ARANA JEROME ● CANOZA PAUL ● DE LARA KATHERINE ● PANTE MICAELA

o It is a composite material, which is made

from a mixture of cement, aggregate (sand
or gravel), water and sometimes
admixtures in required proportions.

o It is one of the most important and

useful materials for construction work.
o Concrete is often looked upon as “man
made rock”.

o It can be placed or molded into virtually

any shape and reproduce any surface
texture.
o The concrete hardens through the
chemical reaction between water and
cement, without the need for air.

6 % – air

11 % – portland cement

41 % – gravel or crushed stone

(coarse aggregate

26 % – sand

16 % – water
 Pewter
concrete

concrete
mixture
 6500BC– UAE:

The earliest recordings of concrete

structures.
-Nabataea traders
-Syria and Jordan.
-concrete floors, housing structures, 3000 BC – Egypt and China:
and underground cisterns.
They used mud mixed with straw to
bind dried bricks.
-gypsum mortars and mortars of
lime in the pyramids
-The Great Wall of China
600 BC – Rome:

They were first to utilize

concrete widespread.
-admixture of volcanic ash,
lime, and seawater to form the
mix.
Technological Milestones:
The technique for making
pozzolan cement was lost
until the discovery of
manuscripts describing it was
found in 1414.

-19th Century

concrete was used mainly

for industrial buildings.
• cement
• water
• aggregates
• admixture
 aim

To mix these materials in measured amounts to make

concrete that is easy to:
 TRANSPORT
 PLACE
 COMPACT
 FINISH
and which will set, and harden, to give a strong and
durable product.
 Cement

• It is the basic ingredient of

concrete.
• Portland cement is the most
common type of cement in
general usage.
 Cement

• Blended cements contain

portland cement and more
than 5 percent of either fly
ash, ground slag, silica fume,
or combination of these.
 Cement

• In modern cement kilns many

advanced features are used to
lower the fuel consumption
per ton of clinker produced.
 Cement

• The FINER the cement

particles, the LARGER the
surface area available for
HYDRATION by water, and the
MORE RAPIDLY SETTING and
HARDENING occurs.
 Cement

• Ordinary Portland Cement –

The least expensive, and by
far the most widely used type
of cement. It is suitable for
all normal purposes.
 Cement

• Rapid - Portland Cement – Is

more finely ground, which
accelerates the chemical
reaction with water and
develops strength more
rapidly. – It has the same
strength after 7 days as
ordinary portland cement
does after 28 days.
 Cement

• Early hardening may be

useful where early stripping
of formwork and early
loading of the structure is
required.
 Cement

• Low - Heat Portland Cement

– Develops strength very
slowly. It is used in very thick
concrete work where the
heat generated by the
chemical reactions in ordinary
portland cement would be
excessive and lead to serious
cracking
 Chemistry of Cement

The main components of standard portland cement are:

• LIME (calcium oxide: 66 percent) in the form of
limestone;
• SILICA (silicum dioxide: 22 percent), a component in most
quartz, which forms the particles of clays;
• ALUMINUM OXIDE (4 percent), found in large quantities in
many clays. The proportion of aluminium oxide in the clay
can be adjusted by the addition of bauxite, which is mainly
water-soluble aluminium oxide;
 Chemistry of Cement

The main components of standard portland cement are:

• IRON OXIDE (3 pecent), found in iron ore and in clay;
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (2 percent);
• SULPHUR DIOXIDE (2 percenr);
• miscellaneous components (1 percent).
 Cement (storage)

• Cement should be stored

off in a well-aired, clean, dry
place.
•Wrapping the cement bags in
plastic sheets gives extra
protection.
•Bulk cement will normally
be stored in silos.
 WATER

• Combining water with a

cementitious material forms a
cement paste by the process
of hydration.
• The strength and other
properties of concrete are
highly dependent on the
amount of water and the
water-cement ratio.
 WATER

• Good water is essential for

quality concrete.
• It should be good enough to
drink-free of trash, organic
matter and excessive
chemicals and excessive
chemicals or minerals.
 AGGREGATES

• occupies 60-80 percent of

the volume of concrete
• Sand, gravel and crushed
stones are the primary
aggregates used
 AGGREGATES

• All aggregates must be

essentially free of silt and
organic matter.
 AGGREGATES

Two basic types:

COARSE AGGREGATES - crushed

rock, gravel
FINE AGGREGATES - fine and
coarse sands and crusher
fines
 AGGREGATES

Should be:

 STRONG and HARD

A stronger, harder aggregate will give a
stronger final concrete. Never use a
crumble or flakey rock like sandstone.

