stored energy. Unlike batteries, this

stored energy is not maintained indefinitely.

23
 11KV INCOMING INDOOR

After stepped down 66KV into 11KV by power transformer the

secondary outputt is connected in three types with incomer

panel. There are two incoming panel. One is connected with

transformer T1 and second T2.

There three type and its name.

 Metering core : All meter are connected to metering core.

 Protection core : All the protection relays connected to the

protection core eg. Over current relay , Earth fault relay

 Differential core: differential relay is connected with

differential core. This relay is tripped when the load is

unbalance.

Fig.19. 11 KV Incoming

24
 CONTROL PANNEL

Control pannel boards are also called distribution boards. In

the back side of the transformer 3 bus bars placed. All the

pannel boards are connected in parallel through bus bars. In

these control pannel various equipment are used e.g

 Trolly

 Over current relay

 Earth faul relay

 Sensitive relay

 Spring

 Digital energy meter

 Indicating lamps

To distribute power take a handle and find the spring charge

hole. After find hole, adjust handle and rotate it and clock-wise

direction. when the indicating lamps show the spring charged,

then operate the ON handle. If any fault in line, then feeder cut

off supply automatically with the help of ‘over current relay &

earth fault’

25
 Fig. 12 Control pannel

In sub-station every control pannel has five indicating lamps.

o White lamp cheack the healthy dc input voltage.

o Blue indicating lamp tell the spring is chared

o Yellow indicating lamp tell us circuit tripping.

o Red indicating lamp show that feeder is ON position.

o Green indicating lamp show that feeder in OFF position.

26
 BUS BARS

In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a metallic strip or

bar (typically copper, brass or aluminum) that conducts

electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation,

battery bank, or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is

to conduct a substantial current of electricity, and not to

function as a structural member.

The material composition and cross-sectional size of the

busbar determine the maximum amount of current that can be

safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as

little as 10 square millimetres (0.016 sq in), but electrical

substations may use metal tubes 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in

diameter (20 square millimetres (0.031 sq in)) or more as

busbars.

Fig. 12 Bus bar

27
Design and placement

Busbars are produced in a variety of shapes such as flat

strips, solid bars and rods, solid or hollow tubes, and braided

wire. Some of these shapes allow heat to dissipate more

efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional

area ratio. The skin effect makes 50–60 Hz AC busbars more

than about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) thickness inefficient, so

hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current

applications. A hollow section also has higher stiffness than a

solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity, which allows

a greater span between busbar supports in outdoor electrical

switchyards.

28
 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical

switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage

caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to

detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a

fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a

circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically)

to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in

varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual

household appliance up to large switchgear designed to

protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

fig. 13 circuit breaker

The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low

voltage circuit breakers this is usually done within the breaker

enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages

are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to

29
sense a fault condition and to operate the trip opening

mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually

energized by a separate battery, although some high-voltage

circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers,

protective relays and an internal control power source.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc

must be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled

way, so that the gap between the contacts can again

withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers

use vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the medium the arc

forms in. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc

including:

 Lengthening / deflection of the arc

 Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)

 Division into partial arcs

 Zero point quenching)

 Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC

circuits.

Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the

contacts must again be closed to restore power to the

interrupted circuit.

30
Tests

All routine tests shall be carried out as per the latest

applicable standards on the breaker and its accessories.

Certificates of tests on bought out items such as bushings

shall be furnished for approval.

Type tests, if specified and routine tests shall also be carried

out on all associated equipment as per relevant standards.

In addition to the routine tests, the following tests shall be

performed on each breaker:

a) Lightning impulse withstand test

b) Radio Interference Voltage Test (for 66kV Breakers)

Speed curves for each breaker shall be obtained with the help

of a suitable Operation Analyzer to determine breaker contact

movement during opening, closing, auto-recessing and trip

free operation under normal as well as limiting operating

conditions The tests shall show the speed of contacts at

various stages of operation, travel of contacts, opening time,

closing time, shortest time between separation and meeting of

contacts at break-make operation, etc.

