c





 
 

The simplest type of wall is constructed in solid brickwork, normally at least one brick thick. Bricks are
laid in rows known as courses, the arrangement of headers and stretchers in each course gives rise to
different patterns or bonds.

 

In a cavity wall, two layers (or leaves) of brickwork are tied together with metal ties, with a cavity or 2 to
4 inches that may be filled with insulation.

c 

A non-structural outer facing of brick is tied back to an internal structure: a layer of blockwork, timber or
metal studwork etc.

!"        

   # " 

          $% 
   

&         


a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick exposed on the outer face of a
wall.

'
a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.

 
a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.

 
a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.

 
a brick laid on the long, narrow side with the small or "header" side exposed.


a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side exposed [1] [2]
c!%. There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and wire cut. Pressed bricks usually have a
deep frog in one bedding surface and a shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4
holes through them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick. Some ͚perforated͛ bricks
have many smaller holes.

c( . There are three main categories of use, and both pressed bricks or wire cut brick types are
used in all three categories.

#  is the visible decorative work.

)  , often seen in bridges and large industrial construction but may also be hidden in
ground works where maximum durability is required e.g. manhole construction.

"" is not usually seen and is used where engineering qualities are not required; below
ground in domestic buildings and internal walls for instance.

# %*. A frog is a recessed part of a surface of a brick. Pressed bricks are laid ͚frog up͛ when
maximum strength is required especially in engineering work. This method also increases the mass of a
wall and decreases sound transmittance. Pressed bricks may be laid frog down; this method is favoured
by the bricklayer since less mortar is required for bedding. There may also be a marginal increase in
thermal insulation due to the entrapped air pockets. A disadvantage of this method is that with bricks
having a very deep ͚V͛ shaped frog there may be some difficulty in making reliable fixings to the wall
when the fixing hits an air pocket.

 may be laid either way up but some types of wire cuts have a textured (combed) face
creating folds in the face of the brick which is directional. It is advisable to lay these bricks with the folds
hanging downwards to maximise the weathering characteristics of the brick.

! are used to tie layers of brickwork into one another, to form a structural whole. A
common type is a figure-eight of twisted wire, generally stainless steel to avoid failure due to corrosion.
The loop at either end is buried in the mortar bed as the wall is built up.

 is a mixture of sand, lime and Portland cement, mixed with water to a workable consistency. It is
applied with a bricklayer's trowel, and sets solid in a few hours. There are many different mixes and
admixtures used to make mortars with different performance characteristics.

cc  !"

c- a cut brick. A quarter bat is one quarter the length of a stretcher. A half bat is one half.[3]

  - a cut brick used to change the bond at quoins. Commonly a quarter bat.

+  - a brick which has been cut over its length and is a stretcher long and a quarter bat deep.
Commonly used to bond one brick walls at right angled quoins.
m   - a brick which has been cut diagonally over its length to show a half bat at one end and
nothing at the other.

%%' - a half bat laid to appear as a header. Commonly used to build short radii half brick
walls or decorative features.

, - a brick which is specially made to bond around external quoins of obtuse angles. Typically 60 or
45 degrees.

 - - a brick which is specially made to bond around internal acute angles. Typically 60 or 45
degrees.

 - a brick, block or stone which oversails the main wall.

- a header which is angled at less than 90 degrees.

& - a stretcher which is angled at less than 90 degrees.

. - a supporting brick in an arch, usually shaped to ensure the joints appear even.

   - a flat clay tile laid as a brick to form decorative features or waterproofing to the top of a
garden wall.

"% - or frame cramp is a tie used to secure a window or door frame.

"/ - a straight joint formed in a wall to contain compressible material, in order to prevent
cracking as the wall contracts or expands.

 - a brick with perforations to allow the passage of air through a wall. Usually used to permit the
ventilation of underfloor areas.

&- a free standing section of masonry such as pillar or panel.

+ - a corner in masonry.

%% - the end of a wall which does not abut any other component.

  - a course of headers where alternate bricks project from the face.

 - a course of headers laid at a 45 degree angle to the main face.

 % - a low wall whose function is to provide support, typically to floor joists.

