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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

EXERCISE JEE MAINS/BOARDS

Q.1 What are the primary and secondary
pollutants of the air?

Q.2 Ozone is a gas heavier than air. Why does

ozone layer not settle down near the earth?

Q.3 What are the main components of our

environment? Explain each of them briefly

Q.4 What are the different regions of the

atmosphere? Explain each of them briefly.

Q.5 As we go up above the earth’s surface, does

temperature decrease continuously? Explain.

Q.6 What is air pollution? What are the main

sources of air pollution ? Write a few lines about
each of them.

Q.7 What are major air pollutants?

Q.8 What do you understand by?

(i) Mists (ii) Smoke
(iii) Fumes and (iv) Dust?

Q.9 Why we should not use Freon as coolants in

refrigerating equipment’s?

Q.10 How is photochemical smog formed? What

are its effects ? How can it be controlled?

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

EXERCISE JEE ADVANCED

Q.11 London smog is found in
SINGLE CORRECT QUESTIONS
(A) Summer during day time
Q.1 Which of the following is the coldest (B) Summer during morning time
region? (C) Winter during morning time
(A) Troposphere (B) Mesosphere (D) Winter during day time
(C) Stratosphere (D) Thermosphere
Q.12 Photochemical smog is formed in
Q.2 Which of the following is a secondary (A) Summer during morning time
pollutant? (B) Summer during day time
(A) CO2 (B) N2O (C) Winter during morning time
(C) SO2 (D) PAN (D) Winter during day time
Q.3 All are primary pollutants except Q.13 Which of the following is true about
(A) SO2 (B) H2SO4 photochemical smog?
(C) NO2 (D) Particulate matter (A) It is reducing in nature
Q.4 The most abundant hydrocarbon (B) It is formed in winter
pollutant is (C) It is a mixture of smoke and fog
(A) Methane (B) Ethane (D) It causes irritation in eyes
(C) Propane (D) Butane Q.14 The smog is essentially caused by the
Q.5 The size of particulates of H2SO4 fog lies presence of
in the range (A) O2 and O3
(A) 5-100 nm (B) O2 and N2
(B) 100-500 nm (C) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
(C) 500-1000 nm (D) O3 and N2
(D) 1000-10,000 nm Q.15 Pick up the correct statement:
Q.6 The aromatic compounds present as (A) CO which is a major pollutant resulting from
particulates are the combustion of fuels in automobiles which
(A) Benzene plays a major role in photochemical smog
(B) Toluene (B) Classical smog has an oxidizing character
(C) Nitrobenzene while the photochemical smog is reducing in
(D) Polycyclic hydrocarbons character
(C) Photochemical smog occurs in day time
Q.7 ‘White lung cancer’ is caused by whereas the classical smog occurs in the
(A) Asbestos (B) Silica morning hours
(C) Textile (D) Paper (D) During formation of smog the level of
ozone in the atmosphere goes down
Q.8 Ozone layer is present in
(e) Classical smog is good for health but not
(A) Troposphere (B) stratosphere
photochemical smog.
(C) Mesosphere (D) Exosphere
MULTIPLE CORRECT QUESTIONS
Q.9 Depletion of ozone layer causes
Q.16 The ozone layer is depleted by
(A) Blood cancer (B) Lung cancer
(A) NO (B) SO2
(C) Skin cancer (D) Breast cancer
(C) CxHy (D) CFCs
Q.10 Which one of the following is
Q.17 Choose the wrong statements:
responsible for depletion of the ozone layer in
(A) CO2 is responsible for greenhouse effect
the upper strata of the atmosphere?
(B) CO2 can absorb infrared red radiation but
(A) Polyhalogens (B) ferrocene
does not allow then to pass through
(C) fullerenes (D) freons

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

(C) NO is more harmful than NO2 Reason (R): Chlorophyll of the green plants
(D) Acid rain contains mainly HNO3 causes greenhouse effect

MATRIX MATCH Q.24 Assertion (A): Photochemical smog does

Q.18 not involve the condensation of any kind of
Column I(Effect) Column fog on smoke particles and hence the word
II(Gases ‘smog’ is misnomer
responsible) Reason (R): Photochemical smog is due to
photochemical oxidation of SO2 to SO3 which
(A) Acid rain (P) CO2 dissolves in moisture of the air to form
(B) Greenhouse effect (Q) SO2 sulphurous acid which is injurious to health.
(C) Classical smog (R) NO2
Q.25Assertion (A): London smog is oxidizing
(D) Photochemical smog (S) CH4
in nature.
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS Reason (R): London smog contains
Q.19 CO is a pollutant produced due to O3, NO2 and hydrocarbons
incomplete combustion of butane. One mole Q.26Assertion (A): CO and NO both combine
of butane requires 6.5 moles of O2 for with hemoglobin
complete combustion. If 6 moles of oxygen Reason (R): NO has more affinity than CO
are available, then number of moles of CO towards hemoglobin.
produced will be

Q.20 In hemoglobin, CO and not O2 links to Fe

(if both CO and O2 are present) because CO is
a stronger ligand than O2. The number of
groups to which Fe is coordinated other than
vacant site for CO in haemoglobin is

Q.21 In measurement of BODx, x is generally

taken as

ASSERTION & REASON

In each of the following questions, a
statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by
a corresponding statement of Reason (R) just
below it. Of the statements, mark the correct
answer as
(A) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(B) If both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(C) If A is true but R is false
(D) If both A and R are false

Q.22 Assertion (A): The temperature in the

stratosphere increases with altitude.
Reason (R): Ozone present absorbs the
ultraviolet radiation

Q.23 Assertion (A): For greenhouse effect,

presence of green plants is essential

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

PLANCESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

JEE MAIN/BOARDS EXERCISE 1

Q.2 Q.9 Q.10

EXERCISE JEE ADVANCED

Q.5 Q.7 Q.10 Q.19

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

ANSWER KEY & SOLUTION

EXERCISE JEE MAIN
Q.1Primary pollutants are those which after their formation remain as such, e.g., NO. Secondary
pollutants are those which are formed as a result of reaction between primary pollutants, e.g., PAN
(peroxyacylnitrate).

