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Ever since mobile telecommunications standards were first laid down in the 198o’s (the First
Generation or 1G), there has been a continuous effort to increase the data rates available to the
end users. 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G basically refer to these standards that were successively laid and
met by the telecommunication sector (both the industry and the academia). The current thrust is
towards reaching the 5th Generation of mobile communications. Behind each of these
generations, there have been one or more breakthrough technologies that helped achieve the
quantum inter-generation leaps in the data rates. I will elaborate upon those below:
Analog Cellular Network. The main technological development that distinguished the First
Generation mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and
the ability to transfer calls from one site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a
conversation. The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generations) was
- Analog FM modulation
primarily using the GSM standard. These 2G phone systems differed from the previous
generation in their use of digital transmission instead of analog transmission, and also by the
introduction of advanced and fast phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as
a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phone. Digital
Communication introduced still designed only for phone calls (using phones to access internet
Examples: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access)
2.5G:
Realization dawned that people wanted phones for both voice and data and thus this intermediate
standard was introduced. Recall how you used to access internet using GPRS (General Packet
Radio Service). Up until 2G, only circuit switched networks were in use which were unsuitable
for internet. With the advent of GPRS, packet switching was introduced which was more suited
for internet.
High speed IP data networks. This time the target was to be able to provide sufficient data rate
for both voice and mobile internet ~ 384 kbps. As the use of 2G phones became more
widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that
demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. Furthermore, if the
experience from fixed broadband services was anything to go by, there would also be a demand
for ever greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry
began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological
difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching
Examples: WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), CDMA 2000 and UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecomm Standard)
3.5G:
This is what most of urban India currently uses. HSDPA/HSUPA (High Speed Downlink/Uplink
Packet Access) are the standards used and they offer data rates of 5-30 Mbps.
Growth of mobile broadbands. In essence, mobile broadband. They now want to offer you
The key technologies that have made this possible are MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). For those who are from engineering
background, MIMO leverages spatial multiplexing to provide diversity gain while OFDM is
widespread deployment). LTE has only recently been introduced in India. The expectation for
the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end Internet
Protocol. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX
standard and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. One of the main
ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching,
instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any
other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN
networks via VoIP. 4G LTE data transfer speed can reach peak download 100 Mbit/s, peak
upload 50 Mbit/s, WiMAX offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink.
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3. What is Moore's Law and how does this affects the evolution of technology
Moore's Law is the observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore that the number of
transistors on a chip doubles every year while the costs are halved. In 1965, Gordon Moore
noticed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every
year since their invention. Moore's law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable
future. Although the recent pace has slowed for Moore's Law, the doubling of installed
transistors on silicon chips occurs closer to every 18 months instead of annually. The 18-month
mark is now used as the current definition of Moore's law. Moore’s Law became widely
accepted and the industry began to establish road maps and set goals based on Moore’s
projection. As the production of integrated circuits became more complex and involved the
interplay of various specialized companies, a plan was needed to help all parties set individual
Since 1998, the ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors), a yearly report
produced by a group of semiconductor industry experts, provides the basis for such a plan. The
ITRS documents assess the directions of research in all areas relevant to semiconductors and
provide timelines for up to 15 years into the future. Ultimately, the law has been serving as a
vision for an entire industry and has become something like a perpetual self-fulfilling prophecy.