'" - a wall, usually stretcher bond, in which the vertical joints are opened up to the size of
a quarter bat to allow air to circulate. Commonly used in sleeper walls.

& - a wall shared by two properties or parties.

 - a wall designed to give way in the event of structural failure in order to preserve the
integrity of the remaining building.

# - a wall specifically constructed to compartmentalise a building in order to prevent fire spread.

 - the central wall dividing two shafts. Most commonly to divide flues within a chimney.

! - the forming of a temporary stopped end in such a way as to allow the bond to continue at a
later date as the work proceeds.

 - a hole left in a wall in order to accommodate an adjoining wall at a future date. These are often
left to permit temporary access to the work area.

!"   - bonding a battered buttress or breast into a horizontal wall.

  - stepping back the bond as the wall increases in height in order to allow the work to
proceed at a future date.

Ruins of Rosewell Plantation, Gloucester County, Virginia, one of earliest works in America in Flemish
bond. The bricks were imported from England.

# ", also known as Dutch bond, has historically always been considered the most decorative
bond, and for this reason was used extensively for dwellings until the adoption of the cavity wall. It is
created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course. The next course is laid so that a
header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below. This bond is one brick thick. It is quite
difficult to lay Flemish bond properly, since for best effect all the perpendiculars (vertical mortar joints)
need to be vertically aligned. If only one face of a Flemish bond wall is exposed, one third of the bricks
are not visible, and hence may be of low visual quality. This is a better ratio than for English bond,
Flemish bond's main rival for load-bearing walls.
A common variation often found in early 18th century buildings is Glazed-headed Flemish Bond, in
which the exposed headers are burned until they vitrify with a black glassy surface. Monk bond' is a
variant of Flemish bond, with two stretchers between the headers in each row, and the headers centred
over the join between the two stretchers in the row below. A common variant is Wessex Bond with
three stretchers between each header. This is easier to lay than full Flemish Bond and produces a less
intense, but nevertheless "pretty" brickwork face.

 is the simplest repeating pattern but it is only suitable for a wall half a brick thick, the
thinnest possible wall. Such a thin wall is not stable enough to stand alone, and must be tied to a
supporting structure. It is common in modern buildings, particularly as the outer face of a cavity wall, or
as the facing to a timber framed structure.

)  .This bond has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers, with the headers
centered on the stretchers, and each alternate row vertically aligned. There is a variant in which the
second course of stretchers is half offset from the first, giving rise to English cross bond or Dutch bond

"

By one definition, Common, American or Scottish bond has one row of headers to five of stretchers.[5]
The number of stretcher courses may vary from that, in practice. For example, the brick Clarke-Palmore
House in Henrico County, Virginia, has a lower level built in 1819 described as being American bond of 3
to 5 stretcher courses between each header course, and an upper level built in 1855 with American
bond of 6 to 7 stretcher courses between each header course.[6]

0 


)    - Each course consists of a repeating sequence of a header followed by three
stretchers. The headers are aligned to the centre of the stretchers in the course above.
# "  c - also known as Flemish diagonal bond. A complex pattern of stretcher
courses alternating with courses of one or two stretchers between headers, at various offsets such that
over ten courses a diamond shaped pattern appears.[4]

c - a nine inch wall bond where both skins are built in stretcher bond, but the bed joints in
are staggered so as not to align. This bond is often specified by local councils in the North of England for
manholes.

1%

Rat-trap bond, also known as Chinese bond, is a type of garden wall bond similar to Flemish, but
consisting of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers (the stretchers and headers are laid
on their sides, with the base of the stretcher facing outwards). This gives a wall with an internal cavity
bridged by the headers, hence the name. The main advantage of this bond is economy in use of bricks,
giving a wall of one brick thickness with fewer bricks than a solid bond. Rat-trap bond was in common
usage in England for building houses of fewer than 3 stories up to the turn of the 20th century and is
today still used in India as an economical bond, as well for the insulation properties offered by the air
cavity. Also, many brick walls surrounding kitchen gardens were designed with cavities so hot air could
circulate in the winter, warming fruit trees or other produce spread against the walls, causing them to
bloom earlier and foFraming (construction)

#)

#" , in construction known as light-frame construction, is a building technique based around
structural members, usually called studs, which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior
wall coverings are attached, and covered by a roof comprising horizontal ceiling joists and sloping rafters
(together forming a truss structure) or manufactured pre-fabricated roof trussesͶall of which are
covered by various sheathing materials to give weather resistance.

