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LAB 3.1a. 2019 20

____HR / Name: ____________________________________________________

key

Mass Percent of Carbon Lab 3.1a

in Sodium Bicarbonate

Objectives:

SWBAT apply the law of definite proportions in a lab setting

SWBAT apply the law of conservation of matter in a lab setting

SWBAT collect data accurately and perform calculations rounded to the proper number of

significant figures

Background:

The French chemist, Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826), was one of the first to observe that elements

combine with one another in a definite mass ratio. Proust’s experimental work helped form the law of

definite proportions (also called the law of definite composition). According to this law, there is a

precise quantity of each component required in the formation of a specific compound – the percent

composition is constant. This, in turn, implies that in the decomposition of a specific compound, a

precise quantity of each component will be produced.

Materials:

Sodium carbonate, NaHCO3, 1.5 g Beaker, 250-mL

Vinegar, a source of acetic acid, HC2H3O2 Chemical Spatula

Centigram Balance, 0.001g precision 3 weighing dishes

(when read to estimated digit)

Introduction:

The law of definite proportions states that a compound always contains two or more elements

combined in a fixed (specific) ratio by mass. In this experiment, the mass percent of carbon in sodium

bicarbonate (baking soda, a.k.a sodium hydrogen carbonate) will be determined by measuring the

mass of carbon dioxide gas produced in the following chemical reaction (equation).

NaHCO3 (s) + HC2H3O2 (aq) → NaC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2 (g)

Question: This is an acid-base neutralization reaction, which follows the form of a double replacement

reaction. Why are the products different than what is expected from a reaction that follows the form of

a double replacement reaction?

Write your answer here [+1pt] 2 step

process

NAGA Oat AHQ d

NaHCOg t HCeltsOz

COIT Heo ceil

NaACO t HCeltsOz NacaHsOz 1 COIT Heo

LAB 3.1a. ____HR / Name: ____________________________________________________

Safety:

Wear goggles whenever in the lab area, even if you have completed collecting data for the lab. If you

wish to work without your goggles, return to the classroom desk areas. If everyone has completed

their lab and equipment and materials are returned to their storage areas, goggles do not have to be

worn. This is a general rule that will be followed throughout the year.

Procedure

1. Pour 60 mL of vinegar (5% acetic acid, HC2H3O2) into a 250-mL beaker.

2. Place a weighing dish and beaker containing the vinegar side-by-side on the balance.

3. Record the combined mass of the beaker, vinegar, and weighing dish in the Data Table.

4. Mass about 1.5 g (1.4 – 1.5g) of sodium bicarbonate into a weighing dish. Record this value in

the Data Table. Note: The exact amount is not important as long as the precise mass is

recorded in Step 5.

5. Record the combined mass of the beaker, weighing dish, sodium bicarbonate, and vinegar in

the Data Table.

6. Slowly and carefully add the sodium carbonate to the vinegar in the beaker in a way to prevent

any foam produced by the reaction from overflowing the beaker.

7. When all the sodium bicarbonate has been added, gently swirl the beaker to make sure the

reaction is complete.

8. Record the mass of the beaker, its contents, and the weighing dish in the Data Table.

9. Complete three good trials of this experiment. Good trials produce consistent results

(precision) when performed using consistent technique.

RESET LAB:

There are no truly hazardous chemicals used in today’s lab (baking soda and vinegar). Dispose of

liquids by pouring down them down a drain while water is running. Dispose of solid baking soda in our

regular trash. Do not return unused baking soda to the containers to prevent contamination.

Get a wash bucket from under the lab sink and fill it with warm soapy water. Wash down the lab

surfaces and return washed equipment to their assigned storage locations.

Balances – clean the balance pan and return to the cabinet in the front of the lab

Beakers – wash and return to glassware cabinet one.

Sodium carbonate and Vinegar return to cabinet 4, the staging area for chemicals used in active labs.

LAB 3.1a. ____HR / Name: ____________________________________________________

Data Table

168.15

0.24

3 11

0.26

13

Calculations (show all work neatly and in a way that is easy to follow)

1. Determine the theoretical percent carbon expected in Sodium Bicarbonate

C 8gfai.co 0 l4.3OMoNa

gY.oe8gfaegx100

2. Mass of Carbon Dioxide lost to the atmosphere.

Trial 1:
168.89g
NAHcos equipment
minus CO2 which left as
gas

e equipment

168.15 products

Trial 2: 074gcozpnoduo.ec

Trial 3:

gT D tS

LAB 3.1a. 2019 20

____HR / Name: ____________________________________________________

Key

3. Determine the mass of carbon present in the amount of carbon dioxide lost (Stoichiometry).

Trial 1:

0.74g coz z
0.204T

Trial 2:

Trial 3:

4. Calculate the percent carbon present in the three trials and report the average of the three

trials.

Trial 1: C
f x 100
fjYg g
100 13
47

Trial 2:

Trial 3:

Average:

5. Compare the average experimental mass of carbon in sodium carbonate to the theoretical

value. Calculate the percent error.

|𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒅−𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍|
%E = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒅

go E
11403
1213
14.03
100
j q
x 100 7.34
50

LAB 3.1a.
key 2019 20
____HR / Name: ____________________________________________________

AP Chemistry FRQ Section: Eventually you will be able to answer this question in 15 minutes or

less. You can use a calculator on the FRQ section, and tables similar to the ones in our AP

Reference booklet. Do not worry about the 15 minute time limit at this point, just do your best to

find a strategy to answer parts a-d.

A sample of a monoprotic acid was analyzed. The sample contained 40.0% carbon and 6.71%

hydrogen. The remainder of the sample was oxygen.

Assume 100gsample

65FI

a. Determine the empirical formula of the acid.

40
ogctfg
3tzpts6c2lgHx

3.33mokw

formula

l.oo 2 oo
6.66molHW

t.no too correct

Hanyaffheelements

g CHzOT

53.3
go L the
16.00go
3.33mF
emp.TO a
b. A 0.2720-g sample of the acid was titrated with standard NaOH solution. Determine the

molecular weight of the acid if the sample required 45.00 mL of 0.1000 M NaOH for the

titration. acid

NaoHfMiVi

MeVzmdaub l000M 0.04500L

f0 zpts

Mil
L MolacLD
0.004500mLHpt ftp.t

Moly

mda mail.mygshatssjmo o.jo s2oosnoaia 44slmolW

6o

c. A second sample was placed in a flask. The flask was placed in a hot water bath until the

sample vaporized. It was found that 1.18 g of vapor occupied 300.0 mL at 100 oC and 1.00

atmospheres. Determine the molecular weight of the acid.

MCi.ooatm zpts

d Mir o.ly o8ogo

a

O82lm4Y7 C323k

f
d. Using your answer from part a, determine the molecular formula for part b and for part c.

w
emp.am
yt2PtsCHz0 mdE.iq

nli kg4CcHz0l
ax

en
o

e. Account for any differences in the molecular formulas determined in part d.

molecularformula

Two of the smaller molecules, C2H4O2 combine to form one larger C4H8O4 molecule. Or, the larger C4H8O4

molecule is a dimer made of two smaller C2H4O2 molecules.

Ipt

Scoring

+9/9 = 100 +6/9 = 67 +3/9 = 33 0/9 = 0

+8/9 = 89 +5/9 = 55 +2/9 = 22

+7/9 = 78 +4/9 = 44 +1/9 = 11

LAB 3.1a. 2019 20

____HR / Name: ____________________________________________________
Key
<KEY>