31
 LIGHTNING ARRESTER

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power

systems and telecommunications systems to protect the

insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging

effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-

voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge

(or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the

power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is

diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Fig. 14 Lighting Arrester

In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrestor is placed

where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to

electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of

individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters,

also called surge protectors, are devices that are connected

between each electrical conductor in power and

communications systems and the Earth.

32
These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents

to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning

current flows, by passing the connected equipment. Their

purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications

or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning

strike.

If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the

electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may

damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe

damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic

devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in

incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances.

33
 POWER-LINE COMMUNICATION

Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor

that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power

transmission or electric power distribution to consumers. It is

also known as power-line carrier, power-line digital subscriber

line (PDSL), mains communication,

fig.15 Power-line communication

Basics

Power-line communications systems operate by adding a

modulated carrier signal to the wiring system. Different types

of power-line communications use different frequency bands.

Since the power distribution system was originally intended

for transmission of AC power at typical frequencies of 50 or 60

Hz, power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry

higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting

factor for each type of power-line communications.

34
 ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR

Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of

breaker cannot be visible physically from outside of the

breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any

electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So

for better safety there must be some arrangement so that one

can see open condition of the section of the circuit before

touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a

part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical

isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe

maintenance works.

Fig.16 Electrical isolator

So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a

manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part

of the electrical power system normally at off load condition.

35
Types of Electrical Isolators

1) Double Break Isolator

2) Single Break Isolator

3) Pantograph type Isolator.

Operation of Electrical Isolator

As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it

must be operated when there is no chance current flowing

through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or open

by isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not

be opened by isolator

36
 ELECTRICAL INSULATOR

Electrical Insulator must be used in electrical system to

prevent unwanted flow of current to the earth from its

supporting points. The insulator plays a vital role in electrical

system. Electrical Insulator is a very high resistive path

through which practically no current can flow. In transmission

and distribution system, the overhead conductors are

generally supported by supporting towers or poles. The towers

and poles both are properly grounded. So there must be

insulator between tower or pole body and current carrying

conductors to prevent the flow of current from conductor to

earth through the grounded supporting towers or poles.

Insulating Material

The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is flash

over, occurs in between line and earth during abnormal over

voltage in the system. During this flash over, the huge heat

produced by arcing, causes puncher in insulator body. Viewing

this phenomenon the materials used for electrical insulator,

has to posses some specific properties.

37
Properties of Insulating Material

The materials generally used for insulating purpose is called

insulating material. For successful utilization, this material

should have some specific properties as listed below-

1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and

weight of conductors.

2. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the

voltage stresses in High Voltage system.

3. It must possesses high Insulation Resistance to prevent

leakage current to the earth.

4. The insulating material Must be free from unwanted

impurities.

5. There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical

insulator so that the moisture or gases can enter in it.

6. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less

effected by changing temperature.

38
 BATTERY ROOM

A battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries

for backup or uninterruptible power systems. Battery rooms

are found in telecommunication central offices, and to provide

standby power to computing equipment in datacenters.

Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which may be

used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be

converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power

supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for

minutes, hours or days depending on the electrical system

design, although most commonly the batteries power the UPS

during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds.

Fig.17 Battery Room

Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive

chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the

operating equipment; a separate room also allowed better

control of temperature and ventilation for the batteries.

39
 OVER CURRENT RELAY

The primer winding is connected to C.T. of the line to

protected ammeter. The tapping are connected to the

adjustable setting by which the no. of relay coil turn can be

varied. The flux produced by the primary and secondary

winding are separated in phase and space and a rotational

torque is step up. This rotational torque is controlled by

special spring and brake magnet

Fig.20 OVER CURRENT RELAY

The disc spindle carries a moving contacts which brides two

fixed contact when the disc has rotated through an angel,

which can be adjustable to any value between 0-360*. The

relay can give any desired time setting by the adjustment ofan

angle. As thew torque increase with current, therefore the

relay has an inverse the characteristics.