  -frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels (plywood and other plywood-like
composites such as oriented strand board (OSB) used to form all or part of wall sections, but until
recently carpenters employed various forms of diagonal bracing (called wind braces) to stabilize walls.
Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind braces are required
by building codes in many municipalities or by individual state laws in the United States.

Light frame construction using standardized dimensional lumber has become the dominant construction
method in North America and Australia because of its economy. Use of minimal structural materials
allows builders to enclose a large area with minimal cost, while achieving a wide variety of architectural
styles. The ubiquitous platform framing and the older balloon framing are the two different light frame
construction systems used in N orth America.rcing early fruit production.
Although wrought iron was exploited relatively quickly for girders, vertical support continued to
be provided by walls or cast iron columns.

Whatever the structural possibilities of this form of construction its commercial use was limited
by the willingness of the building's users to climb many flights of stairs, five floors being the
effective maximum. The possibility of higher buildings became a reality with the parallel
development of the passenger elevator. Goods hoists had, of course, been used for some time.
The Albert Dock buildings in Liverpool were equipped with hydraulically powered hoists and
cotton warehouses in Manchester also had hoists. In America the Bunker Hill Monument, just
outside Boston, was opened in 1844 with a steam driven hoist to take people to the top and
there was a passenger elevator in the observatory tower of the New York Exposition of 1853.
But the use of the elevator in commercial buildings dates from the installation of the device
perfected by Otis in the Haughwout Store New York in 1857. Even then, it was not until the
seven floor Tribune Building and the 9 floor Western Union Building (both built in 1869) that
advantage was taken of this new invention to increase the number of lettable floors.

The change in the form of construction from frame mixed with external loadbearing walls to
the complete frame building took place in several steps.

The first was the appearance of the complete frame building with columns on the external walls
so that the masonry carried none of the floor loads. The relationship between the external
columns and the wall might vary. They could simply stand against the external wall or be
incorporated within it. With a complete frame building the height of construction was no longer
limited by the ability of the wall to carry its own weight. Moreover, this also solved the problem
of the differential thermal expansion of the masonry and the iron.


)!' m

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of soil or
unformed rock.

 %  

Engineers need to concern themselves with issues of geotechnical engineering (such as soil
fluidity and friction) and with quantity estimation to ensure that soil volumes in the cuts match
those of the fills, while minimizing the distance of movement. In the past, these calculations
were done by hand using a slide rule and with methods such as Simpson's rule.Now they can be
performed with a computer and specialized software, including optimisation on haul cost and
not haul distance (as haul cost is not proportional to haul distance).

   

Typical earthworks include roads, railways, dams, dikes, canal, bunding, and berms ("noise
mounds").

 

In military engineering, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed

from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used,
generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats, sod
walls, motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts. Modern examples include trenches and berms.

),%"

Heavy equipment (construction) is usually used due to the massive amounts of material to be
movedͶmillions of cubic metres (or cubic yards). In the case of large damsͶearthwork
engineering was revolutionised by the development of the (Fresno) scraper and other earth-
moving machines such as the loader, production trucks, the grader, the bulldozer, the backhoe,
and the dragline excavator.
- 
0cm

22%22

3 Gather all the materials you need to start your project before beginning. When you have mixed the
masonry cement and started laying brick, you have to use the mortar up and strike your joints before
quitting.

3 Pour a concrete foundation if you do not have an existing slab, brick ledge, or footing to work on. This
must be level and below the grade of the finished ground so that the brick is all you see when your wall
is finished.

3 Layout the wall you are going to work on, and mark openings like doors, windows, and any
architectural appurtenances you are including in your design. For beginners, a simple, square project
like a planter box or mail box pedestal is best.

