Difficulty

Level

1
CONTENTS

(1) AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

(2) DRY & ATMOSPHERIC AIR

(3) AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATION

(4) AIR CONDITIONING PROPERTIES

(5) PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

(6) HUMAN COMFORT

(7) AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES

2
 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS

THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS

POWER THERMODYNAMIC
REFRIGERATION
GENERATION CYCLE

POWER PLANT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR AIR

CONDITIONING

CH 3: GAS CH 2
CH 5 CH 6
CH 4: VAPOR

3
AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

4
 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Indoor Unit

Cool
Air

Evaporator Blower

Expansion
Compressor Outdoor Unit Valve

Hot
Air
Indoor
Unit

Outdoor
Unit Fan
Cooled
Air Hot
Condenser
Air

5
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

6
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM: AIR HANDLING
UNIT (AHU)

COOLING/HEATING BLOWER FILTER DAMPER:

ELEMENT RACK/CHAMBER Control Air Flow
DRY & ATMOSPHERIC
AIR

8
 DRY & ATMOSPHERIC AIR

AIR
WATER VAPOR
@ MOISTURE
ATMOSPHERIC DRY AIR
AIR

AIR CONDITIONING
APPLICATION

AIR
WATER VAPOR MIXTURE DRY AIR
• Change: Constant
Condensation &
Evaporation
• Human Comfort 9
AIR CONDITIONING
APPLICATION

10
 AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATION
Temperature Range: -10C to 50C
WATER VAPOR ATMOSPHERIC DRY AIR
Ideal Gas AIR Ideal Gas

Ref: 0C
TC
P constant MIXTURE ha =cP (T)
ha=cP(T)
Ideal
Gas Pv = RT Dry Air
T (°C) c p (kJ/kg.°C)
P=Pa+Pv -10
0
1.0038
1.0041 Error:
less
h
Pa=dry air P 10
20
1.0045
1.0049 2%
5 MPa constant
Pv=vapor P 30
40
1.0054
1.0059
1 MPa 50 1.0065

100 kPa hg
hv cP =1.005 kJ/kg.K
10 kPa
0.8 kPa
h =cP (T)
v m3/kg hg@T –hg@0C =cP (T-0)

hv hg@T : cP =1.82 kJ/kg.K

Table A-4 hv 2500.9+1.82T 11
AIR CONDITIONING
PROPERTIES

12
 SPECIFIC AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
SPECIFIC HUMAN COMFORT RELATIVE
HUMIDITY,  HUMIDITY, 
𝑚=
𝑃𝑉
AMOUNT OF WATER Comfort Level
𝑅𝑇
VAPOR IN AIR 𝑚=
𝑃𝑉
𝑅𝑇

mg: max. amount of

moisture the air can hold
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑣 at the same temperature

Water Vapor @
Moisture     0<  <1

Dry Air: Saturated Air:

Saturated Air Condition:  = 1 No Saturated with moisture
moisture Add More Moisture:
Condense
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑔
Pg: Saturated Pressure 13
 TOTAL ENTALPY ATMOSPHERIC AIR
ATMOSPHERIC
WATER VAPOR AIR
DRY AIR

𝐻 = 𝑚ℎ

𝑚𝑣
𝜔=
𝑚𝑎

14
EXAMPLE 6.1

A 5m X 5m X 3m room contains air at

25C and 100kPa at a relative humidity of 75%.
Determine:

a) The partial pressure of dry air.

b) Specific humidity.
c) The enthalpy per unit mass of dry air.
d) The masses of the dry air and water vapor in
the room.

15
SOLUTION 6.1

a)The partial pressure of dry air.

