1. List the difference types of faults occurring in the power system?

Symmetrical faults-line to line to line

Un Symmetrical faults- line to ground, line to line to ground faults.
2. What are the role of protection relay in a modern power system?
To detect the fault and initiate the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the
defective element from the rest of the system, thereby protecting the system from
damages consequent to the fault.
3. Define protection zone.
Are those which are directly protected by a protective system such as relays, fuses
or switchgears. If a fault occurring in a zone can be immediately detected and or
isolated by a protection scheme dedicated to that particular zone.

4. Describe is the necessity of earthing?

Earthing System or Grounding System in an electrical network work as a safety
measure to protect human life as well as equipment, the main objective of the
Earthing system is to provide an alternative path for dangerous currents to flow
so that accidents due to electric shock and damage to the equipment can be
avoided.
5. Discuss why earth wire is provided in overhead transmission line?
It is a shielding method of protection against lightning over-voltage hitting
directly the phase wires. The earth wire or wires are kept above the phase
conductors such that the ‘shielding angle’ is about 30*. This reduces the
probability of direct lightning strokes hitting the phase conductors, and the
probability of hitting the earth wire and getting discharged to earth is more. Note
that this is effective only if the tower footing resistance is also low or else ‘back-
flash-over’ may occur. It is able to reduce slightly the induced over-voltages also.
6. Define Distance Relays along with its classification.
A distance relay is one which operates when the ratio of V/I is less than a
predetermined value. It is also called as impedance relays. Depending on the ratio of
V/I it is classified into three types,
• Impedance relay
• Reactance relay
• MHO or Admittance relay.
Based on ohmic values it is classified into
• Definite Distance relay
• Distance time relays.
7. Why a shading ring is provide in an induction disc relay?
This coil is usually energised by current flowing in the single coil wound on a
magnetic structure containing an air gap. The air-gap fluxes produce by the
initializing current is split into two flux displace in time-space and by a shaded
ring. The shaded ring is made up of the copper ring that encircles the part of the
pole face of each pole.
The magnetic field develops from the current produces the flux in the portion of
the iron ring surrounded by the ring to lag in phase by 40° to 50° behind the flux
in the unshaded portion of the pole.

8. Define pick up current?

 The current for which the relay initiates its operation is called pick up current of
the relay.

9. Write the torque equation of the universal relay.

If the relay has current, voltage and the torque angle, the torque will be
developed, and it will be given as

where K1, K2, K3 are the tap setting or constant of V and I. The K 4 is the
mechanical restraint due to spring or gravity.

10. State the difficulties in differential protection?

• The impedance of the pilot cables generally causes a slight difference between
the currents at the two ends of the section to be protected, then the small
differential current flowing through the relay may cause it to operate even under
no fault conditions.
• Pilot cable capacitance causes incorrect operation of the relay when a large
current flows
• Accurate matching of current transformers cannot be achieved due to pilot