3 Place brick along the length of your foundation in stacks you can reach easily from your work area.

3 Space "mortar boards" about every six feet along the wall, or on each side if the project is small. This
will allow you to grab mortar with your trowel as you work, and not have to move around too much.

3 Mix your masonry cement, or mortar. This can be done in a wheelbarrow for small projects, or a
mortar box if you don't have access to a mortar mixer or [Build Fake Rock with Cement mixer].Basically,
to mix the mortar, you will use a ratio of three parts masonry sand (builders sand, if it is very clean), to
one part masonry cement. Add water to the dry materials and mix to a consistancy like pudding. Too
dry, and it will be difficult to "set" the brick in the mortar bed, too wet and the brick will sag.

3 Place a few shovels of mortar on each board, splashing the board first with water so the mortar
"keeps", or stays wet enough to use.

3 Start at a corner, and using the trowel, scoop up mortar and place a 4 to 6 inch wide band on the
footing or slab about 1 inch thick. Set a brick down in this "bed" of mortar, and tap it down with the
handle of your trowel, until it is level, parallel to the line of your wall, and the edge is plumb. Repeat
with 6 or 8 brick, using the edge of the trowel to cut away the excess mortar that is shoved out from
under the brick as you go.

3 Set another course of brick, starting at the corner, on top of the first course. If you are turning the
corner you began at, you will set each course half a brick back from the previous course, so that each
course is staggered half a brick. If you are turning the corner where you began, put the first brick in the
first course so that it is square, and lay a few brick in this direction also.

3 Keep the height of the brick the same using a spirit or carpenter's level, and keep the end joints (head
joints) equal. The standard bed and head joints are 3/8 inch, but this can be adjusted to your
preference, up to 3/4 inch or even more.
3 Lay up several courses on each end of the wall you are going to lay first, these are the "leads", then
you can attach a piece of builder's line at the top of each brick as you lay up the remaining brick in this
wall, keeping them aligned and level.

3 Strike the head and bed joints with a "jointer" or "joint striker" when the mortar has begun to set.
The jointer is a piece of tubing whose diameter is the same or slightly larger than your joint spacing,
bent in an "S" shape. Hold the tool on one end, and rub it along the mortar joint between your brick
with the curved portion of the tool to smooth out the mortar joint.

3 Brush the face of the brick with a "foxtail" brush to wipe away excess mortar and finish smoothing the
joint. It takes a lot of practice to be able to tell when the mortar is set properly to strike and brush the
joints, but basically, when it is hard enough to touch with your finger and not leave an impression, it is
ready.

3 Continue laying the brick until you are level with the leads you laid up, then begin at the ends or
corners laying either in another direction, or straight up with another lead.

/m
0

&%3 

Pipe Jacking, also known as pipe jacking or pipe-jacking, is a method of tunnel construction where
hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a tunnel boring
machine or shield. This technique is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as
roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter tunnels with a
maximum size of around 2.4m.

c43 

Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, but instead of jacking tubes, a box shaped tunnel is used. Jacked
boxes can be a much larger span than a pipe jack with the span of some box jacks in excess of 20m. A
cutting head is normally used at the front of the box being jacked and excavation is normally by
excavator from within the box.

  %


Well points are small-diameter (about 50 mm) tubes with slots near the bottom that are inserted into
the ground from which water is drawn by a vacuum generated by a dewatering pump. Wellpoints are
typically installed at close centers in a line along or around the edge of an excavation. As a vacuum is
limited to 0 bar, the height to which water can be drawn is limited to about 6 meters (in practice).[5]
WellPoint can be installed in stages, with the first reducing the water level by up to five meters, and a
second stage, installed at a lower level, lowering it further.

##' )&-!# 


Offshore platforms are a unique structure that can be found offshore. Usually built and installed with
the specific task of extracting hydrocarbons (aka oil and gas) from the earths crust. Sometimes they are
built in large clusters with many being unmanned or partly manned satellite platforms around a central
hub platform (usually manned).

In the earliest platforms developed (concrete leg platforms) were ones which provided storage capacity
for tankers to transport ashore. These were superseded by the Steel Jacket platform which, while
expensive, could fully exploit a large oil and gas field with pipelines feeding back to the mainland.