Data given:
Va=Vv=Vroom= 5x5x3 = 75 m3 T=25C=Ta=Tv PaPv =0.75 Ptotal=100kPa

Ptotal=Pa+Pv=100kPa Saturated water (H2O)--Temperature table

Spec. Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
deg-C m^3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg*K
Pv=Pg=Psat@25C Temp.
Sat.
press.
Sat.
liquid
Sat.
vapor
Sat.
liquid
Evap Sat. Sat.
vapor liquid
Evap Sat.
vapor
Sat.
liquid
Evap Sat.
vapor
p_sat@
T 0C vf vg uf u fg ug hf h fg hg sf s fg sg
Psat@25C=3.169kPa 0.01
T kPa
0.6113 0.001000 206.14 0.00 2375.30 2375.3 0.01 2501.39 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 9.1562
5 0.8721 0.001000 147.12 20.97 2361.33 2382.3 20.98 2489.62 2510.6 0.0761 8.9496 9.0257
10 1.2276 0.001000 106.38 42.00 2347.20 2389.2 42.01 2477.79 2519.8 0.1510 8.7498 8.9008
15 1.7051 0.001001 77.93 62.99 2333.11 2396.1 62.99 2465.91 2528.9 0.2245 8.5569 8.7814

Pa=100kPa-Pv 20
25
2.339
3.169
0.001002
0.001003
57.79
43.36
83.95
104.88
2318.95
2304.92
2402.9
2409.8
83.96
104.89
2454.14
2442.31
2538.1
2547.2
0.2966
0.3674
8.3706
8.1906
8.6672
8.5580

Pa=100kPa-(2.38kPa)=97.62 kPa

b)The Specific humidity.

P=Ptotal=Pa+Pv=100kPa Pv=Pg=Psat@25C=2.38 kPa

=0.0152 kg H2O/kg dry air

16
SOLUTION 6.1

c)The enthalpy per unit mass of dry air

Va=Vv=Vroom= 5x5x3 = 75 m3 T=25C=Ta=Tv PaPv =0.75 Ptotal=Pa+Pv=100kPa

ha=cP(T) cP=1.005kJ/kg.C =0.0152 kg H2O/kg dry air

hg=hg@25C=2547.2 kJ/kg Spec. Volume

Saturated water (H2O)--Temperature table
Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
deg-C m^3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg*K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap Sat. Sat. Evap Sat. Sat. Evap Sat.
Temp.
press. liquid vapor liquid vapor liquid vapor liquid vapor
h=63.8 kJ/kg dry air T 0C
p_sat@
vf vg uf u fg ug hf h fg hg sf s fg sg
T kPa
0.01 0.6113 0.001000 206.14 0.00 2375.30 2375.3 0.01 2501.39 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 9.1562
5 0.8721 0.001000 147.12 20.97 2361.33 2382.3 20.98 2489.62 2510.6 0.0761 8.9496 9.0257
10 1.2276 0.001000 106.38 42.00 2347.20 2389.2 42.01 2477.79 2519.8 0.1510 8.7498 8.9008
15 1.7051 0.001001 77.93 62.99 2333.11 2396.1 62.99 2465.91 2528.9 0.2245 8.5569 8.7814
20 2.339 0.001002 57.79 83.95 2318.95 2402.9 83.96 2454.14 2538.1 0.2966 8.3706 8.6672
25 3.169 0.001003 43.36 104.88 2304.92 2409.8 104.89 2442.31 2547.2 0.3674 8.1906 8.5580

d)The masses of the dry air and water vapor in the room.
PV=mRT Va=Vv=Vroom= 5x5x3 = 75 m3

ma=(PaVa)/(RaT) Pa= 97.62 kPa Pv= 2.38 kPa T=25+273= 298 K

ma=85.61 kg Ra= 0.287 kPam3/kg.K Rv= 0.4615 kPam3/kg.K

mv=(PvVv)/(RvT)=ma
mv=1.30 kg 17
 AIR CONDITIONING: TEMPERATURES
Temperature Range: -10C to 50C

DRY-BULB DEW POINT WET-BULB

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE, Tdp TEMPERATURE
The ordinary The temperature at Measured by a
temperature of which condensation thermometer whose
atmospheric air begins when the air is bulb is covered with
cooled at constant a cotton wick
pressure saturated with water
and to blow air over
Tdp=Tsat@Pv the wick

18
EXAMPLE 6.2

In a cold weather, condensation frequently

occurs on the inner surfaces of the windows due
to the lower air temperatures near the window
surface. Consider a house that contains air at
20C and 75% relative humidity. At what
window temperature will the moisture in air start
condensing on the inner surfaces of the window?