 DURABLE
to stand up to wear and tear and
weathering.

 CHEMICALLY INACTIVE
so the aggregates don’t react with
cement.
 AGGREGATES

Should be:

 CLEAN
Dirt or clay sticking to the aggregates
will weaken the bond between paste and
aggregates.
 GRADED
Aggregates should range in size so that
they fit together well. This gives a stronger
and denser concrete.
 AGGREGATES (storage)

Aggregates should be stored

where they will stay clean,
separated from other
materials and dry.

If the aggregates are very

wet use less water in the mix.
 Admixtures

• are added to the mixture

concrete immediately before
or during mixing.
o workability
o cohesiveness
o strength
o Durability
 • workability
Workability means how easy it is to:

 PLACE
 HANDLE
 COMPACT and
 FINISH a concrete mix.
 • workability

Concrete that is stiff or dry may

be difficult to handle, place,
compact, and finish and, if not
constructed properly, will not be
as strong or durable when finally
hardened.
 • workability

A slump test is conducted to

measure the workability of
concrete.
 • workability
Workability is affected by:

• THE AMOUNT OF CEMENT PASTE - The

liquid part of the concrete mix. The
more paste mixed with the aggregates,
the more workable is the mix.
• THE AGGREGATE GRADING - Well-graded,
smooth, rounded aggregates improve the
workability of a mix.
 • workability

To make a workable mix:

• Add more cement paste
• Use an admixture.

Never try to make a mixture more

workable by just adding more water
because this lowers the strength and
durability of concrete.
 • cohesiveness

Cohesiveness is how well

concrete HOLDS TOGETHER
 • cohesiveness

Cohesiveness is affected by:

o THE AGGREGATE GRADING
Graded Aggregate means that there is a
range of size of aggregates, from large rocks to
small sands. Well-graded aggregates give more
cohesive mix, too much coarse aggregate gives a
boney mix.

o WATER CONTENT
A mix that has too much water will not be
cohesive and may separate and bleed.
 • strength and durability

o Well made concrete is a naturally

strong and durable material.

o It is DENSE, reasonably WATERTIGHT,

able to resist changes in TEMPERATURE,
as well as wear and tear from
WEATHERING
 • strength and durability

o Strength and Durability are affected

by the density of the concrete. Denser
concrete is more watertight (or less
permeable).

o Concrete durability INCREASES with

strength.
 • strength and durability

The strength of concrete in

the hardened state is usually
measured by the COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH using the Compression
Test.
 • strength and durability

Strength and durability are affected by:

• COMPACTION
Compaction is removing the air from
concrete. Proper compaction results in concrete
with an increased density which is stronger and
more durable.
• CURING
Curing is keeping concrete damp for a
period, to allow it to reach maximum strength.
Longer curing will give more durable concrete.
 • durability of concrete

Durability of concrete is its ability to

resist its disintegration and decay. One
of the chief characteristics
influencing durability of concrete is
its permeability to increase of water
and other potentially deleterious
materials.
• With proper materials and
techniques, concrete can
withstand many acids, silage, milk,
manure, fertilizers, water, fire,
and abrasion.
• Concrete can be finished to
produce surfaces ranging from
glass-smooth to coarsely
textured, and it can be colored
with pigments or painted.
• Concrete has substantial
strength in compression, but is
weak in tension.
3 concrete states:

o plastic
o curing
o hardened
 o Plastic State

The first state of concrete is known as

the plastic state, which refers to the
concrete when it’s wet. When it’s in the
plastic state, concrete can be poured
into sidewalk forms.
 o Plastic State

high-rise walls, foundation footings,

underground trenches, or any other
shape needed for a specific project.
 o curing State

helps concrete develop its strength and

durability. Curing takes place right after
concrete has been placed and finished.
During this process, moisture and
temperature are controlled for an
extended period of time.
 o hardened State

After the curing process, concrete is in

the hardened state, which is what most
people associate with when thinking about
concrete.
 o hardened State

This state takes place when the concrete

has developed it specified strength and can
be used for its intended purpose, such as
for a road, sidewalk, patio, etc.
• Slump test

• CONCRETE COMPRESSION TEST

• CONCRETE COMPACTION

• CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
 • Slump test

The slump test is done to make sure a concrete

mix is workable. The measured slump must be within a

set range, or tolerance, from the target slump.