!"%% "



!  - Large, pre-built units that include: accommodation, production and drilling zones.

!/ - An intricate 'spiders web' of steel piles, beams and trunions combine to provide a
formidable foundation which the entire platform sits on. This is the preferred choice for platforms on
larger oil fields where the expense justifies the end outcome.

! - Usually the highest point on the platform (the exception being the helideck). In this area
the drilling is carried out.

Also worth mentioning is the helideck which serves as a transportation hub and the flare tower which
burns off unusable hydrocarbons. Plus of course the pipelines, risers and equipment which process and
deliver the hydrocarbons ashore.

In the 1960s and 70s it was common for commercial divers to operate from the oil platform using
modular diving systems craned in from a vessel. With space being at such a premium platform operators
were reluctant for this way to continue, DSVs are now used in nearly all cases of diver operations. Some
exceptions are observation-class activities

A big misnomer about the offshore platforms is the interchangeability of the term 'oil rig.' The correct
term is actually oil platform or offshore platform / offshore installation for the structure as a whole. Oil
Rig actually means the part of the platform where the drill crew operates from, whereas there's a lot
more to the structure than just the derrick area. (The 'Rig' part of the name possibly comes from the fact
that on some platforms it can slid about to different areas via hydraulic machinery that performs
'skidding' operations.) Indeed some even would consider an offshore platform not be a 'rig' at all. This
being due to the fact that an offshore platform is usually one that is permenently fixed to the sea bed.

The fiery flare tower and so on can create an industrial city atmosphere, futuristic even especially as
darkness falls.

Conversely in bad weather the platforms can resemble sinister hulking behemoths!

! & "

Listed below are the offshore platforms that have been visited by our associates. They have been
reviewed and their good and bad points are discussed.



Forties Alpha Platform, Armada Platform, AUK Platform, Beatrice Platform, Brent Bravo Platform,
Britania Platform, Claymore Platform, Clyde Platform, Dunbar Platform, Elgan Franklin Platform Fulmar
Platform, Gannet Platform, Montrose Platform, Murchison Platform, Nelson Platform , Ninian Central
Platform, Ninian North Platform, Ninian South Platform, Schilion Platform ,Shearwater Platform ,
Sedco Platform 706 ,Thistle Platform

5


Douglas Platforms, Irish Sea Pioneer (Jack-Up Barge/Vessel) , Morcambe Bay Platforms.

! & "

& "6 - The Size of the Platform. This can range from small through to v. large.

& "- - Where the offshore platform is located.

' % - The amount of oil produced per day in barrels. Note that this is can be an
estimate and/or based on knowlege gleaned from being on location.

 #  - One of the most important areas as far as many oil workers are concerned.
An offshore platform may have the latest and greatest in food, telephony, games and internet. Such a
platforms workers will typically have a higher morale than a platform with only the most basic facilities.
In addition an offshore oil rig may be large, but the accommodation module may only be small and the
sleeping quarters cramped and congested.

  - While not as important as Offshore Welfare Facilities (OWF) the Work Area
Welfare (WAW) will list what welfare is available for oil workers at the work areas while away from the
Accommodation Module. The use of the phones, smoking / non-smoking areas, problems that may be
encountered etc
 & - This mark out of ten gives an understanding as to how good the quality of life on board the
installation is.

c
 

Box jacking, also known as Tunnel Jacking, involves the advancement of a site cast rectangular
or other shaped sections using high capacity hydraulic jacks. The structure to be installed is constructed,
normally in reinforced concrete, on a launch pad at site adjacent to where it has to be installed. It is then
thrust forward horizontally using advance support, open shield and jacking technology with excavation
taking place from inside the box. This is frequently used where an existing road or rail track is on an
embankment and space exists for the structure to be cast at the side. There are variations on this
concept using short pre-cast units to form the box.
 The main benefit of this approach is that it offers an effective alternative to disruptive open cut
techniques, conventional tunneling methods being inappropriate so close to the structures above.
Tunnel jacking can install the final structure in one go, it also allows the above infrastructure to remain
͞live͟ and active during the work. This obviously significantly reduces potential disruption to these
services.