19
SOLUTION 6.2

At what window temperature will the moisture in the air start

condensing on the inner surface of the windows
Data given:
T=20C =0.75 P=Ptotal=Pa+Pv= atmospheric pressure

Saturated water (H2O)--Temperature table

Condensation occurs Spec. Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
when the air reaches deg-C m^3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg*K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap Sat. Sat. Evap Sat. Sat. Evap Sat.
its Tdp Temp.
press. liquid vapor liquid vapor liquid vapor liquid vapor
p_sat@
T 0C vf vg uf u fg ug hf h fg hg sf s fg sg
T kPa
Tdp=Tsat@Pv 0.01 0.6113 0.001000 206.14 0.00 2375.30 2375.3 0.01 2501.39 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 9.1562
5 0.8721 0.001000 147.12 20.97 2361.33 2382.3 20.98 2489.62 2510.6 0.0761 8.9496 9.0257
10 1.2276 0.001000 106.38 42.00 2347.20 2389.2 42.01 2477.79 2519.8 0.1510 8.7498 8.9008

Pv=Pg=Psat@20C 15
20
1.7051
2.339
0.001001
0.001002
77.93
57.79
62.99
83.95
2333.11
2318.95
2396.1
2402.9
62.99
83.96
2465.91
2454.14
2528.9
2538.1
0.2245
0.2966
8.5569
8.3706
8.7814
8.6672
25 3.169 0.001003 43.36 104.88 2304.92 2409.8 104.89 2442.31 2547.2 0.3674 8.1906 8.5580

Psat@20C=Pg@20C=2.339kPa
20
Pv=(0.75)(2.339 kPa) = 1.754 kPa
Saturated water (H2O)--Pressure table
Spec. Volume Internal energy Enthalpy Entropy
deg-C m^3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg*K

Tdp=Tsat@1.754kPa=15.4C Press.
Sat.
temp.
Sat.
liquid
Sat.
vapor
Sat.
liquid
Evap. Sat.
vapor
Sat.
liquid
Evap. Sat.
vapor
Sat.
liquid
Evap. Sat.
vapor
p kPa Tsat@p vf vg uf u fg ug hf h fg hg sf s fg sg
0.6113 0.01 0.001000 206.14 0 2375.3 2375.3 0.01 2501.4 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 9.1562
1.0 6.98 0.001000 129.21 29.3 2355.7 2385.0 29.30 2484.9 2514.2 0.1059 8.6178 8.7237
1.5 13.03 0.001001 87.98 54.71 2338.6 2393.3 54.71 2470.6 2525.3 0.1957 8.6322 8.8279
2.0 17.50 0.001001 67.00 73.48 2326.0 2399.5 73.48 2460.0 2533.5 0.2607 8.4630 8.7237
 Internal Window Fogging
Initial Condition:
Toutside=20C
Psat@30C=Pg@30C=4.246kPa
Pv=Psat@30C=3.184kPa
30C
27C
Tdp=Tsat@3.184kPa=24.9C
Tinside=30C
25C Saturated Water Saturated Water
21C =0.75 Table (Pressure):
23C Table (Temp):
deg-C deg-C
Sat. Sat.
Temp. Press.
press. temp.
p_sat@
T 0C p kPa Tsat@p
T kPa
Condensation occurs when the air reaches its Tdp 25 3.169
2.0 17.50
30 4.246 2.5 21.08
35 5.628 3.0 24.08
Inside Temperature Increased: Tinside=35C 4.0 28.96
5.0 32.88
Psat@35C=Pg@35C=5.628kPa
Water vapor
Pv=Psat@35C=4.221kPa condensation Pv=4.221kPa
increased T
Tdp=Tsat@4.221kPa=29.8C Pv=3.184kPa

