Engine

An engine is motor which

converts chemical energy
into mechanical energy
 History

• Otto Cycle: Dr. Nicolaus Otto -1876

 History

One of the most important landmarks in engine

design by Nicolaus August Otto in 1876 who is
invented as effective four stroke engine.that's why
it is also called as “Otto cycle engine”.
In 1885,German mechanical
engineer,Karl Benz designed and built the
world's first practical automobile to be
powered by an internal-combustion
 History

• 2-Cycle Engine; Du gal Clerk -1878

 History

• Diesel Engine; Dr. Rudolph Diesel -1895

 Four Stroke Engine

Four stroke engine was first demonstrate by

Nikolaus Otto in 1876,hence it is also known
as Otto cycle. It consist of 4 stroke ,one cycle
operation is completed in 4 stroke of the
piston, That is one cycle is completed in every
2 revolutions of the crankshaft. Each stroke
consist of 180°,of crankshaft rotation and
hence a cycle consist of 720°,of crankshaft
rotation.
Working principle of
four Stroke Engine

Following are the four strokes

1 – Intake/Suction stroke
2 – Compression stroke
3 – Expansion stroke
4 – Exhaust stroke
1 – Intake stroke

In suction stroke piston starts at Top

Dead Center (TDC) of the cylinder
and moves to the Bottom Dead
Center (BDC).
Outlet valve will be closed
and inlet valve will be open to
allowing the fresh charge of mixed
fuel & air into the cylinder.
2 – Compression stroke

In compression stroke,Once piston

reaches BDC & moves back
TDC,inlet valve will be closed,As
the piston moves towards TDC,It
compress air fuel mixture inside
the cylinder & compression takes
place,Hence it is called
compression stroke.
3 – Expansion stroke

In expansion stroke,Both the

valves are closed,When piston
reaches top of its stroke the fuel
mixture is ignited by spark plug
due to spark high temperature &
pressure generated inside the
cylinder & push down the piston to
BDC,Hence it is known as
expansion stroke.
4 – Exhaust stroke

In this stroke exhaust valve is

opened,when piston reaches to
BDC & moves to upward.
Piston pushes out the burnt gases
to the atmosphere through the
exhaust valve. Hence called
exhaust stroke & the engine is
ready to begin the cycle again.
Parts of an engine
 Various Parts of Engine

• Cylinder Block • Crankshaft

• Cylinder Head • Crankcase
• Inlet valve & • Crank Pin
Exhaust valve • Camshaft
• Piston • Spark plug
• Piston Rings • Fuel pump
• Connecting Rod
• Gudgeon Pin
Cylinder Block

The cylinder block, also called as

engine block is the main bottom end
structure. Usually it is made up of
iron or aluminum.
Function: In the bore of the cylinder
the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture
is ignited,compressed by piston.
Cylinder Head

The cylinder head is flat plate of

metal bolted to the top of cylinder
block with head gasket in
between;Top of head contains
rocker arm & push rod to transfer
rotational mechanic from the
crankshaft to linear mechanic to
operate the valves. It is the key to
performance of the internal
combustion chamber.
Inlet valve & Exhaust valve

Inlet valve:Its function is to intake

the fresh air-fuel mixture into the
cylinder.

Exhaust valve:Its function is to

exhaust is the burnt gases by the
force of piston.
Piston

Piston is connected to the crankshaft

through the connecting rod,when
piston moves downward sucks fresh
air-fuel mixture in suction stroke &
ignited inside the cylinder due to
this high temperature and pressure
generated,thus expanded gas force
down to piston.
Piston Rings

A piston ring is an open ended ring

that fits into a groove or outer
diameter of the cylinder. Piston
rings have three major functions
which are to seal the expansion
chamber,support heat transfer &
finally,regulate the engine oil
consumption.
Connecting Rod & Gudgeon Pin

A small end of connecting rod is

connected to the piston and other
end is connected to the crankshaft.
Its function is to transmit the
reciprocating motion of piston to the
to the rotary motion of crankshaft.
Gudgeon pin is used to connect the
piston & connecting rod.
Crankshaft