Q.2Ozone layer is formed in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 25-30 km from earth’s surface.
At this altitude, the force of gravitation is negligible.

Q.3The term “Environment” literally means “surrounding”. It comprises of the following four major
components:
(1) Atmosphere (2) Hydrosphere
(3) Lithosphere and (4) Biosphere

(1) Atmosphere: Atmosphere is a cover of gases that extends to a height of about 1600 km above
the surface of the earth and protects the life on the life on the earth from the harmful radiations
(cosmic rays) coming from the sun or the outer space.
(2) Hydrosphere. It forms that part of the environment which contains water in the form of sea,
oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. About 75 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by hydrosphere.
Most of it is in the oceans and contains about 3.5% of the dissolved salt. Fresh water is present in
lakes or rivers or ponds which flows into them from rain or melting of snow, etc.
(3) Lithosphere. It is the solid component of the earth consisting of soil, rocks, mountains etc. The
outermost (8-40 km) thick solid part of the earth is called the crust. The uppermost part of the
earth’s crust contains weathered rocks as well as organic matter and is called soll. This is the most
important part of lithosphere because we grow plants on this part. It is also a store-house of
minerals.
(4) Biosphere. It is that part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where living organisms
interact with these parts and thus live together. For example, green plants during photosynthesis
give out oxygen which is added into the atmosphere, animals inhale oxygen and give out carbon
dioxide which is used by plants for photosynthesis.

Q.4 Structure of Regions of the Atmosphere. The atmosphere may be considered to be divided
mainly into four regions above the surface of the earth. These regions are defined by the
temperature variation with height in addition to the decrease in density and chemical composition.
The names of these regions, the altitudes at which they exist, their temperature range and their
chemical composition are given in Table 14.1 below:

Region Altitude from Temperature Range Gases/Species

earth’s surface present
(i) Troposphere 0-11 km Decreases from 15 to –56ºC N2,O2,CO2,H2O vapor
(ii) Stratosphere 11-50 km Increases from – 56 to –2ºC N2,O2,O3, O-atoms
(iii) Mesosphere 50-85 km Decreases from –2 to –92ºC N2,O2, O 2 , NO+
+ + –
(iv) Thermosphere 85-500 km Increases from –92 to 1200ºC O 2 , O , NO , e

Troposphere: is the most important region of the atmosphere because it is the domain of all living
organisms including animals and plants. This is the region which is greatly affected by air pollution.
Further, this is the region which contains water vapor which is essential for living organisms (Above
10 km, water is present as ice crystals). 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is in this region. The
temperature of this region decreases with altitude and is minimum at about 11 km. This point is
called tropopause. In the next region, namely stratosphere, the temperature begins to increase.

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

Thus, tropopause is the point of temperature inversion. The ozone present in the stratosphere
absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun and thus acts as an umbrella for the
ultraviolet radiation for the living organisms on the earth. Due to presence of ozone layer, this
region is also called ozonosphere. The rise in temperature is due to absorption of ultraviolet rays
which is converted into heat. Mesosphere and thermosphere (collectively called Ionosphere)
contain gases in the ionized form. These ions reflect back the radiowaves to the earth. This forms
the basis of wireless communication.
These regions may be represented diagrammatically as shown in figure.

There is one region above the thermosphere. It is called exosphere and is considered to the highest
region of the atmosphere. It lies in the range of 500-1600 km and contains mainly atomic and ionic
oxygen, hydrogen and helium. Beyond exosphere is the unbounded area called interstellar space.

Q.5 No, temperature does not decrease continuously. From 0-11 km (called troposphere),
temperature decreases. From 11-50 km (called stratosphere), temperature increases. From 50-85
km (called mesosphere), temperature again decreases and finally from 85-100 km (called
thermosphere), temperature again increases.

Q.6Air pollution is defined as the addition of undesirable materials into the atmosphere either due
to natural phenomena or due to human activity on the earth which adversely affect the quality of
the air and hence affects the life on the earth.
The main sources of air pollution may be classified into two categories as follows:
(1) Natural sources. A few examples of the natural sources of pollution are as under:
(i) Volcanic eruptions emitting poisonous gases like CO, H2S, SO2, etc.
(ii) Forest fires and coal-refuse fires.
(iii) Vegetation decay
(iv) Pollen grains of flowers.
(2) Man-made sources, i.e., sources due to human activity. A few examples may be cited as follows:
(i) Burning of fossil fuels (wood, coal, etc.) which produce some poisonous gases as by-products
such as CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), CH4, etc.
(ii)Combustion of gasoline in the automobiles, e.g., cars, scooters, buses, trucks, etc. They emit out
poisonous gases like CO, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons in addition to the particles
of lead.