Inside Temperature Decreased: Tinside=25C Pv=2.377kPa

29.8C
Psat@25C=Pg@25C=3.169kPa 24.9C
No water vapor 21C
Pv=Psat@25C=2.377kPa 20.2C
condensation 21
Tdp=Tsat@2.377kPa=20.2C

How about if the condensation occur at the external side? s

 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY,  & RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 
DETERMINATION

MEASURABLE QUANTITIES: P & T

DEW POINT ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESS

TEMPERATURE UNKNOWN

Simple, but Not

Practical
22
 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY,  & RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 
DETERMINATION: ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESS

LONG INSULATED CHANNEL WITH A POOL OF WATER

Unsaturated Saturated Air
Air
1 2
Q

Liquid Water

To determine the equation for 1 by Adiabatic

using adiabatic saturation process Saturation
Temperature
Mass Balance: (Tas)
Dry Air Liquid Water

Water Vapor Evaporation

23
 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY,  & RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 
DETERMINATION: ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESS…

LONG INSULATED CHANNEL WITH A POOL OF WATER

Unsaturated Saturated Air
Air
1 2
(Evaporation)

Liquid Water

Rate of Makeup Water = Rate of Evaporation Liquid Water

Steady Flow  Energy Balance: (Makeup Water)

?? ??

𝑚ሶ 𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1

ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑔 ; ℎ𝑎 = 𝑐𝑃 𝑇 ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑔 ; ℎ𝑎 = 𝑐𝑃 𝑇 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟

?? 24
 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY,  & RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 
DETERMINATION: SLING PSYCHROMETER

Adiabatic Saturator: Long Insulated Channel @ Spray

Mechanism Saturation Condition At Exit

PRACTICAL APPROACH: SLING PSYCHROMETER

Wet-Bulb
Temperature

PRINCIPAL DEVICE 25
 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY,  & RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 
DETERMINATION: SLING PSYCHROMETER…..

PRINCIPAL: Similar with Adiabatic Saturation

Wet-Bulb Qgain= Qloss
Temperature, Wet-Bulb 26
Twb Temperature, Twb
Dry-Bulb Twb Tas
Temperature
, Tdb
Air-Vapor Mixture
in Atmospheric
Pressure:
Twb = Tas = T2

Water
Qloss Evaporate
Qgain
T : Tair - TWater Unsaturated Saturated Air

Tair Air
1 2
Twater 
Unsaturated Liquid Water

Air
Liquid Water
EXAMPLE 6.3

The dry- and the wet-bulb temperatures of

atmospheric air at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) pressure
are measured with a sling psychrometer and
determined to be 25C and 15C, respectively.
Determine:

a) The specific humidity

b) The relative humidity
c) The enthalpy of the air

27
SOLUTION 6.3
a) the specific humidity, 
Data given:
Tdb=25C=T1 Twb=15C=T2 P=P1= P2= 1 atm = 101.325 kPa cp= 1.005 kJ/kg.K (air)
Saturated water (H2O)--Temperature table
Spec. Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
deg-C m^3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg*K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap Sat. Sat. Evap Sat. Sat. Evap Sat.
Temp.
press. liquid vapor liquid vapor liquid vapor liquid vapor
p_sat@
T 0C vf vg uf u fg ug hf h fg hg sf s fg sg
T kPa
0.01 0.6113 0.001000 206.14 0.00 2375.30 2375.3 0.01 2501.39 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 9.1562
5 0.8721 0.001000 147.12 20.97 2361.33 2382.3 20.98 2489.62 2510.6 0.0761 8.9496 9.0257
10 1.2276 0.001000 106.38 42.00 2347.20 2389.2 42.01 2477.79 2519.8 0.1510 8.7498 8.9008
15 1.7051 0.001001 77.93 62.99 2333.11 2396.1 62.99 2465.91 2528.9 0.2245 8.5569 8.7814
20 2.339 0.001002 57.79 83.95 2318.95 2402.9 83.96 2454.14 2538.1 0.2966 8.3706 8.6672
25 3.169 0.001003 43.36 104.88 2304.92 2409.8 104.89 2442.31 2547.2 0.3674 8.1906 8.5580