The first step is to take a test sample from the

large batch of concrete. This should be done as soon

as discharge of concrete commences.

• Slump test
 • Concrete compression test

The compression test shows the

compressive strength of hardened

concrete. The testing is done in a

laboratory off-site. The only work done on-

site is the making of the concrete

cylinder to be tested.
• Concrete compression test
• Concrete compression test
• Concrete compression test
• Concrete compression test
 • Concrete compaction test

Compaction is removing the air from

concrete.

Proper compaction results in concrete

with an increased density which is stronger

and more durable.

• Concrete compaction test
 • Concrete compaction test

Only mechanical vibrators are capable of

compacting stiffer mixes thoroughly.

For wall and foundations, a poker vibrator (a

vibrating pole) is immersed in the poured concrete mix

at points up to 50 cm apart.

Floors and paving are vibrated with beam vibrator.

 • Concrete joints
o Joints are potentially weak and should be positioned

where they will affect the strength of the member as

little as possible.

o Joints should be straight, vertical or horizontal.

o The casting should be planned in such a way that the

work on a member can be completed before the end of

the day.
• Concrete joints
• Concrete joints
 Cracking
Cracks are formed in concrete
due to many reasons but when
these cracks are very deep, it is
unsafe to use that concrete
structure.
 Cracking
Various reasons for cracking:

• improper mix design

• insufficient curing
• omission of expansion
• contraction joints
• use of high slump concrete mix
• unsuitable sub-grade.
 crazing
also called as pattern
cracking or map cracking, is
the formation of closely
spaced shallow cracks in an
uneven manner.
 crazing
occurs due to rapid hardening
of top surface of concrete
due to high temperatures or
if the mix contains excess
water content or due to
insufficient curing.
 blistering
the formation of hollow
bumps of different sizes on
concrete surface due to
entrapped air under the
finished concrete surface.
 blistering
Causes:

• due to excessive vibration of

concrete mix
• presence of excess
entrapped air in mix
• due to improper finishing
• Excessive evaporation of
water on the top surface of
concrete
 delamination
also similar to blistering. In
this case also, top surface of
concrete gets separated from
underlying concrete.
Hardening of top layer of
concrete before the
hardening of underlying
concrete will lead to
delamination.
 dusting
also called as chalking is the
formation of fine and loose
powdered concrete on the
hardened concrete by
disintegration.
 dusting
This happens due to the
presence of excess amount of
water in concrete. It causes
bleeding of water from
concrete, with this fine
particles like cement or sand
will rise to the top and
consequent wear causes dust
at the top surface.
 curling
When a concrete slab is
distorted into curved shape by
upward or downward movement
of edges or corners.
 curling
It occurs mainly due to the
differences in moisture content
or temperature between slab
surface (top) and slab base
(bottom).
 Efflorescence

the formation of deposits of

salts on the concrete
surface. Formed salts
generally white in color
 Efflorescence

It is due to the presence of

soluble salts in the water
which is used in making
concrete mix.
 Scaling and spalling

Scaling and spalling, in both

the cases concrete surface
gets deteriorated and flaking
of concrete occurs.
 Scaling and spalling

The main cause for this type

of cases is penetration of
water through concrete
surface. This makes steel gets
corroded and spalling or
scaling may occurs.
As concrete matures it
continues to shrink, due to the
ongoing reaction taking place
in the material,
although the rate of shrinkage
falls relatively quickly and
keeps reducing over time (for
all practical purposes concrete
is usually considered to not
shrink due to
hydration any further after 30
years).
 Shrinkage cracking

occur when concrete members

undergo restrained volumetric
changes (shrinkage) as a result
of either drying,
 Shrinkage cracking

autogenous shrinkage or thermal

effects. Restraint is provided either
externally (i.e. supports, walls, and
other boundary conditions) or
internally (differential drying
shrinkage, reinforcement).
 Tension cracking

Concrete members may be put into

tension by applied loads. This is most
common in concrete beams where a
transversely applied load will put
one surface into compression and
the opposite surface into tension
due to induced bending.
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references