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

(iii)Increases in population: This is one of the major causes of pollution. More the population, more
are the needs, greater are the unnatural methods adopted which disturb the balance or equilibrium
of the atmosphere.
(iv) Deforestation. Man has been cutting trees indiscriminately to meet his needs. This has resulted
in increase in the percentage of CO2 and decrease in the percentage of oxygen in the air (because
plants take up CO2 for photosynthesis and give out O2)
(v) Fast industrialization. In the last few years, the number of industries in different parts of the
world and their production has increased manifold. These include paper mills, sugar mills, rubber
and plastic industries, metallurgical industries using smelters, leather industries, petroleum
refineries, refrigeration, mining, etc. The smoke coming out of these industries contains not only
carbon particles but a number of poisonous gases like CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, NO, NO2. etc. These
industries are responsible for about 20% of the total air pollution.
(vi) Agricultural activities: The pesticides added to the soil or the sprays done over the crops are
carried by the wind to different parts of the town where they give a feel smell and affect the health
of animals and human beings.
(vii) Wars: The nuclear weapons used during wars emit out radiations which adversely affect the
health and prove to be fatal.
Q.7The five major pollutants present in the troposphere are:
(1) Carbon monoxide (CO) (2) Hydrocarbons, (CxHy)
(3) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (4) Oxides of sulphur (SOx)
(5) Particulates.

Q.8 The non-viable particulates are formed as a result of the disintegration of large size materials
or by condensation of small size particles or droplets. The atmosphere contains four types of non-
viable particulates. These are mist, smoke, fumes and dust.
Mists are produced from the particles of the spray liquids, e.g., from herbicides and insecticides
and the condensation of the vapors in the air.
Smoke consists of small soot particles produced as a result of the combustion of organic matter,
e.g., oil, tobacco, carbon smoke. etc.
Fumes are the vapors of certain materials present in the air, e.g., metallurgical fumes (fumes of
metals) and alkali fumes.
Dust denotes fine particles produced during certain industrial processes, e.g., crushing grinding. It
consists of limestone particles, sand, pulverized coal, cement, fly ash, silicon dust, etc.

Q.9 Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) has a very long life. They stay in the atmosphere for years and
ultimately reach the upper layer where they undergo photochemical reaction with ozone. Thus,
ozone layer is destroyed producing an ozone hole through which ultraviolet radiation from the sun
can pass through and affect life on earth.

Q.10 Photochemical smog or Los Angeles smog: This type of smog was first observe in Los Angeles
in 1950 and hence is named as “Los Angeles smog”. It is formed when the air contains NO 2 and
hydrocarbons and the mixture is exposed to sunlight. As the reaction takes place in the presence
of sunlight to form the smog, it is called photochemical smog. Further, as strong sunlight is needed,
this type of smog is formed in the months of summer during the day time when NO2 and
hydrocarbons are present in very large amounts due to heavy vehicular traffic.
Formation of photochemical smog: The mechanism of the formation of photochemical smog may
be explained as follows:
In the presence of sunlight, NO2 undergoes photolysis to form NO and atomic oxygen. Atomic
oxygen then combines with the molecular oxygen in the presence of some molecule M (which acts
as a source of transfer of energy) to form ozone, O3. The ozone thus formed reacts with NO to

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

regenerate NO2 and O2. Thus, NO2 cycle is completed. The reactions taking place may be
represented as follows:
NO2 hv
NO + O
O + O2  O3
O3 + NO  NO2 + O2
Thus, NO and O3 produced are used up and no extra NO2 is added into the atmosphere. But the
trouble arises if hydrocarbons are also present in the atmosphere. These hydrocarbons combine
with the oxygen atom produced by the photolysis of NO2 to form highly reactive intermediates
called free radicals (which are reactive species containing unpaired electrons) which may be
represented by the general formula RCO*. (dot indicates an unpaired electron). These free radicals
initiate a variety of reactions, some of which may be as follows:
RCO+ + O2  RCO3
RCO3 + Hydrocarbons  RCHO R2C = O
RCO3 + NO  RCO2 + NO2
RCO3 + O2  O3 + RCO2
RCO3 + NO2  RCO3NO2
Peroxyacylnitrates
(PAN)
As a result, concentration of ozone, peroxyacylnitrates (PAN) and aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones
(R2CO) builds up in the atmosphere
As this type of smog contains O3 and NO2, it is oxidizing in character.
Harmful effects of photochemical smog.
(i) All these compounds (particularly ozone and PAN) produce irritation in the eyes and also in the
respiratory system.
(ii) They also damage many materials such as metals, stones, building materials, etc.
(iii) Ozone is particularly destructive to rubber (in which cracks are developed).
(iv) It is also harmful to fabrics, crops and ornamental plants.
(v) NO2 present gives a brown colour to the photochemical smog which reduces visibility. Airplane
pilots are familiar with this type of fog hanging over the cities.
The word “smog” is a misnomer here because photochemical smog contains neither smoke nor
fog. It is a mixture of a number of irritation-causing compounds like NO2, O3, PAN, aldehydes,
ketones, hydrocarbons and CO.
Control of Photochemical Smog. The formation of photochemical smog can be controlled
or suppressed by adopting the following methods.
(i) By fitting efficient catalytic converters in the automobiles so that the emission of nitrogen oxides
and hydrocarbons by these automobiles into the atmosphere can be prevented.
(ii) By spraying certain compounds into the atmosphere which generate free radicals that readily
combine with the free radicals that initiate the reactions forming toxic compounds of the
photochemical smog.
(iii) Certain plants such as Pinus, Juniparus, Pyrus, Vitis etc. can metabolize oxides of nitrogen.
Hence, their plantation could be helpful.

