Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

EEG Study on the Neural Patterns of Brain with Music Stimuli:

An Evidence of Hysteresis?
Shankha Sanyal1, Archi Banerjee1, Tarit Guhathakurta1, Ranjan Sengupta1,
Dipak Ghosh1 and Partha Ghose2 Page | 51
1
Sir C V Raman Centre for Physics and Music, Jadavpur University, Kolkata [India]
2
Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPPS), Bose Institute, Kolkata [India]

ABSTRACT
A basic and one of the oldest socio-cognitive domains of the human species is music. Listening to
music regularly helps keep the neurons and synapses more active. Neurological studies have
identified that music is a valuable tool for evaluating the brain system. It has been observed that
different parts of the brain are involved in processing music. They include the auditory cortex, frontal
cortex, cerebral cortex and even the motor cortex. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect
of Hindustani music on brain activity during normal relaxing conditions using electroencephalography
(EEG). Two male (age 20-23) healthy subjects without special musical education participated in the
study. EEG signals were acquired at the frontal (F3/F4, F7/F8), temporal (T3/T4, T5/T6), central
(C3/C4), parietal (P3/P4), and occipital (O1/O2) lobes of the brains listening to music in three
conditions, namely rest before music, with music, and after withdrawal of the music. Frequency
analysis was done for the alpha and delta brain rhythms. The finding shows that arousal based
activities were enhanced while listening to Hindustani music of contrasting emotions
(romantic/sorrow) for both the subjects. The important conclusion is that when the music stimuli is
removed, discernible alpha and delta brain rhythms remain for some time, showing residual arousal.
This is analogous to ‘Hysteresis’ where the system retains some ‘memory’ of the former stimulated
state. This was further corroborated by a non linear analysis (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) of the
alpha rhythms.

Key words: Brain, neural patterns, attention, with music, without music, EEG, alpha and delta brain rhythms, non
linear analysis, hysteresis

INTRODUCTION
It is widely acknowledged that music has a great effect on human body and mind, and that it can
have a positive effect on the hormone system. Western classical music is based on harmonic
relations between notes, while Hindustani music (HM) is based on melodic mode (raga) structures
within rhythmic cycles. Hence, these two forms of music may demand qualitatively different
cognitive engagements. Each raga in HM, conventionally assigned to a corresponding rasa/ emotion,
is known consistently to evoke a certain emotion [1]. The artist exploits her creativity and elaborates
the raga within the melodic framework to bring out the rasa or the emotion.
Listening to music regularly helps to keep the neurons and synapses more active. Depending on the
way sound waves are pronounced and heard, they have an impact on the way the neurological
system (brain and nerve) works in the human body. Neurological studies have established that

Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University | 16-18 December, 2013

 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

music is a valuable tool for evaluating the brain system [2]. It is observed that different parts of the
brain are involved in processing music. They include the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, cerebral
cortex and even the motor cortex [3]. Research findings indicate that some cognitive functions are
more influenced than others by exposure to music [4].
Each type of music has its own frequencies which can either resonate or be in conflict with the
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body’s rhythms (such as the heart rate). Each frequency band of the EEG rhythm relates to specific
functions of the brain. EEG rhythms are classified into four basic types:

(i) Delta (1/2 – 4 cycles per second),

(ii) Theta (4-7 cycles per second),
(iii) Alpha (8-13 cycles per second), and
(iv) Beta (13-40 cycles per second).

It has been observed that pleasant music produces a decrease in the alpha power at the left frontal
lobe and unpleasant music produces decrease in the alpha power at the right frontal lobe [7]. Also,
activity in the alpha frequency band has been found to be negatively correlated with the activity of
the cortex in as much as larger alpha frequency values are related to lower activity in the cortical
areas of the brain, while lower alpha frequencies are correlated with higher activity in the cortical
areas [8, 9]. Davidson et al have shown that disgust cause less alpha power in the right frontal
region than happiness while, happiness cause less alpha power in the left frontal region.
When subjects listen to pleasant music, changes occur in the EEG pattern, and there is an increase in
the frontal midline (Fm) theta power [10]. Fm theta was observed during a large variety of tasks,
such as mental calculation, working memory, learning [5, 6, 11] and meditation [12]. Listening to
music increases the power at theta and alpha frequencies of the human EEG [13]. Selecting the right
type of music is thus important because the EEG spectral power depends on the intensity and style
of music [14]. It has been reported that the psychological and physiological health of individuals can
be improved by music therapy [15]. Neurological studies have also identified that music is a valuable
tool for evaluating the brain system [2]. The effect of Indian classical music and rock music on brain
activity (EEG) has been studied using the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) algorithm, and Multi
Scale Entropy (MSE) method [16].
Hysteresis is the dependence of a system not only on its current environment but also on its past
environment. This dependence arises because there are several possible internal states of a system.
To predict its future development, either its internal state or its history must be known [17]. If the
system is subjected to alternate increase and decrease of an appropriate stimulus then the output
tends to form a ‘hysteresis’ loop. Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic materials
and ferroelectric materials, as well as in the deformation of some materials (such as rubber
bands and shape-memory alloys) in response to a varying force. Hysteresis has been identified in
many other fields, including economics and biology. In neuroscience it is said that the property by
which some neurons do not return to their basal conditions from a stimulated condition
immediately after removal of the stimulus, is an example of hysteresis. Experimental evidence
seems to indicate that neurons are slightly more complex than has been assumed in conventional
neural network theories, in that there can be hysteresis in the rate of firing of a neuron as the input
Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University | 16-18 December, 2013
 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