When fault occur, the current through the primery exceed to

pre set value the driving torque. Consequently ,the disc rotate

through pre set angle

40
 EARTH FAULT REALY

The upper electromagnet of the directional element carries a

winding connected through a P.T to the system voltage called

a voltage coil of the relay. The lower magnet of the same

element carries another winding known as current coil of the

relay. This winding energized through the C.T the fault current.

The contacts of the directional element are connected in

series with another winding over the lower magnet of the non-

directional current.

Fig 21 Earth Fault Relay

Under normal operating conditions, power flows in the normal

direction in the circuit to be protected by the relay.

41
when the fault due to the short circuit or earth fault takes

place the fault current flows through the current coil of the

relay an a flux in the lower magnet of the directional element

is produced while the current flux in this upper magnet of the

direction element. The two fluxes produced a torque tending

to close its contacts.

The relay current also flows through the winding over the

upper magnet of the non directional element which produced a

flux in this magnet, this is cause emf is induced in the winding

over the lower magnet of the non directional element.

Because, this winding provides a closed path, the induced emf

circulate a current which produced another flux these two

fluxes, therefore produce a torque on the disc of non direction

element to a closed contact in the trip circuit.

42
 TOOLS USE IN ELECTRICAL

1. Fish Tape

Fig. 22.1 Fish Tape

A fish tape is used to pull stranded or solid wire through metal
or PVC conduit. Cable lube is available to assist you in pulling
the wires hrough the pipe.

2. Tape Measure

Fig.22.2 Tape Measure

A tape measure is use to measure heights for switches and
outlets. You will also need it to center lighting fixture boxes.

3 Hammer

Fig. 22.3 Hammer

A hammer is used to secure boxes equipped with nail-on
brackets to studs in a home. You’ll also need it to drive Romex
straps when adding new Romex wiring in a home.

43
4. Voltmeter

Fig.22.4 Voltmeter
A voltmeter is used to check voltages and verify that circuits
are indeed “live”

5. Ammeter

Fig.22.5 Ammeter
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the
electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in
amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure
smaller currents, in the milli ampere or microampere range,
are designated as milli ammeters or micro ammeters.

6. Channel Lock Pliers

Fig.22.6 Channel Lock Pliers

Channel lock pliers are used to take knockouts out of the
boxes, tighten down Romex connectors in the boxes, and
adjust expansion-type ceiling-fan boxes.
44
7. Wire Strippers

Fig.22.7 Wire Strippers

Wire strippers are used to cut the insulation off of the wire.
They are equipped with different sized cutting teeth for
various sized wires. They also have a cutoff portion in order to
cut the wire.

8. Side Cutter Diagonal Pliers

Fig.22.8 Side Cutter Diagonal Pliers

These cutting pliers, sometimes called side snips, are used to
cut wire. They are specially designed with a cutting edge that
goes down to the tip of the pliers. The advantage being that
you can get into tight areas to trim wires. There are some that
are equipped with live wire detection capabilities

9. Wire Crimpers

Fig. 22.9 Wire Crimpers

This tool strips the wire and also crimps lugs onto the wire
45
10. Screw driver

Fig. 22.10 Screw driver

A Phillips screwdriver has four blades used to install Phillips-
head screws. The tip looks like a plus sign.

11. Tester pin

Fig. 22.11 Tester pin

A tester pin glows when electric current is present. This tool

is used to check electric current in wall outlets. It is
preferable to purchase a neon circuit tester in the range of
120 to 240 volts, so that you will be able to use it with most
outlet voltages. However, you can purchase a neon circuit
tester with a higher or lower voltage capacity if necessary
each into a panel without proper lighting.

46
12.Jumper Wire

Fig.22.12 Jumper Wire

A jumper wire is used to test for open electrical circuits.

Electricians sometimes make their own jumper wire or they
can be purchased at electricity stores. A jumper wire can help
you better understand the circuitry and so avoid the chance of
an electrical shock. It is most important never to use a jumper
wire on a live appliance.

13.Flashlight

Fig.22.13 Flashligt
A light comes in handy in those places where lighting is
limited.

47