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

EXERCISE JEE ADVANCED

Q.1B Q.2D Q.3 B Q.4A Q.5 C Q.6 D
Q.7C Q.8 B Q.9C Q.10 D Q.11C Q.12 B
Q.13 D Q.14C Q.15C Q.16 A, D Q.17 C, D
Q.18 (A-P,R;B-P,S;C-Q;D- R) Q.19 1 Q.20 5 Q.215 Q.22A
Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 D Q.26 B
Q.19 C4H10 + 6.5O2  4CO2 + 5H2O
C 4H10  6O2  3CO2  CO  5H2O

Q.20In hemoglobin, Fe is coordinated to five groups and sixth site is free to which CO links if
present.

Q.21 We generally measure BOD5 where 5 represents number of days for which the sample is kept,
i.e., amount of O2 consumed in 5 days.

Q.23Correct A. Greenhouse effect is due to presence of CO2 and water vapor near the earth’s
surface

Q.24Correct R. Photochemical smog is due to reaction of NO2 with hydrocarbons present in the
air.

Q.25Correct A. London smog contains SO2 and carbon and hence it is reducing in nature.
Correct R. London smog contains SO2 and carbon particulates

Q.26 Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

SOLUTIONS
3
EXERCISE – I JEE MAIN = × 22400 = 16800 mL at STP
4

Sol.1 We know that. Sol.5 The nuclear reaction

n m m 12
1 ZA Z 6 B 3 24He
N = N0 where, N = remaining mole of A
2 Given, t1/2 = 10 day;
n
1 1 t = 20 day, N0 = mg = 1 g-atom
N=1 =
2 4 n = 2 ( n = T/t1/2)
Number of decayed moles Amount left in 2 halves
1 3 1
=1 – = = (1/2)2 = g-atom
4 4 4
Number of moles of helium formed Amount of A decayed in 2 halves
= 2 × number of decayed moles of A 1 3
= 1 g-atom
3 3 4 4
=2× =
4 2 1 g-atom of A gives 3 moles of He at STP
Volume of helium at STP 3 3
3  g-atom of A give 3 × moles of He at
= × 22. 4 = 33.6 litre 4 4
2
9
1
n STP =   moles of He at STP
Sol.2 N = N0 4
2 = (9/4) moles of He at STP
6
N 1 1 Volume of He at STP =
N0 2 64 (9/4) × 22. 4 litre = 50.4 litre at STP
1 2 1 2Ze2
Sol.3 mu Sol.6 (a)1 m mole = 150 m curie
2 4 0 r
m curie = 1/150 m mole
Ze2 m mole
or u2 = Now, concentration =
0 .m.r V in mL
u2 = 1
29 (1.6 10 19 )2 = = 3.33 × 10–3 M
150 2
3.14 8.85 10 12 (4 1.672 10 –27 ) 10 13
(b)1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 dps
u = 6.3 × 106 m sec–1 = 3.7 × 1010 × 60 dpm
= 3.7 × 1010 × 60 × (80/100)
Sol.4 The nuclear reaction is counting per minute
A A 4 4
ZX Z 2Y 2 He 1 millicurie = 3.7 × 1010 × 60 × (80/100)
Given, t1/2 = 10 day, T = 20 day; × 10–3 cpm
N0 = 1-atoms cpm/mL = 3.7 × 1010 × 60 × (80/100)
× (10–3/2)
n = 2( n = T/t1/2)
= 88.8 × 107 cpm/mL
1
Amount left in 2 halves = 1/22 = g-atom
4 49
Sol.7 Total amount of 19 K
Amount of X decayed in 2 halves
0.012 0.35
1 3 = ×75 × 103 = 3.15 × 10–2 g
= 1 g-atom 100 100
4 4
3 3.15 10 2 6.023 10 23
=
or Amount of He formed = g-atom 40
4 20
= 4.74 × 10 atoms
(since 1 g-atom of X gives 1 g-atoms of He)
Rate =  × Number of atoms
Volume of He formed

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

0.693 1.667
 4.74  1020 and N =
1.3  10  365  24  60
9
238
Rate = 4.81 × 105 dpm 2.303
t= log 0
Sol.8 A = 1 + 2 = 1.5 × 10–5 + 5 × 10–6 N
= 20 × 10–6 s–1 1.667 0.277
[A] 2.303 4.51 109
Also,2.303 log 0 t = log10 238 206
[A]t 0.693 1.667
0.25 238
2.303 log =20×0–6 ×5×60 × 60 = 1.143 × 109 years
[A]t
[A]t = 0.1744 M
[A] decomposed = [A]0 – [A]t
= 0.25 – 0.1744 = 0.0756 M
Fraction of C formed
2
= × [A]decomposed ×
1 2 5
5 10 6 2
= 0.0756 ×
20 10 6 5
= 7.56 × 10–3 M
Note that, 5 moles of A are used to give 2
mole of C.