A number of installations have been made where the top of the box is immediately below the
track. The system is designed for the track loads to be picked up by the box roof as it advances.

O


  

Jacked box tunnelling is a non-intrusive method for constructing a new under-bridge, culvert or
subway beneath existing surface infrastructure, for example railways and highways.

T he method enables traffic flows to be maintained throughout the construction period, and
maintained with only minor restrictions during the brief period of tunnelling. The inconvenience and
costs of disruption to infrastructure and traffic flows experienced with traditional construction methods
can be avoided.

An example of the method is illustrated simply in Fig. 1. An open ended reinforced concrete box
is cast on a jacking base adjacent to a railway embankment, see Fig. 1a. A purpose designed tunnelling
shield is provided at its leading end, and thrust jacks are provided at its rear end reacting against a
jacking slab. The box is then jacked slowly through the ground under the railway in a carefully controlled
tunnelling operation, see Fig. 1b. Excavation and jacking take place alternately in small increments of
advance. Measures are taken to ensure stability of the tunnel face and to prevent the ground from
being dragged forward by the advancing box. When the box has reached its final position, Fig. 1c, the
shield and jacking equipment are removed, and bridge construction is completed with the addition of
wingwalls and road pavement.

&% c

ë The principal benefits of jacked box tunnelling are:

ë A non-intrusive construction method
ë Minimal disturbance to surface infrastructure
ë Traffic flows maintained throughout the construction period
ë Traffic flows maintained with only minor restrictions during box installation
ë An efficient structural form incorporating a low bearing pressure foundation
ë A high quality maintenance free structure


 

'  %"

Jacked box tunnelling in the UK developed from the pipe jacking of the mid-1960s. Initially, small
precast concrete boxes were jacked to form pedestrian subways and portal bridge foundations. Later
small boxes were jacked one on top of another and filled with concrete to form bridge abutments

In recent years, the development of high capacity jacking equipment and sophisticated
techniques for controlling ground disturbance has led to the jacking of very large boxes each capable of
accommodating a highway, railway or flood defence channel.Several large box structures have now
been installed in a wide variety of ground conditions.

1 "

Referring to Fig. 1b, it can be seen that as the box is jacked forward it will tend to drag the
ground along with it. In the case of a wide box at shallow cover the mass of ground on top of the box
could be dragged forward, causing major disturbance and possible disruption to the infrastructure
above. Similarly, the underside of the box will tend to drag and shear the ground, resulting in
remoulding accompanied by a loss in volume that will cause the box to dive.
% " 78
Diaphragm Wall can be designed and executed as a reinforced concrete retaining structure, in
which case it will also be called ͞ Cast In Place Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Wall ͞. Diaphragm wall is
a ͞Top-Down Construction Technology͟ employed for Excavation Support in difficult soil conditions or
whenever deep excavation has to be carried out in an environment where zero disturbance of the
surroundings, including avoidance of water table lowering, and/or zero settlement of neighboring
structures are a requirement.

Diaphragm Wall is put in place using a segmental installation technique, [Primary and secondary
Diaphragm Wall Panels of predetermined dimensions installed by following a proper sequence]
purposely and specifically designed for each soil formation and particular site requirements, in order to
avoid any disturbance and subsidence to the surrounding areas.

In cohesionless soil formations under the water-table, the segmental excavation of Diaphragm
Wall is generally carried out using bentonite suspension as the drilling fluid, in order to balance the
action of the water-table and to maintain the excavation of the Diaphragm Wall perfectly stable until
each single ͞Panel͟ is cast with concrete.
 Once all the segments or ͞ Panels ͞ of the Diaphragm Wall are cast, they are connected at the
top by a reinforced concrete continuous beam [ Coping ], after which, removal of soil on the excavation
side can proceed, protected by the Diaphragm Wall.

The Diaphragm Wall, depending upon depth of excavation and upon design loads to be applied
on the ͞earth side ͞can be designed to act as a cantilever Diaphragm Wall or as an anchored Diaphragm
Wall, in this last case, soil or rock anchors shall be drilled, installed and generally post tensioned, at one
or more levels of the Diaphragm Wall (as per design), when excavation reaches the required elevations.

