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s+lqm6 k|alnt kÝL k|of]u u/]/ agfpFbf ejgsf] tNnf ;+Vof Ps tNnf / a'O{un ;Dd l;ldt
/fVg'k5{ .
tNnf ;+Vof
sf7sf] k|alnt kÝL k|of]u u/]/ agfpFbf eg] ejgsf] tNnf Ps tNnf ;Dd dfq l;ldt /fVg'k5{ .
olb tNnf ;+Vof yKg' k/]df ljz]if1;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .
uf/f]sf] s'"n nDafO $=% ld= eGbf a9L x'g'xF'b}g . t/ of] nDafO uf/f]sf] df]6fOsf] !@ u'0ff eGbf a9L
sf]7fsf] nDafO{
x'g' x'b}g .
Efjgsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ sf]7fsf] gfk sf]7fsf] If]qkmn !#=% ju{ ld6/ eGbf a9L x'g'xF'b}g .
@
/ gfk
uf/f]sf] prfO #=) ld6/ eGbf a9L x'g'xF'b}g .
uf/f]sf] prfO{ Efjgsf] prfO $=^ ld6/ eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g .
a'O{un ePsf] cj:yfdf e'O{ ;txaf6 w'/Lsf] ;Ddsf] clwstd prfO{ !=* ld / e'O{ ;txaf6
OE;;Ddsf] clwstd prfO !=) ld= x'g'k5{ .
;lhn};Fu 6'qmg], g/d, xn'sf / uf]nf] lsl;dsf] 9'Ëf k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g . vf]nfaf6 NofOPsf uf]nf]
9'Ëf 9'ËfnfO{ tf5]/ / km'6fn]/ nueu r]K6f] cfsf/ ldnfP/ dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ . o:tf km'6fn]sf 9'Ëfx?
Dff]6fO tkm{ slDtdf %) ld=ld=-@ O{Gr_ / nDafO tkm{ slDtdf !%) ld=ld= -^ O{{Gr_ x'g'k5{ .
d;nf hf]8fOsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] Dff6f]sf] d;nf h}ljs ;fdu|L, kmf]x/ / lu§Laf6 d'St x'g'k5{ .
# lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L s+lqm6sf] u|]8 M !% jf s+lqm6sf] ld>0f !M@M$ -! Effu l;d]G6 @ efu afn'jf / $ efu lu§L_ eGbf
s+lqm6
sd x'g' x‘'b}g .
808L pRr an ePsf] HYSD $!% u|]8sf] fy= $!% MPa/ %)) MPa ePsf] 808L k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
ef/ lng] 7fp‘x? h:t} blng, yfd, k§L cflbdf /fd|f];‘u pkrf/-l;hlgª_ ul/Psf], wfGg k||of]u x'g]
sf7 sf7 cfFFVnf gePsf] / /fd|/L ;'sfOPsf] x'g'k5{ . cnsqf jf cGo s'g} sf7nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlwaf6
sf7x?nfO{ s'lxg / ls/f nfUgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
Uff/f] jfnf husf] vf8n Ps}gf;sf] / Ps} ;txdf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
;fdfGo s'/f *olb k'/fgf] hudf ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] eg] ljz]if1 ;Fu ;Nnfx lng] .
ulx/fO Ps tNn] ejgsf] nflu hdLg ;txaf6 husf] ulx/fO &%) ldld x'g'k5{ .
$ hu
g/d df6f] sDtLdf *)) ldld .
husf] rf}8fO dWod df6f] sDtLdf &%) ldld .
s8f df6f] sDtLdf &%) ldld .
v08‐04‐2016 1 SM_MM
7f8f] ;anLs/0f tTjx? huaf6 z'? eO{ 5fgfsf] ;tx ;Dd hfg'k5{ . 7f8f] ;anLs/0f tTj uf/f]sf]
;fdfGo s'/f ;'/, hf]g{L{ / ‰ofn 9f]sfsf] bfofFF afofFF lbzfdf /fVg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu Kfmnfd] 808L cyjf sf7sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
9nfg sf7
Ps tNn] ejgsf] nfuL s'gf / hf]gL{x?df !@ ldld
% 7f8f] ;anLs/0f 7f8f] ;anLs/0fsf] nflu s8f sf7 k|of]u
Jof; ePsf] 7f8f] kmnfd] 808Lsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
808L ug'{ k5{ .
lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ To:tf] 808Lsf] jl/kl/ l;d]G6 slqm+6n]
eg'{ k5{ . ;'/ tyf hf]gL{sf] nfuL &% ldld X !))
ldld .
olb k'/fgf] hu k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] s';L]{ k§L b]lv c+s'z ‰ofn 9f]sfsf] bfofFF afofFFsf] nfuL &% ldld
c+s'; ug'{k5{ . c+s'z ug]{ nDafO 808Lsf] ^) u'0ff Aof; X !)) ldld .
x'g'k5{ .