A A 4 4
Sol.9 ZX Z 2Y 2 He

3
In two half lives, of the isotope AZ X has
4
3
disintegrated i.e., g atom of helium has
4
3
been formed from g atom of AZ X .
4
Volume of 1 g atom of helium
= 22400 mL
3
So, volume of g atom of helium
4
3
= × 22400 mL = 16800 mL
4

Sol.10 Mass defect = (26. 9815 + 2.0141)

– (24. 9858 + 4.0026)
= 0.0072 amu
Energy of the reaction = 0.0072 × 931 MeV =
6.70 MeV

1.667
Sol.11 Moles of U218 =
238
0.277
Moles of Pb206 =
206
1.667 0.277
N0 = +
238 206

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

EXERCISE – II JEE MAIN

2.303 1 ln5
t1 = log =
1 0.8
Sol.1 (d) t for 50% left
Isotones have same number of neutron: 1
17 – 9 = B – 8 t2 = ln2
B = 16 1
Isobars have same mass number ln2
t2
= 0.43
A = B = 16 t1 1
ln5
Number of neutrons 16 – 8 = 8
t2 = 0.43 t1
Sol.2 (d)
235
92U + 0n1  54X139 + 38Sr194 + 3n1 Sol.9 (b)
Total time = nt1/2 ;
Sol.3 (c) Initialactivity
n = 5;
A = N 2n
6.023 × 3.7 × 1010 = 3.7 × 104 N Initial activity = 0.01 × 25 = 0.32 µC1
N = 6.023 × 106 atoms
1 mole of 6.023 × 1023 atoms = 100 g of X Sol.10 (b)
6.023 × 106 atoms A
100 t = ln 0
 × 6.023 × 106 A
6.023 1023
0.693 2140
= 10–15 g = 200 ln
t1 / 2 535
Sol.4 (d) = t1/2 = 100 min.
Four half-lives (Total time = n × f-life so, n = 4),
hence 0.0625 Sol.11 (c)
1 100
= ln
Sol.5 (d) 10 100 25
0.693 1 N0
= = 10–2 min–1 t= ln
69.3 N
dN
– 10 4 1020
N= dt = 100 = 10,000 t= ln
102 4 1020
ln
Sol.6 (b)Equal fraction decay in equal periods 3
of time, t = 48.19
fraction of sample remaining after
3 days Sol.12 (b)
 (0.9)3 = 0.729 t
t1/2 = ; t1/2 = T ln 2
4
Sol.7 (d) t
so = T ln 2; t = 4t ln 2
N0 A0 4
8;
N A
1 A 5770 Sol.13 (d)
t = ln 0  t = ln8
A 0.693 W0 = initial wt ;
 17313. 6 year W  wt. after 20 days
2.303 W
A = log 0
Sol.8 (d) t WA
t for 20% left

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2.303 W 1 d
B = log 0 t= ln 1
t WB p
2.303 W
A – B = log B
t WA Sol.19 (b)
0.693 2
So B = 0.6237  = 1 + 2;  = and 1
22 98
0.693 W 2
(t1/2)B = log B = 1.11 day 1 = 0.00063 year–1; 2 = 0.03087 year–1
0.6237 WA
Sol.14 (c)
Sol.20 (b)
Given (n0)B = 8 × (n0)A; (n)A = 2 × (n)B 218
84Pb  82Pb219 + 2He4  83Bi214 + –1e0
2.303 (N ) (NB ) 214
Pb to reach maximum number of nuclei
A – B = log A 0
t (NA ) (NB )0 1
tmax. = ln 1 = 247.5 sec
1 –
ln 1 2 2

T= 16 = 50 min 0.693 0.693

0.693 0.693 Where 1 = ; 2 =
183 161
50 10
Sol.15 (b)
dN
as per given =  – N for max. Number of
dt
nuclei
dN
=0;  = .N, N =
dt
Atomsof Sr
Sol.16 (c) = 0.05
AtomsofRb
Atomsof (Sr Rb)
or 1.05
AtomsofRb
Initialnumber of atomsofRb
so, = 1.05
Pr esentnumber of atomsRb
2.303
t= log(n0 / n)

2.303
= 4.7 1010 log(1.05)
0.693
= 3.28 × 109 year

Sol.17 (a)
ANA = BNB
( rate of disintegration are same)
NA B 2
=
NB A 1

Sol.18 (b)
N = N0.e–t ; when N = parent remaining (p) and
N0 = Initial parent
= Parent remaining (p) + daughter formed (d)

(p d)
P = (p + d).e–t or ln .t
p

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS JEE MAIN

Sol.1 (c) Sol.11 (a)

234 – 234 – 234 – 230 238 1 Particle 234 2 particles 234
90Th 91X 92Y 90Z 92 U 90 Th 92 U
emission emission

Sol.2 (c) Sol.12 (c)

24 23 1
12 Mg 11Na 1H A basis of for the C-14 dating technique.

Sol.3 (d) Sol.13 (a)

Equate mass number and atomic number A
ZX
A 1
ZX
1
0n

Sol.4 (b)
238
Sol.14 (a)
92M  yNX + 2 2He4 n 18 / 3
x A + 1 1
yN  BL + 2 Nt = N0 , Nt = 256
x
yN = (92–2×2)N
(238–4×2)
= 88N230 2 2
6
88N
230 2
(88–2)L
(230)
= 86L230 1
= 256 =4
Total number of neutrons in 86L230 2
230 – 86 = 144

Sol.5 (c)

Sol.6 (b)
N N0
N= 0 n=6
64 26
Thus total time = 2 × 6 = 12 hr.

