Educational Technology

History of Educational
Technology and Information and
Communication Technology
 Stone Age
The stone age technology could be shown by the
ignition of fire by rubbing two stones, handmade
weapon, manufacturing, utensils making using
stones and the use of clothing from animal skin
and fur. The stone age people also developed
canoe-ship technology which enabled them to
travel across ocean. They learned informally
about ocean currents, weather conditions,
sailing techniques, astro navigation and star
maps. Further technology was shown by
producing polished stone tools using hard rocks
which became a prelude to the mining industry.
 Bronze Age
The bronze age period showed the
development of agricultural
technology, fishing techniques and
domesticating animals and
establishment of permanent
homes instead of going from one
place to another. The people also
developed metal technology using
copper and bronze.
 Iron Age
During the iron age, the people
made progress by resorting to iron
smelting technology since iron
was cheaper than bronze. The iron
age was the last period prior to the
discovery of writing.
Educational Technology During the Period of
Ancient Civilizations
• Tribal priests introduced bodies of knowledge and ancient
culture, and introduced sign writing or pictographs to record or
transmit information.
• Harappan people- writing was described as pictographic script.
The script contained 400 basic signs with variations. It was
found on seals used in trade and official and administrative
activities.
• The Harappan people expanded their craft through technology
in making measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They also
pioneered the development of uniform weights and measures.
Educational Technology During the Period of
Ancient Civilizations
• Chinese Civilization- paper, seismological detectors, toilet
paper, matches, iron plough, suspension bridge,
wheelbarrow, parachute, natural gas as fuels, magnetic
compass, elevated relief map and gun powder.
• Egyptian language- the longest surviving and used
languages in the world. The script was made up of
pictures of the real birds, animals, different tools, etc..
These pictures are popularly called hieroglyphics.
Educational Technology During the Period of
Ancient Civilizations
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Paper and pulp papermaking process was carried to the
middle east and was spread to the Mediterranean by the
Muslim conquest.
• The discovery of spinning wheel increased the
productivity of thread making process to a great extent
when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with
increasing supply of rags, this led too the production of
cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the
development of printing technology.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor, invented the
printing press in approximately 1450 AD
• During the pre-industrial phases, when industry was at the
handwork or artisan level, the instructional processes utilized
gadgets like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and
chalk. During this time, only textbook was used with a few
illustrations.
• Educational technology was associated with simple aids like
charts and pictures.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• In 1873, educational technology paved its way to be known as
audio-visual education when international exhibition held in
Vienna showcased the winning American exhibition of maps,
charts, textbooks and other equipment.
• Charles Babbage- designed a general purpose computing device
that laid foundation of the modern computer 1883
• Maria Montessori (1870-1952)- introduced the Montessori
method, which developed graded designed activities to provide
for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual
learner.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• The art of teaching recommended for the application of
knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to
classroom procedures along with the use of automated
teaching devices.
• In 1929, the first practical use of regular television
broadcast was done in Germany. The Olympic games in
1963 were shown on television in Berlin. Then, open
circuit television began to broadcast entertainment in
1950. In 1960, television was used in education.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) had maintained rapid
pace in making sound contribution to formal education since
1920. In the USA by 1952, 20 states had the provision for
educational broadcasting . In the united kingdom, 98% of the
schools were equipped with radios and there were regular daily
programs.
• In 1966, Dr. Omar Khayyam Moore (O.K. Moore) developed a
talking type tutorial Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI).
• Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in schools,
colleges, and universities.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• In 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy
of educational objectives through his publication, “The
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of
Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”.
• Educational Technology begun in 1960 from America and
Russia, now it has reached England, Europe and India.
• In 1961, micro teaching technique was first adopted by
Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in
USA.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Electronics is the main technology being developed in the
beginning of the 21st century.
• Broadband internet access became popular and occupied
almost all the important offices and educational places and
even in common places in developed countries with the
advantage of connecting home computers with music
libraries and mobile phones.
• Today, Modern classroom is like a technology lab.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Educational Technology is a multifaceted and
integrated process which are applied and used by
people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization. It
utilized varied technologies derived from different
fields of science. The technology use is based on
specific needs and requirement of education to address
education-related problems to facilitate the
implementation and evaluation of programs about
human learning .
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Educational Technology development went through five
stages:
Stage 1- use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens,
and concrete materials (Audio-visual aids)
Stage 2- introduction of electronics through the sophisticated
hardware and software. Gadgets like projector, tape recorder,
radio and television were used for effective presentations in
lectures and lessons.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Stage 3- use of communication enhancement equipment to promote
mass media for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction
(CAI) became an important component of instruction. Both students and
teachers used the computer to surf for topics and some researches. The
ERIC search was used to make a review of researches undertaken on
specific topics.

• Stage 4- use of programmed learning and programmed instruction.

Introduction of self learning based on self-instructional materials and
teaching machines. Students could avail these instructional materials in
the library, in the computer store or in their own classrooms. The
teachers select materials for self-learning which are usually self-
learning kits and modules accessed in prints or via the computer.
Educational Technology During Medieval and
Modern Period
• Stage 5- The latest concept of educational technology is
influenced by the concept of system engineering or system
approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching
machines, programmed instruction, multimedia
technologies and the use of the computer in instruction.
According to it, educational technology is a systematic way
of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process
of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives
based on research.
History of Information and Communication
Technologies
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) uses the term
ICT, or information and communication
technologies to describe the tools and the
processes to access, retrieve, store, organize,
manipulate, produce, present and exchange
information by electronic and other automated
means.
Five Phases of Using Computers in Education
1. Late 1970’s- Early 1980’s: Programming, Drill, and
Practice
- Teachers were teaching ADP (automated data processing)
using Nokia MikroMikro
- Develop students’ logic and math skills
2. Late 1980’s- Early 1990’s: Computer Based Training
(CBT) with Multimedia
- Golden era of CD-ROMs and multimedia computers
- Students learn better by watching movies/animations and
listening to audios or by reading and watching still images
Five Phases of Using Computers in Education
3. Early 1990’s: Internet-Based Training (IBT)
- Adaptation of the World Wide Web
- Rich source of the expanding knowledge
4. Late 1990’s- Early 2000: E-Learning
- Learning Management System (LMS)
- The goal is to deliver courses for students
Five Phases of Using Computers in Education
5. Late 2000: Social Software + Free and Open Content
- Blogs and wikis: simple tool for personal notes that are
easily accessible and even editable by peers and your
potential peers.
- Social Constructivist theory and cultural-historical
psychology
- Mikhail Bakhtin wrote “Any true understanding is dialogic
in nature
- Lev Vygotsky wrote that “ All higher [mental] functions
originate as actual relations between human individuals
Five Phases of Using Computers in Education
Learning with Computers is….

ALL ABOUT PEOPLE

SHARING IDEAS