level of the neuron is varied. It has been observed [18] that perception can change nonlinearly with
stimulus contrast, and the perceptual threshold may depend on the direction of contrast change.
Such hysteresis effects in neurometric functions provide a signature of perceptual awareness. It
must be admitted that the cognitive neurodynamics of the listening effort is still not fully
understood, and its neural correlates have not yet been identified. Whether the hysteresis effect is
present in the case of neurons triggered by audio stimuli is an interesting issue. In the case of music Page | 53
induced emotions it would be interesting to know which emotions stay longer in the human brain
and whether that has any relationship to the type and genre of music.
The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of Hindustani music on brain activity during the
normal relaxing condition, using electroencephalography (EEG). Two Hindustani music raga clips of
contrasting emotion (romantic/sorrow) were used in the study. EEG was performed on two male
subjects while they listened to the clips. The analyses of their alpha and delta rhythms showed that
arousal based activities were enhanced in both the subjects while they listened to the two music
clips.
It is now widely acknowledged that the human brain is a complex nonlinear system [19]. The scalp
EEG arises from a large number of neurons whose interactions are generally nonlinear [20] and can
generate fluctuations that are not best described by linear decomposition [21]. On the other hand,
the classical nonlinear dynamics method such as correlation dimension and Lyapunov exponents are
very sensitive to noise and require the stationary condition, while EEG signals often highly non-
stationary [22]. Chaos analysis based on the assumption of low-dimensional attractors has also been
applied to qualify the nonlinear behavior of the EEG, but in fact, the underlying neural populations
are unlikely to obey entirely low-dimensional dynamics [21]. In our study, we used a nonlinear
method called Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) to analyze the scaling behaviour of the
observed fluctuations in EEG. This analysis confirmed the enhancement of arousal based activities
during listening to music in both the subjects. Additionally, it was observed that when the music
stimuli were removed, significant alpha brain rhythms persisted, showing residual arousal activities.
This is analogous to ‘Hysteresis’ where the system retains some ‘memory’ of the former state.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. SUBJECTS SUMMARY:
Two male young adults voluntarily participated in this study. The average age was 30 years and
average body weight was 60kg. All experiments were performed at the Sir C.V. Raman Centre for
Physics and Music, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. The experiment was conducted in the afternoon
with a normal diet in a normally conditioned room sitting on a comfortable chair and performed as
per the guidelines of the Institutional Ethics Committee of SSN College for human volunteer
research.

B. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS:
The two ragas chosen for our analysis were “Chhayanat” (romantic/joy) and “Darbari Kannada”
(pathos/sorrow). Variations in the timbre were avoided by making the same artist play the two ragas
with the same sitar. Amplitude normalization was done for both the signals therefore loudness cues
Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University | 16-18 December, 2013
 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

were not present. Each of these sound signals was digitized at the sample rate of 44.1 KHZ, 16 bit
resolution and in a mono channel. From the complete playing of the ragas, segments of about 3
minutes and 40 seconds were cut out for analysis of each Raga. Help was taken of some experienced
musicians for identifying the emotional phrases in the music signal along with their time intervals,
based on their feelings. The selected segments were of 126 -128 secs for the music clip in Chayanat
and 200-220 secs for the clip in Darbari Kannada. A sound system (Logitech R _ Z-4 speakers) with Page | 54
very low S/N ratio was used in the measurement room for giving music input to the subjects.
The EEG experiment was conducted in the afternoon (around 2 PM) in a room with the volunteers
sitting in a comfortable chair.

C. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL:
Since the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of Hindustani music on brain activity
during the normal relaxing condition, the frontal, parietal and central lobes were selected for the
study. EEG was done to record the brain-electrical response of two male subjects. Each subject was
prepared with an EEG recording cap with 19 electrodes (Ag/AgCl sintered ring electrodes) placed in
the international 10/20 system. Figure 1 depicts the positions of the electrodes. Impedances were
checked below 5 kOhms. The EEG recording system (Recorders and Medicare Systems) was
operated at 256 samples/s recording on customized software of RMS. The data was band-pass-
filtered between 0.5 and 35Hz to remove DC drifts and suppress the 50Hz power line interference.
Each subject was seated comfortably in a relaxed condition in a chair in a shielded measurement
cabin. They were also asked to close their eyes. A sound system (Logitech R _ Z-4 speakers) with very
low S/N ratio was set up in the measurement room that received input from outside the cabin. After
initialization, a 16mins 20secs recording period was started, and the following protocol was
followed:
1. Three Minutes No Music (Eyes close)
2. 3 mins. 40 secs With Music (Chayanat) (Eyes close)
3. 3 mins. 40 secs No Music (Eyes close)
4. 3 mins. 40 secs Rest
5. 3 mins. 40 secs No Music (Eyes close)
6. Sequence 1-4 was repeated With Music (Darbari Kannada)
Each signal length was 3mins. 40 secs. Markers were set at start, signal onset/offset, and at the end
of the recording.

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 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

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Figure1. The position of electrodes on the head are depicted

METHODOLOGY
Earlier work has shown [23] that the left hemisphere is mostly involved in processing positive
emotions while the right hemisphere is engaged in processing of negative emotions. In terms of
motivation, the left frontal cortex mediates approach motivation, while the right frontal cortex
facilitates avoidance [24].
In order to eliminate all frequencies outside the range of interest, data was filtered with a 0.5-35 Hz
filter. For both the participants the total power within the alpha frequency band (8-13 HZ) was
extracted for each audio stimulus. The total power within the alpha frequency band was averaged
across time (sec.). A measure of EEG alpha and delta power in (left/ F3, C3) (right/ F4, C4) was
derived from each site. The Alpha and delta frequency variations with time were also found out for
‘with music’ and ‘without music’ conditions.
DFA (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) is a tool to detect the long-range correlation and fluctuation of
information in time series. DFA is known for its robustness against non-stationarity [22], and this
method was used to avoid the assumptions of linearity and low-dimensional chaos. The advantages
of DFA over conventional methods such as spectral analysis and Hurst analysis are that it permits
the detection of intrinsic self-similarity embedded in non-stationary time series, and also avoids the
spurious detection of apparent self-similarity, which may be an artifact of extrinsic trends [25]. The
first step is to subtract the mean from the original series, which is then integrated:

(6)

This integrated series is then divided into non-overlapping intervals of length n. In each interval, a
least squares line is fit to the data (representing the trend in the interval). The series X(k) is then
locally detrended by subtracting the theoretical values Xn(k) given by the regression. For a given
interval length n, a line of least-squares is fit to obtain the detrended fluctuation F(n) as:

Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University | 16-18 December, 2013

 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

(7)
This computation is repeated over all possible
interval lengths. In practice the minimum length is
ranged from 10 samples to a half-length of input data giving two adjacent intervals. The interval Page | 56
length n = 2k for k = 4, 5…log2 (L) – 1 was set because the power of two based length to input EEG
data were used in this experiment. The relationship between the detrended series and interval
lengths can be expressed as F(n) α nα. It can be converted into the Hurst exponent H = α –1 and the
estimated FD accordingly as DDFA = 3 – α where α is expressed as the slope of a double logarithmic
plot log2 [F(n)] versus log2(n).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 2 presents the mean log-transformed alpha power (in μV2/Hz) for the left and right frontal
regions (F3 and F4) while the participants listened to the audio stimuli. The alpha frequency
inversely relates to the cerebral activity. Lower values are associated with increased activation.
Romantic stimuli display a lower value in the left hemisphere (F3) which means a higher activity.
This happens also in the case of heroic stimuli. For audio stimuli associated with sorrow and anger,
the values for the right hemisphere (F4) are lower than in case of the left hemisphere. That shows
higher activity in the right hemisphere associated with these emotions. That the left hemisphere is
dominant for positive emotions while the right hemisphere is dominant for negative emotions has
been observed earlier also [26-28]

Figure 2-5. Alpha power for before, after and during chayanat and darbari music clips against F3, F4
and C3, C4 electrodes

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 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