Sol.7 (d)
N 560 1 1
N = n0 and n = = 4; N = 4 = g
2 140 2 16

Sol.8 (c)
0.693
k=
t1 / 2
0.693 0.693
 t1/2 = = = 1.2 hr
k 0.58

Sol.9 (c)
0.693
r= × N0
t1 / 2
0.693 6.023 1023
= ×
1600 365 24 60 60 226

= 3.7 × 1010 dps

Sol.10 (a)
1 24
6
N 1 t1 / 2 N 1 4 N 1
; ;
N0 2 200 2 200 2
200
N= =3.125 g
64

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

EXERCISE – I JEE ADVANCED

Sol.1 Energy supplied to -particle q × V 2 0.293

P= ×0.0821 × 300
= 2 × 1.602 × 10–19 × 3 × 105 J 5
2 1.602 10 19 3 105 = 2.887 atm
= eV
1.602 10 19 PHe = P × mole fraction of He
= 6 × 105 eV 1
= 2.887 × =1.443 atm
The energy given is used up to overpower the 2
penetration of nucleus and imparting energy to
Sol.3 n = .N1, r2 = .N2
C and H atoms,
r N1 3.02 106
i.e., 1×105 eV + 5×105 eV =6 × 105 eV.  1 = 2.52
Thus, extra energy given to -particles is used r2 N2 1.20 106
in imparting velocity to C and H and to 2.303 N
Also10 = log 0 ….. (i)
overpower the forces of repulsion. The mass N1
decayed during the course of reaction is 2.303 N
20 = log 0 ……. (ii)
responsible for emission -rays. N2
Total mass before reaction By eqs. (ii) – (i)
= 4.0026 + 10.0129 = 14. 0155 amu 2.303 N N0
Total mass after reaction 20 – 10 = log 0 log
N2 N1
= 13. 0036 + 1.008 =14. 0116 amu
2.303 N1 2.303
Mass decay during reaction 10 = log log2.52
= 14. 0155 – 14. 0116 = 0.0039 amu N2
Total energy given out  = 0.092 min–1
= 0.0039 x 931 MeV 0.693 0.693
t1/2 = = = 7.50 min
= 3.6309 MeV= 3.6309 x 106 eV 0.092
= 3.6309 × 106 × 1.602 × 10–19 J 1 1
Tav. = = = 10.87 min
= 5.816 x 10–13 J 0.092
also, E = hv
5.816 x 10–13 = 6.625 × 10–34 × v Sol.4 Let activity of xA1 and xA2 be m and n curie
v =8.77 × 1020 Hz respectively at t = 0
and 𝜗 = c/ m + n = 1 ….. (i)
8.77 x 1020 = (3.0 × 108)/ Also,  Rate  Number of atoms
 = 3.4 × 10–13 m For xA1 decay
266 222 4 2.303 N0 2.303 r
Sol.2 88 Ra 86 Rn 2 He t= log log 0
N r
N0 = 1 g-atom; t1/2 Ra = 1600 year,
2.303 14 m
t = 800 year 20 = log
2.303 N 0.693 r1
Now, t = log 0 r1 = 0.3716
K N
2.303 1600 1 Similarly, for xA2 decay
800 = log 2.303 r
0.693 N t= log 0 ;
r
( N = 0.707 g-atom)
2.303 25 n
Amount of Ra decayed = 1 – 0.707 = 0.293 20 = log
0.693 r2
Moles of Rn formed = 0.293 and moles of He
r2 = 0.5744 n
formed = 0.293
1
PV = nRT Given that activity after 20 day remains of
2
Total pressure of He and Rn is original activity

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

1 = 2.209 × 10–3 g-atom

0.3716 m + 0.5744 n = ….. (ii)
2 2.303 N
Now, t = log10 0
Solving eqs. (i) and (ii) m = 0.3669 curie; N
n = 0.6331 curie 2.303 2.209 10 3
= log10
For ratio of atoms, i.e., N0A1 /N0A2 , we can write 1.52 10 –10 2.10 10 3
R = 3.3 × 108 year
r0A1 A1
N0A1
( r = .N0) Sol.8 We know, x x
y y
z
r0A2 A2
N0A2
A t = 0, [rx]0 [ry]0
0.3669 0.693 25 N0 1 N0A1
or = or = 0.3255 t = 4 [rx]t [ry]t
0.6331 14 0.693 N0A2 N0A2 [rx]0 = [ry]0 (Given)
Sol.5 We know, A 1
B 2
C [Nx ]0 y
–5 –1
Given, [A]0 = 1.8 M, 1 = 1.8 × 10 s and 2 = x[Nx]0 = y[Ny]0 or =
[Ny ]0 x
1.1 × 10–2 s–1
Now maximum yield of y(Ny)t
Since, 1 << 2, thus, B will be converted to C
at t = 4 hr. is :
at higher rate than A is converted to B. Thus,
[N ] . – .t .t y .t
sequential reaction may therefore, be written [Ny]t= x 0 x [e x e y ] [Ny ]0 e
as : y x

A 1
C y [Ny ]0 . x x .t y .t – y .t
= [e e ] [Ny ]0 e
[A]0 = [A]t + [C]t….. (i) x[ y x]
For 1 order reaction, rate expression in y [Ny ]0 x.t y .t – y .t
integrated form gives = [e e ] [Ny ]0 e
[ y x]
[A]t [A]0 e 1t ….. (ii)
y
Thus, by eqs. (i) and (ii). .e– x .t