;fdfGo s'/f s';L]{ ;txsf] n]an hdLg ;tx eGbf sDtLdf #)) ldld dfly x'g'k5{ .
df]6fO g/d / dWod df6f]df kÝLsf] df]6fO{ !%) ldld / &% ldld x'g'k5{ eg] s8f df6f]df &% ldld x'g'k5{ .
t];f]{ kÝLx? Efjgsf] hu, l8= lk= l;=, Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf] tNnf] / dflyNnf] ;tx / 5fgfsf] ;txdf k"/}
;fdfGo s'/f uf/f] e/L nufpg'k5{ . sf7sf] kÝL k|of]u ubf{ @ X &% ldld X #* ldld sf7 nfO{ uf/f] ;Fu ;Fu} %)
ldld X #) ldld sf7sf] kÝLn] (Batten) %)) ldld ;]G6/ b]lv ;]G6/sf] b'/Ldf afFWg'k5{.
( t];f]{ aGwg
l;n kÝL 9nfg sf7sf] kÝL
-Efm\ofnsf] tNnf] uf/f]df Go"gtd !))x!@% sf t];f]{ sf7x?
;tx_ Go"gtd df]6fO{ &% ldld x'g' k5{ . k|of]u u/L Efm\ofnsf] tnsf] ;txdf l;n
aGwg /fVg' k5{ . uf/f]df Go"gtd &%x!))
v'Nnf efusf] dflyNnf] ;txdf lnG6]n AofG8 /fVg'k5{. sf t];f]{ sf7x? k|of]u u/L Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf]
olb Efm\ofn9f]sfsf] rf}8fO{ / v'nf efu dfyLsf] prfO{ dflysf] ;txdf lnG6]n aGwg /fVg' k5{ .
lnG6]n kÝL
!@%) ld= ld=/ ()) ld= ld= 5 eg] o;sf] Go'gtd
-Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf]
df]6fO &% ldld sf] x'G5 . olb v'Nnf efusf] rf}8fO{
dflyNnf] ;tx_
()) ld=ld= eGbf al9 ePdf !%) ldld df]6fOsf]
lnG6]n AofG8sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
v08‐04‐2016 2 SM_MM
Go'gtd df]6fO{ &% ldld x'G5 . l:6r kÝL -dWo kÝL_ uf/f]sf] jl/kl/
( t];f]{ aGwg l:6r kÝL ;'/ / hf]gL{df prfO{ tkm{ %)) b]lv &)) ld=ld= sf] nufpg'k5{ .
b'/Ldf l:6rsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
5fgfsf] kÝL Go"gtd df]6fO &% ldld x'g'k5{ .
!%) ldld df]6fOsf] k§L ePsf] cj:yfdf !@ ldld
Aof; ePsf] $ j6f d'Vo 808L /fVg'k5{ eg] &% ldld
df]6fO ePsf] k§Ldf @ j6f !@ ldld Aof; ePsf]
808L /fVg'k5{ . ^ ldld Aof; ePsf] l/Ë !%) ldld
808L
;]G6/ b]lv ;]G6/df /fVg'k5{ . oL 808Lx/mnfO{ @% ldld
sf] se/ x'g] u/L 9nfg u/L 5f]Kg'k5{ .
l:6r AofG8sf] k§Ldf @ j6f * ldld Aof; ePsf]
d'Vo 808L /fVg'k5{ .
;fdfGo s'/f 9nfg]] 5fgf agfpg g;s]df h:tfkftf h:tf xn'sf ;fdfg k|of]u u/L 5fgf agfpg' kb{5 .
!) 5fgf hf]8fO{ 5fgf tyf tNnfx? Uff/f] ;Fu pko"Qm tl/sfn] afFw]sf] x'g'k5{ .
58\s] tfg 5fgfsf 6«; jf blngx? afFWg 58\s] tfg (bracing) /fVg'kb{5 .
v08‐04‐2016 3 SM_MM