Psat@15C=Pg@15C=1.7051kPa
Psat@25C=Pg@25C=3.169kPa
Pg2= Psat@15C=Pg@15C=1.7051kPa

hfg2=hfg@15C=2465.91 kJ/kg 2= 0.01065 kg H2O/kg dry air

hg1=hg@25C=2547.2 kJ/kg
1= 0.00653 kg H2O/kg dry air
hf2=hf@15C=62.99 kJ/kg
28
SOLUTION 6.3

b) the relative humidity, 

Data :
Tdb=25C=T1 Twb=15C=T2 P=P1= P2= 1 atm = 101.325 kPa cp= 1.005 kJ/kg.K (air)

2= 0.01065 kg H2O/kg dry air 1= 0.00653 kg H2O/kg dry air

Psat@15C=Pg@15C=1.7051kPa Psat@25C=Pg@25C=3.169kPa

𝜔1 𝑃2
𝜙1 =
0.622 + 𝜔1 𝑃𝑔1

Pg1= Psat@25C=Pg@25C=3.169kPa

𝜙1 = 0.332

c) the enthalpy of the air, h1

ℎ1 = ℎ𝑎1 + 𝜔1 ℎ𝑣1 ≅ 𝑐𝑃 𝑇1 + 𝜔1 ℎ𝑔1
hg1=hg@25C=2547.2 kJ/kg

ℎ1 = 41.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 29

PSYCHROMETRIC
CHART

30
 THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART (P=1 ATM)
SPECIFIC RELATIVE
HUMIDITY,  HUMIDITY, 

Data in the form of easily readable charts

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

WET-BULB TEMP.

DRY-BULB TEMP.

DEW-POINT TEMP.

SPECIFIC VOLUME

ENTHALPY 31
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART (P=1 ATM)…

32
EXAMPLE 6.4
Consider a room that contains air at 1 atm
(101.325 kPa), 35C and 40% relative humidity.
Using the psychrometric chart determine:

a) The specific humidity

b) The enthalpy
c) The wet-bulb temperature
d) The dew-point temperature
e) The specific volume of air

33
SOLUTION 6.4

 =40%

ℎ =71.5 kJ/kg dry air

𝑇𝑑𝑝 =19.4C
𝜔 =0.0142 kg H2O/kg dry air

𝑇𝑤𝑏 =24C

𝑣 =0.893 m3/kg dry air

𝑇𝑑𝑝 =19.4C 𝑇 =35C

34
HUMAN COMFORT

35
 HUMAN COMFORT
Can’t be TEMPERATURE Can’t be
changed ! changed !

Can be
HOT changed  COLD
Humidify
Heat Cool
Dehumidify 36

HUMID Human DRY

Comfort

Can’t be Can’t be
changed ! HUMIDITY changed !
AIR-CONDITIONING: SATISFY THE NEED OF THE HUMAN
BODY
HEAT TRANSFER  HEAT TRANSFER 
HEATLOSS HEATLOSS
 HEATLOSS < HEATGEN HEATLOSS > HEATGEN 
T  DISCOMFORT T   DISCOMFORT
HEATGEN HEATGEN
 