[Ny ]t
[A]0 [A]0 e 1t [C]t 
y x

1t
[Ny ]0 y – y .t y .t
or [C]t [A]0 [1 e ] e e
= 1.8 [1 – e–1.8 × 10–5 × 24 × 3600] y x
–0.693
[C]t = 1.42 M 0.693 4
– – e 2
Sol.6 m
ZA
m 4
Z 2B
m 4
Z 1C 0.693 0.693
2 –
(t1/2)A = 10 month (t1/2)B = 6 month 1 2
= –0.693 4 –0.693 4
The radioactive equilibrium is attached then, at 0.693
equilibrium the ratio of atoms of A and B left is: e 1 e 1
0.693 0.693
2
NA t1 / 2 A 10 1 2
1.66
NB t1 / 2B 6 = 0.25 + 0.06 + 0.06
If half-life of A = 6 month and B is 10 month, [Ny ]t
0.25
then since t1/2A < t1/2B or [Ny ]0
A > B and thus no equilibrium will be set.
––
Note: Radioactive process are first order in 64
Zn (38%); 1
nature and any radioactive species completely 30

decays only at infinite time. –+ 64

Sol.7 Uranium present Sol.9 64
29
Cu 28 Ni (19%); 2
50 0.50 + +0e
= g g atom –1 64
100 2.38 Ni (43%); 3
28
= 2.10 × × 10–3 g-atom
Pb formed from uranium decay Given,
2.425 93 0.693 –1
= =0.109 × 10–3 g-atom av. = hr
100 206 100 12.8
Thus, N = 2.10 × 10–3 g-atom 0.693
1 + 2 + 3 = av =
N0 = (2.10 + 0.109) × 10–3 g-atom 12.8

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

1 + 2 + 3 = 5.41 × 10–2 hr–1….. (i) = 0.054 faraday

Also for parallel path decay
64 0.693
1 = Fractional yield of 30 Zn av ….. (ii) Sol.11 Pb = = 1.0896 × 10–3 min–1
64
10.6 60
2 = Fraction yield of 28Ni av ….. (iii) 0.693
Bi = =11. 45 × 10–3 min–1
3 = Fractional yied of 64
28Ni av …. (iv) 60.5
28 2.303
 1 ….. (v) tmax. = – log Bi
2 19 Bi Pb Pb
38 2.303
and 1 ….. (vi) 3 3
3 43 (11.45 10 1.0896 10 )
=
From eqs. (i), (v) and (vi); 1 = 2.056 × 10 –2
11.45 103
log
2 = 1.028 × 10–2; 3 = 2.327 × 10–2 hr–1 1.0896 103
0.693 = 227.1 min
t1/2 for – -emission = = 33.70 hr
2.056 10 2 2.303 N0
0.693
Sol.12 We know, that, t = log
t1/2 for +-emission = 67.41hr N
1.028 10 2 N0 = 100, N = (100 – 99.9) = 0.1
0.693 So,Time required for 99.9% decay,
t1/2 for electron capture = =29.78 hr
2.327  10 2 2.303 100 2.303
t= log = 3
0.1
Sol.10 TF T+ + F–
0.693
1 0 0 Half life period =
(1 – )  
Given, pT = 1.7 (like pH) Time required for 99.9%decay
So,
[T+] = 0.02 = C Half life period
Since T = 0 – (–0.372) = 0.372 for solution of 2.303 3
= 10
TF 0.693
Tf = Kf × (1 + ) × molality = Kf(1 + ) × C Sol.13 ZAm  Z–6Bm–12 + 3[2He4]
( Molality = molarity for dilute solution) m
Mole of A = 1
m
Tf = Kf(C + C)
0.372 = 1.86(C + 0.02) Number of half lives = 20/10 = 2
n n
C = 0.2 – 0.02 = 0.18 M 1 1 1
N = N0 =1
[T ][F ] 0.02 0.02 2 2 4
Thus, Ka = = 2.5 × 10–3
[TF] (0.18 – 0.02) 1 3
Decayed moles = 1 – =
Also, 0.18 mole of TF contain 0.18 mole of T 4 4
(including T+) per litre. 3 9
Mole of ‘He’ formed = 3 × =
0.18 600 4 4
Thus, mole of TF in 600 mL = 9
1000 volume of ‘He’ at STP = 22. 4 × = 50.4 litre
= 0.108 4
T has half-life = 12. 4 year; N0 = 0.108 Sol.14 27 MeV = 27 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 43.2
N × 10–13 J
Amount left in 24. 8 year = 0 = 0.054
2 Energy radiated by the sun per day
or 0.05 mole of tritium undergoes  -eission. = 4 × 1026 × 3600 × 24 J day–1
Since, one tritium atom emits one -particle. = 34.56 × 1030 J day–1
Number of -emitted 43.2 × 10–13 J of energy is obtained from
= [0.108 – 0.054] × 6.023 × 1023 = 4 amu of H = 4 × 1.66 × 10–24 g of H
total charge emitted 34.56 × 1030 J of energy is obtained
3.25 1022 1.602 10 19 from
= Faraday 4 1.66 10 –24
96500 = 34.56 1030 = 5.31 × 1019 g
43.2 10 13