Diaphragm Walls are used as the perimeter structural walls of building basements: the
Diaphragm Walls can be properly reinforced to act as the buildings' shear walls. Buildings' columns can
be integrated within the Diaphragm Walls; Dowell bars for any application can be attached to the
Diaphragm Wall reinforcing cage prior to installation and in situ casting. Diaphragm Wall technology was
used by Foundation Specialists to design and construct the Marginal Wharfs of the very large deep
water port facilities of the National Steel Corporation.

Common Diaphragm Wall application: large number of Deep Underground Parking Facilities and
Deep Underground Building Basements, Steel Mills Pits, Underground Pumping Stations, have been built
by Foundation Specialists using the

Top-Down Construction Sequence, by constructing Perimeter Walls, including Shear Walls and
Columns with Diaphragm Wall Technology, prior to main deep excavation.

Diaphragm Wall is sometime called Slurry Wall.

Another type of Diaphragm Wall carried by Foundation Specialists is a Technology called Cut-Off
Wall or Self-Hardening Plastic Cut-off Wall .

The Cut-Off Wall is a continuous and impermeable Diaphragm Wall, generally made using a mix
of Cement+Bentonite, designed to remain indefinitely, both sufficiently plastic in order to follow soil
movement and deformation without cracking and totally impervious.

Diaphragm Wall and Cut-Off Wall are employed whenever there is a requirement for isolating a
source of pollution from the surrounding water table, e.g. around Sanitary Landfills or other source of
polluting lechates.

Diaphragm Wall technology is used in Dam Construction to achieve water--tightness in the soil
or rock formations underlying the main dam or the cofferdams, whenever grout curtains alone can not
guarantee the needed results, as in the case of Dams or Cofferdams with underlying karstic limestone
formations.

Diaphragm Wall are employed to build river training walls, because Diaphragm Wall can be built
sufficiently deeper than the maximum local scouring depth , thus assuring zero collapse chance for the
river dykes due to under-scouring during heavy floods.
 The Diaphragm Wall construction technology is also used to build deep continuous catching
drains, when the deep trench is filled either with gravel or pervious concrete.

Barrettes or Barrette-piles, cast in place rectangular piles are a technology that uses the same
equipment employed to execute the Diaphragm Wall.

Diaphragm Wall equipment and technology are used also to execute special design Pile-Column
for large loads in Top-Down construction schemes.

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A support structure is adapted to support vehicle-mounted equipment in an elevated stored
state above ground and further adapted to mount onto a bed of a vehicle to assist in loading and off-
loading of equipment. The vehicle comprises a support frame, first and second rigid leg structures
mounted to the support frame, and a pair of stop elements. The first rigid leg structure includes a first
pair of legs each pivotally mounted to the support frame on a respective pivot axis so that each leg
includes a ground engaging portion located on one side of the axis and a second portion located on
another side of the axis. Each of the legs is pivotable between a support position wherein the first
portion engages the ground and stowed position wherein the leg is oriented proximate to the support
frame with the second portion extending into a region between the support frame and a respective
pivot axis. Each of the stop elements is selectively movable into the region to define a stop position
wherein the stop element obstructs the region to prevent pivoting of the respective leg into the stowed
position. The stop element is further movable out of the region to permit pivoting of the respective leg
into the stowed position.

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A method of works for erecting tower-like structures, characterized by the steps of assembling a
tower-like structure as laid on the ground, coupling the lower end thereof onto the foundation with a
horizontal pivotal shaft, pivotably mounting one ends of movable beams at an interval along an axis
which is parallel to said pivotal shaft onto the ground, or onto a support structure or a side of said
tower-like structure apart from said pivotal shaft, providing jack means on said movable beams so that
said jack means may operate in their lengthwise direction and may move along said movable beams in
their lengthwise direction while alternately engaging either end thereof fixedly with the movable beam,
coupling one operating end of said jack means respectively onto a side of said tower-like structure or
onto the ground or a support structure with a pivotal shaft which is parallel to said first pivotal shaft,
and driving said jack means to erect said tower-like structure about said first pivotal shaft while either
pushing or drawing.