Waste
HOT 40C Heat 0C COLD

37C DRY
HUMID

T=Tbody - Tenviroment

RELATIVE HUMIDITY,   RELATIVE HUMIDITY,  

HEATREJECTION THROUGH HEATREJECTION THROUGH
EVAPORATION  EVAPORATION 
PROLONG SWEATING DEHYDR LESS SWEATING
DISCOMFORT ATION DISCOMFORT 37
 AIR-CONDITIONING: HUMAN COMFORT

T=Tbody - Tenviroment
Waste
Heat
37C

Dissipate Comfortably

HUMAN COMFORT

DRY-BULB RELATIVE AIR

TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY MOTION
22C – 27C 40% - 60% 15 m/min

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

38
AIR CONDITIONING
PROCESS

39
 AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES
MAINTAINING A LIVING SPACE AT THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE &
HUMIDITY

PROCESSES
HUMIDIFYING
SIMPLE HEATING

SIMPLE COOLING
DEHUMIDIFYING

ANALYSIS: STEADY
Mass Balance Energy Balance
FLOW PROCESS

40
 AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES…
SIMPLE HEATING & SIMPLE COOLING ( = Constant)
SIMPLE HEATING:  
1=80%


1=2


2=30%

T1 T2

SIMPLE COOLING:  
2=80%

 1=2


1=30%

T2 T1 41
 AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES…
HEATING/COOLING WITH HUMIDITIFICATION/DEHUMIDITIFICATION
HEATING & HUMIDIFICATION:
 3
1=30%

3=40%

 2=10%
1=2


T1 T2 T3

COOLING & DEHUMIDIFICATION:

2=100%

 
1=2

 3
1=30%

T3 T2 T1 42
 AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES…
HEATING WITH HUMIDIFICATION:

 3
1=30%

3=40%

 2=10%
1=2

Heating process (1-2):
T1 T2 T3
Dry Air Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 Humidifying process (2-3):
Water Vapor Mass Balance Dry Air Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑣1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 𝜔1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝜔2
Water Vapor Mass Balance
𝜔1 = 𝜔2
𝑚ሶ 𝑣2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣3
Energy Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝜔2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 𝜔3
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝜔3 − 𝜔2 43
EXAMPLE 6.5

An Air conditioning system is to take in outdoor

air at 10C and 30% relative humidity at a steady
rate of 45 m3/min and to condition it to 25C and
60% relative humidity. The outdoor air is first
heated to 22C in the heating section and then
humidified by the injection of hot steam in the
humidifying section. Assuming the entire process
takes place at a pressure of 100 kPa, determine (a)
the rate of heat supply in the heating section and
(b) the mass flow rate of the steam required in the
humidifying section.

44
SOLUTION 6.5
a) the rate of heat supply in the heating section
Data given: P=100 kPa
T1=10C =Tdb,1 1= 0.30 𝑽ሶ 1= 45 m3/min
T3=25C =Tdb,3 3= 0.60 cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K (air)

T2=22C =Tdb,2 2= ? Ra= 0.287 kPam3/kg.K

Heating Process (water vapor constant): 1= 2
Humidifying Process (water vapor increases): 3> 2
In Heating Section 0.622𝑃𝑣1 deg-C
ℎ𝑔2 = ℎ𝑔@22 𝐶 =2541.0 kJ/kg
𝜔1 = Temp.
Sat.
Dry air mass balance: 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑣1 press.
T 0C
p_sat@ 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒄𝒑 𝑻𝟐 + 𝝎 𝟐 𝒉𝒈𝟐
T kPa
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 𝑃𝑣1 = 𝜙1 𝑃𝑔1 0.01 0.6113 𝒌𝑱
5 0.8721 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟎 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓
Water mass balance: 10 1.2276
𝒌𝒈
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 𝜔1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝜔2 𝑃𝑔1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@10 𝐶 =1.2278kPa 𝑃𝑎1 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑣1 = 99.63 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜔1 = 𝜔2 𝑃𝑣1 =0.368 kPa 𝑅𝑎 𝑇1 𝑚3
𝑣1 = = 0.815 dry air
Energy balance:
𝑃𝑎 kg
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐𝑷𝒗𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝎𝟏 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝑽ሶ
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝒗𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒎ሶ 𝒂 = 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐 kg/min
𝒗𝟏

𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ𝑔1 = ℎ𝑔@10 𝐶 =2519.2 kJ/kg

𝑸ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒂 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒄𝒑 𝑻𝟏 + 𝝎 𝟏 𝒉𝒈𝟏 =673kJ/min
ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇1 + 𝜔 1 ℎ𝑔1 𝒌𝑱
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖 𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒓 45
𝒌𝒈
SOLUTION 6.5
b) the mass flow rate of the steam
Data given:
T3=25C =Tdb,3 3= 0.60 cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K (air)

T2=22C =Tdb,2 2= ? Ra= 0.287 kPam3/kg.K

Humidifying Process (water vapor increases): 3> 2

In Humidifying Section

Water mass balance:

𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝜔2 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 𝜔3
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝜔3 − 𝜔2  3
1=30%
𝑃𝑔3 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@25 𝐶 =3.1698kPa
3=60%
0.622𝜙3 𝑃𝑔3
𝜔3 =
𝑃3 − 𝜙3 𝑃𝑔3
=0.01206 kg H2O/kg dry air
 2
1=2

𝒎ሶ 𝒘 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒂 𝝎𝟑 − 𝝎𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟗 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝐢𝐧

10C 22C 25C 46

 AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES…
COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION:

2=100%

 
1=2

 3
1=30%

T3 T2 T1

Cooling process (1-2): Dehumidifying process (2-3): Overall process (1-3):

Dry Air Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎
Water Vapor Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑣1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 𝜔1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝜔2
𝜔1 = 𝜔2
Energy Balance
Dry Air Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎
Water Vapor Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑣3 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣2
𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 𝜔3 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 𝜔2
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔3
Energy Balance
Dry Air Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎
Water Vapor Mass Balance
𝑚ሶ 𝑣3 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑣1
𝑚ሶ 𝑎3 𝜔3 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 𝜔1
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝜔1 − 𝜔3 47
Energy Balance

𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐼 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐼𝐼 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ3 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ2 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑡 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ3 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1

𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐼 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝑄ሶ
𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ − ℎ − 𝑚ሶ ℎ
𝑎 2 3 𝑤 𝑤
𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ3 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
EXAMPLE 6.6

Air enter a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30C

and 80% relative humidity at a rate of 10 m3/min
and it leaves as saturated air at 14C. Part of the
moisture in the air that condenses during the
process is also removed at 14C. Determine the
rates of heat and moisture removal from the air.

48
SOLUTION 6.6

Data given:
T1=30C =Tdb,1 1= 0.80 𝑽ሶ 1= 10 m3/min P=1 atm

T2=14C =Tdb,2 2= 1.0

Cooling Process (water vapor constant):

Dehumidifying Process (water vapor decreases): 1> 2

Use psychrometric Chart:

2=100%
ℎ1 =? 𝜔1 =? 𝑣1 =?
ℎ2 =? 𝜔2 =? 
1=constant

 2
1=80%

14C ? 30C 49
 𝜔1 =0.0216 kg H2O/kg dry air
2=100% 𝜔2 =0.0100 kgH2O/kg dry air

 2 =1.0 1 =0.8
1=constant

 ℎ1 =85.4 kJ/kg dry air

2
1=80%
ℎ1

14C ? 30C
 𝜔1

ℎ2 =39.3 kJ/kg dry air

ℎ2

 𝜔2

14𝐶 30𝐶 𝑣1
𝑣1 =0.889 m3/kg dry air 50
SOLUTION 6.6

Data given:
T1=30C =Tdb,1 1= 0.80 𝑽ሶ 1= 10 m3/min P=1 atm

T2=14C =Tdb,2 2= 1.0

Cooling Process (water vapor constant):

