Pure Substance:

Element-composed of identical atoms

Ex:copper wire, aluminum foil
Compound-composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio.
Ex:table salt
Mixtures-Variable combination of two or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous-can see different parts(different)
Homogeneous-Evenly mixed cannot see different parts(same)
Solution-homogeneous, very small particles, no tyndal effect.
Ex:rubbing alcohol,air
Colloid-heterogeneous, medium sized, tyndal effect,
Ex:milk, clouds, smoke, mayo
Suspension-heterogeneous, large particles, tyndal effect
Ex:fresh squeezed lemonade, sand in water

Pure Substance: two types:

Elements:are the simplest kind of pure substance.
There are 110 elements, each made of a different type of atom.

Allotropes-different structural forms of the same element.

Oxygen has 3 allotropes:
Monotomic Oxygen, Diatomic oxygen, ozone molecule
Allotropes of Carbon- Diamond, Graphite, Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes.

Compounds- are substances that are composed of multiple types of elements(2 or more)chemically
bonded to one another. Compounds can not be broken down by physical methods. Have definite
compositions, with ratios indicated by the subscripts(H2O). We call this building block the “water
molecule”.

Mixtures-is something that can be broken down into simpler materials using physical methods.
Types of mixtures: Element+another element, Compound+Another compound, Element+Compund.
2 main types: a. Homogeneous-parts are distributed evenly. Ex:Salt water; syrup; air; brass.
Homogeneous mixtures of liquids are called SOLUTIONS. Homogeneous mixtures of metallic atoms are
called alloys.
b.Heterogeneous-the parts are distributed unevenly. Ex:Spaghetti & meatballs; water+oil mixture.

4 different molecules:
Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Oxygen, Ozone.

Methods of Mixture Separation:

1.Mechanical Separation-takes advantage of physical properties such as color and shape.
Ex:Recycling plasic, paper, metal.
2. Magnetic Separation-takes advantage of the physical property of magnetism.
Ex: Separating metals in a scrap yard.
3. Filtration-takes advantage of the physical property of the state of matter.
Ex: Filtering coffee,
4. Decanting- to pour off a liquid, leaving another liquid or solid behind.
Ex: to decant a liquid from a precipitate or water from rice.
5. Distillation-the separation of a mixture of liquids based on the physical property of boiling point.
Ex: the distillation of alcohol or oil.
6.Evaporation-vaporizing a liquid and leaving the dissolved solids behind. Used to separate salt
solutions.
Ex: obtaining sea salt from sea water.
Density separation- more dense components sink to the bottom and less dense components float.
7. Centrifuge-Circular motion helps denser components sink to the bottom fatser.
Ex: separation of blood or DNA from blood.
8. Paper chromatography- uses the property of molecular attraction to separate a mixture.
Ex: separation of plant pigments and dyes.
Fractional Crystallization- dissolved substances crystallize out of a solution once their solubility limit is
reached as the solution cools.
Ex:Growing rock candy or the crystallization of a magma chamber.