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

EXERCISE – II JEE ADVANCED

A0
Sol.1 (b) also + B0 = 3500
4
A0
.t = ln (we can assume that activity of B
A
remains constant due to larger
0.693 A half-life)
= 90 ln 0 A 0 A 8
30 A 3A0
A0 800 So = 4500;
 N0 = 30 4
0.693 A0 = 6000; B0 = 2000;
= 3.46 × 104 atoms A0 6000 3
Sol.2 (a) B0 2000 1
at time X Y ; Sol.6 (a)
n0 x x
No change in activity of sample during
n0 x 1 8x establishment of circulatory equilibrium.
; n0 = ;
x 7 7 Let volume of blood is V mL, so total
0.693 vol. = (V + 1) mL after injection of
=  1010 years–1
6.93 10 9 sample.
2.303  W0  2 mL sample has activity of 10 dpm, so
t= log  
  W0  x  10
(V + 1) mL sample has activity of (V 1)
2.303 2
t= log(8) = 2.097 × 1010 years 10
10 –10 Since rate is constant so (V 1)
2
Sol.3 (c) = 1000; V = 199 mL
net or = 1 + 22 = 1.8×10–3 + 2×10–3
= 2 × 10–2 Sol.7 (c)
1 A 0(X) 4 Ax
Average life (Tav) = ; 1 ,
A 0(Y) 1 Ay
1
= 50 sec 1 (A0 )y Ax
2 10 2 y – x = ln
t (A0 )x Ay
Sol.4 (c) 1
211 (y – x)t = ln ; (t1/2)y = 30 min.
83Bi  81Tl207 + 2He4; total time 4
= n × half-life
Moles of substance left after n halves = Sol.8 (a)
initialmoles 2 Corrected C14 count :
0.125
2 n
24 Let initial C14 count = A0 ;
Mole of He produced = 2 – 0.125 A0 + A0/10 = 15. 4; A0 = 14
= 1.875 1 14
t= log =5.770 × 103 years;
Pressure developed due to He 7
1.875 0.0821 300 ln2
= = 0.4618 atm t= = t1/2; t = 5770 years
100

Sol.5 (d) Sol.9 (c)

Let initial activities of A and B are A0 and B0
Sol.10 (a)
( after 2 half-lives of activity of A will remain n
N 1
A0 ; where n = number of halves;
) N0 x
4 n
A0 + B0 = 8000 and N 1 1
=n=4
N0 10 x

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

Total time = n × t1/2 = 4740 = 4 × t1/2;

t1/2 = 1185 years
dN
Sol.11 (b)– =×N
dt
0.693
 n NA
t1 / 2
dN 0.693
– × 1×6.02
dt 24,000 365 24 60 60
× 1023 dps

Sol.12 (b)
r = R0A1/3
Volume of nucleus =
4
(4/3)r3 = (1.5 10 15 )3 Am3
3
m A 1.66 10 27 kg
Density d =
V 4
(1.5 10 15 )3 A
3
= 1.17 × 1017 kg/m3

Sol.13 (b)
27
Mass 12 1.66 10
dC =
Volume 4 15 3
3.14 (3 10 )
3
= 1.76 × 1017 kg/m3
dH2O 1000kg/m3

dC 1.76 1017
= 1.76 × 1014
dH2O 1,000

Sol.14 A  S; B  P; C  Q; DR

Sol.15 A  P,R; B  S; C  Q; DR

Sol.16 c

Sol.17 a,c,d

Sol.18 a,c,d

Sol.19 a,b,c

Sol.20 b,c

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Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS JEE ADVANCED

Sol.1 The nuclear reaction n 20

238
(20 Ca40 ) 1 , stable
92U  2He4() + 90Th234 p 20
Also, nuclei with both neutrons and protons are
Sol.2 Isotopes have same atomic numbers (Z)
usually unstable but it does not explain the
but different mass number (A). Therefore,
76 77 assertion appropriately.
32Ge and 32Ge are isotopes.

Sol.11 92U235  54Xe142 + 38Sr90 + 30n1

Sol.3 Both -rays and -rays are deflected by
magnetic field. Sol.12 92X234  7 2He4 + 6–1e0 + 84Y206
Y is 84Po206
Sol.4 13Al29 is neutron rich isotope, will decay be
-emission converting some of its neutron into Sol.13 92U238  82Pb214 + 6 2He4 + 2 –1e
proton as Number of ( + ) = 6 + 2 = 8
1 0 1
0n  –1 + 1H

Sol.5 The balanced nuclear reaction is

20n1 + 92U235  54Xe139 + 38Sr94

Sol.6 In stable isotope of Na, there are 11

protons and 12 neutrons. In the given
radioactive isotope of sodium (N24), there are
13 neutrons, one neutron more than that
required for stability. A neutron rich isotope
always decay by -emission as
1 0 1
0n  –1 + 1H

Sol.7 The required nuclear reaction is

23 0 23
11Na  +1e + 10Ne

Sol.8 If sum of mass number of product

nuclides in less than the same of parent
nuclides, neutron emission will occur. In both
(a) and (d), sum of mass numbers of product
nuclides is one unit less than the same for
parent nuclides, neutron emission will balance
the mass numbers.

Sol.9 In the following nuclear reaction, there

occur decrease in atomic number (Z):
A 4 A–4
ZX  2He + Z–2Y ….. -emission
A 0 A
ZX  +1e + Z–1Y ….. positron emission
A 0 A
ZX + –1e  Z–1Y ….. electrons capture
In beta emission, increase in atomic
number is observed :
A 0 A
ZX  –1e + Z+1Y ….. -emission

Sol.10 Up to atomic number 20, stable nuclei

possess neutron to proton ratio (n/p) = 1
n 17
(13 Al30 ) 1.3 1 , unstable, -emitters
p 13

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