The alpha powers of a subject for the electrodes F3, F4, C3 and C4 are shown in figure 2-5. Since EEG
alpha power is inversely related to activity, a lower alpha power reflects more activity [29]. It was
interesting to observe that the arousal activity was very high during 2.6 – 2.8 secs for the music clip
(raga Chayanat) in the left frontal lobe and nearly maximum during 3.2 secs- 3.4 secs for the clip
(raga Darbari Kannada) in the right frontal lobe. This is well within the note sequences as containing
emotion of that raga mentioned earlier. Page | 57
These findings are consistent with the frontal activation/emotion valence models articulated by
Heller [30] in which they argue that the experience of positive emotions is lateralized to the left
anterior region of the brain, whereas the experience of negative emotions is lateralized to the right
anterior region of the brain. Our results show that musically induced emotions activate the same
frontal and central brain regions as emotions induced through other modalities. It was also found
that after the removal of music the dynamics of the neurons still record the history of the earlier
musical state. This feature is evident from the above figures.
The fractal dimension was computed against the EEG channels C3, P3, C4 and C4 for alpha and delta
frequency rhythms. We have observed earlier that the alpha power in the frontal electrodes was
low in the odd electrodes for raga Chayanat (happy) and low in the even electrodes for raga Darbari
(sad). The FD values of the ‘after the withdrawal of music’ tend to be lower than the ‘with music’
condition. Due to multivariable data, four EEG channels were selected from the left and right
hemispheres to simplify further investigation. Left and right FD values, which revealed significant
patterns, are shown in fig. 6-9 for both ‘with music’ and ‘after the withdrawal of music’ conditions.
The plot for the variation of the fractal dimension in the latter case was done for 220 seconds in the
‘without music’ condition. For comparison they are drawn in the same time scale. The figures depict
the fractal dimension values of the alpha and delta rhythms in time intervals of 22 seconds. Since
both the music specimens are of 220 seconds duration, EEG was continued for another 220 seconds
after the withdrawal of music.

Figure 6. Variations of Fractal dimensions with time of the alpha frequencies across F3 for raga
chayanat and after its removal.

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 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

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Figure 7. Variations of Fractal dimensions with time of the alpha frequencies across F4 for raga
Darbari and after its removal.

Figure 8. Variations of Fractal dimensions with time of the delta frequencies across F3 for raga
chayanat and after its removal.

Figure 9. Variations of Fractal dimensions with time of the delta frequencies across F4 for raga
darbari and after its removal.

Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University | 16-18 December, 2013

 Proceedings International Seminar on ‘Creating & Teaching Music Patterns’

The sole objective was to see how long the memory of the former state (i.e that particular music)
remains after its withdrawal. It is observed that in Chayanat, FD of the alpha at F3 shows high
complexity in the neural processing in different time regions, depicting high arousal for happy music.
After its withdrawal, in the next 220 seconds, the FD of alpha and delta remains high up to 120
seconds and then falls, thereby showing retention of the emotion of Chayanat for 120 seconds. In
the case of Darbari also, FD of the alpha at F4 shows high complexity in the neural processing in Page | 59
different time regions depicting high arousal for sad music. After its withdrawal, in the next 220
seconds, the FD of alpha remains high up to 77 seconds and then falls, depicting retention of the
emotion of Darbari for 77 seconds. The FD of delta at F4 after the removal of Darbari shows
retention of 120 seconds.
To summarize, in this work we have described how the DFA method can be applied to reveal the
complexity in the alpha and delta frequency rhythms extracted from EEG data during listening to
emotional music and after the removal of the music. It shows that the fractal dimension analysis of
alpha and delta frequency rhythms might provide a simple summary of the complex dynamics across
physiologically meaningful time scales. Our study indicates that using nonlinear methods such as
DFA can lead to additionally useful information such as a hysteresis effect in the case of neurons
triggered by audio stimuli, viz. emotive music.

CONCLUSION
The work presents new data regarding the cognitive neuro-dynamics of the listening effort in the
case of music clips of contrasting emotions in Hindustani music. The study of the temporal dynamics
of the brain was done by EEG analysis. The variations of the alpha power show that in happy music
the arousal activity is higher in the left frontal lobe and in sad music in the right frontal lobe. The
alpha power variation shows a clear retention of the music even after the removal of music. Fractal
dimension analysis which is the manifestation of complexity in the neuron activity further confirms
the above observation.
More rigorous analysis of large samples of EEG data with different types of music needs to be done
to frame a robust algorithm for acquiring a thorough knowledge of music processing in the brain,
particularly the neuro-dynamical behaviour of memory retention. This pilot study is a precursor to
that direction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully thank Prof. Abhijit Chakraborty, Vice Chairman, Higher Education Council,
West Bengal and former VC, Jadavpur University for his active interest, cooperation and support to
the work without which this study could not have been carried out.
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Department of Instrumental Music, Rabindra Bharati University | 16-18 December, 2013