Crankshaft is the part of an engine

which translates the reciprocating
linear motion of piston into
rotation. To convert the
reciprocating motion into
rotation,the crankshaft has “crank
pin”,it typically connects to
flywheel,to reduce the pulsation
characteristics four stroke cycle.
 Crankshaft

The crank-connecting rod is first fully developed

by Arab inventor Al-Jazari in (1136-1206).Similar
crankshaft late described by Conrad Keyser in
1405.The main function of crankshaft is receives
the oscillating motion from connecting rod and
gives rotary motion to main shaft. It also drives the
camshaft which actuate the valves of the engine.
Camshaft

Camshaft is a part which is used in

piston engine to operate valves. It
consists of cylindrical rod with
cams. The camshaft were invented
in Iraq (Mesopotamia), described
by Al-Jazari in 1206.The
relationship between camshaft
rotation & crankshaft rotation is of
critical importance.
 Camshaft

Since valves controls the flow of air-fuel mixture

intake & exhaust burnt gases. Valves must be opened
& closed at appropriate time during the stroke of
piston,For this reason ,the camshaft is connected to
the crankshaft either directly,via a gear mechanism,
or indirectly via belt/chain called a timing belt or
timing chain, the camshaft rotates at the same rate of
crankshaft.
Spark Plug

Spark plug is used in petrol engine

only which is help to ignite the air-
fuel mixture for combustion.
 Two Stroke Engine

Two stroke engine is first described by Du gal

Clerk in 1878.In two stroke engine one cycle
is completed in every revolution of
crankshaft.
 Working principle of
two Stroke Engine

Two stroke engine is widely used employed where

small power required for motor cycle like auto
rickshaw, scooter. This type of engine is compact in
size,easy for manufacturing and simple in operation.
In two stroke engine there are no inlet or exhaust
valve as in four stroke engine.
 Working principle of
two Stroke Engine

But only inlet & exhaust ports used ,Due to which

suction & exhaust stroke is eliminated in two stroke
cycle engine.
Compression Stroke

When piston moves from BDC to

TDC,it first closes the transfer port &
then exhaust port,The charge of air-
fuel mixture in the chamber is
pressurised & creates high
temperature. At the same time,
 Compression Stroke

a vacuum is developing in the crankcase,so the fresh

charge of fuel mixture is being drawn into the
crankcase from the carburettor. As the piston moves
towards TDC ,a high voltage discharge from the spark
plug & ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber.
Combustion Stroke

In this stroke both the ports still

closed condition,the pressure of the
expanding gases forces the piston
towards BDC.the pressure in the
crankcase is already rising. Later in
down stroke exhaust port will be
open & forced out the burnt
gases,Very shortly after that the
 Combustion Stroke

Inlet / Transfer port will also open to intake the fresh

charge of fuel mixture,and engine is ready to start of
the cycle.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Two Stroke Engine

Advantages :
• One cycle completed in every revolution of
crankshaft.
• It is more compact,required less space and lighter
in weight than four stroke engine.
• The design & construction is much simpler than
four stroke engine.
• Easy to manufacture & low cost.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Two Stroke Engine

Advantages :
• There is no suction and exhaust valve used,hence
no need of cam,camshaft and rocker arm etc.
• Gives less torsional oscillation.
• Requires less spare parts.
• Easy for maintenance.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Two Stroke Engine

Disadvantages :
• High fuel consumption.
• Compression ratio and thermal efficiency is less
than that of four stroke engine of the same
dimension.
• Consumes more lubricating oil.
• More wear & tear of moving parts hence it gives
loud noise.
 Difference between
4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke Engine

4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

• One cycle completed • One cycle completed
in every 2 revolution in every revolution of
of crankshaft crankshaft
• More moving parts • Less moving parts
• More maintenance • Less maintenance
• Heavy in weight • Light in weight
• More expensive • Less expensive
 Difference between
4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke Engine

4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

• Produce more • Less pollution
pollution
• Long engine life • Short engine life
• Not required • Required a mix of oil
to lubricate the
• Complex design crankshaft
• Simpler design