Dehumidifying Process (water vapor increases): 1> 2

Use psychrometric Chart: Moisture Removal:

ℎ1 =? 𝜔1 =? 𝑣1 =? 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
ℎ2 =? 𝜔2 =? 𝑚ሶ 𝑎1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎
𝑉ሶ1
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 = = 11.25 kg/min
ℎ1 =85.4 kJ/kg dry air 𝑣1
𝒎ሶ 𝒘 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒂 𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐 =0.131 kg/min
𝜔1 =0.0216 kg H2O/kg dry air
Heat Removal
𝑣1 =0.889 m3/kg dry air
𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ℎ1 − ℎ2 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 ℎ𝑤
ℎ2 =39.3 kJ/kg dry air
ℎ𝑤 = ℎ𝑓@14 𝐶 = 58.8 kJ/kg
𝜔2 =0.0100 kgH2O/kg dry air
𝑸ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒂 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒎ሶ 𝒘 𝒉𝒘 =511 kJ/min
51
AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES…
ADIABATIC MIXING OF AIRSTREAMS

52
EXAMPLE 6.7

Saturated air leaving the cooling section of an air-

conditioning system at 14C at a rate of 50
m3/min is mixed adiabatically with the outside
air at 32C and 60% relative humidity at a rate of
20 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing process
occur at a pressure of 1 atm, determine the
specific humidity, the relative humidity, the dry-
bulb temperature and the volume flow rate of the
mixture.

53
SOLUTION 6.7

Data given:

T1=14C =Tdb,1 1= 1.0 𝑽ሶ 1= 50 m3/min P=1 atm

T2=32C =Tdb,2 2= 0.6 𝑽ሶ 2= 20 m3/min

Use psychrometric Chart:

𝜔3 =? 𝜙3 =? 𝑇𝑑𝑏3 =?

𝑉ሶ3 =?

54
 1 =1.0 2 =0.6

ℎ2 =79.0 kJ/kg dry air

ℎ2
𝜔2 =0.0182 kg H2O/kg dry air

2
𝜔2
3
ℎ1 =39.3 kJ/kg dry air

ℎ1

1 𝜔1

𝜔1 =0.010kgH2O/kg dry air

14𝐶 𝑣1 32𝐶 𝑣2
𝑣1 =0.826m3/kg dry air 𝑣2 =0.889 m3/kg dry air 55
SOLUTION 6.7 Data given:
T1=14C =Tdb,1 1= 1.0 𝑽ሶ 1= 50 m3/min P=1 atm
T2=32C =Tdb,2 2= 0.6 𝑽ሶ 2= 20 m3/min

Use psychrometric Chart:

𝜔3 =? 𝜙3 =? 𝑇𝑑𝑏3 =?

𝑉ሶ3 =?
State 1:
ℎ1 =39.4 kJ/kg dry air
𝑉ሶ
𝜔1 =0.010 kg H2O/kg dry air 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 =
𝑣
𝑣1 =0.826 m3/kg dry air 𝜔3 =? 𝑇𝑑𝑏3 =?
State 2: 𝜙3 =?
ℎ3 =?
ℎ2 =79.0 kJ/kg dry air 𝑣3 =?
𝜔2 =0.0182kgH2O/kg dry air

𝑣2 =0.889 m3/kg dry air

56
 3

2
ℎ3
3

𝜔3

𝑇𝑑𝑏,3 𝑣3
57
14-25 14-42 14-70 14-80 14-124
14-26 14-44 14-73 14-99 14-126
14-29 14-45 14-74 14-100 14-127
14-30 14-66 14-75 14-101 14-128
14-32 14-67 14-77 14-103 14-135
14-39 14-68 14-78 14-104
14-41 14-69 14-79 14-123
58
59