Welcome to My Lecturer

AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY

Lecture notes, Six semester
Drugs acting on the skin and mucous membranes of
animals

Dr. Jibachha Sah

M.V.Sc(Veterinary pharmacology),Lecturer
College of Veterinary Science, NPI, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal
Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,Mob.00977-9845024121

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Cutaneous membrane=Skin

INTRODUCTION
. Topical Antimicrobials (Antibiotics and Antifungals):

Drugs acting on skin and mucous membrane

1 Demulcent and Emollients

2 Adsorbents and Protective

Table of 3 Astringents and Counter-irritants

Caustics (Corrosive) and Escharotics

Contents 4
(Cauterizers)

5 Keratolytics and Wound-healing Agents

6 Dermatologic and Otic (into ear) Agents

7.Topical Antimicrobials (Antibiotics
and Antifungals) 3
 Demulcents
An agent that forms a soothing, protective film when administered onto a mucous
membrane surface, that can relieve irritation of the bowel lining.

Maxi-Sorb Bolus is an anti-

diarrheal demulcent and
used as an aid in relief of
simple non-infectious
diarrhea in horses and cattle.

They may also be applied to the skin. Most demulcents are water soluble compounds
with a high molecular weight e.g., gums, oils, mucilages, and starches.

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 Classification of demulcent
Examples are

Demulcents are used to lubricate and protect the alimentary mucous

membrane, but the term is usually applied only to those agents that
affect the buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric mucosa
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 Mechanism of action

A demulcent is a high molecular weight compound in aqueous solution that coats the
skin surface, thus protecting the underlying cells and alleviating irritation.
Glycerin is a popular vehicle as this trihydric alcohol is miscible with water and
alcohol. It is a hygroscopic agent that is absorbed into the skin. Similarly, propylene
glycol is a good vehicle, miscible with water and dissolving many essential
oils. Linoleic acid is important for the barrier function of the stratum corneum,
(outermost layer of the epidermis) particularly in relation to transepidermal water loss.

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 Kaolin( Antidiarrheal compound)
a demulcent and adsorbent

Kaolin is a form of aluminum

silicate, and pectin is a
carbohydrate that is extracted
from the rinds of citrus
fruits. This product has a claim
to act as a demulcent and
adsorbent in the treatment of
diarrhea.

The action of kaolin-pectin is believed to be related to the binding of bacterial toxins (endotoxins and enterotoxins)
in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, experimental studies have shown that kaolin-pectin has been an
ineffective binder of Escherichia coli enterotoxin, and clinical studies have failed to show a benefit from the
administration of kaolin-pectin.
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 History and Traditional Usage
Blumenthal and others (2000), naturopathic physicians and medical herbalists
prescribe mullein for chronic otitis media and eczema of the ear.

The German Commission E

recognizes mullein flowers for
treating catarrh, and clinical
studies have shown antiviral
action against fowl plague virus,
influenza A and B, and herpes
simplex virus (Blumenthal, 2000).

Mullein tea is given to treat patients with influenza, catarrh, bronchitis, and tracheitis and
is thought to be effective because of the mucilage content, which coats and soothes
irritated mucous membranes, and the mild expectorant action of saponins.

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 Emollients another name for an emollient is a moisturizer.
having the power of softening or relaxing, as a medicinal substance; soothing, especially to
the skin: emollient lotions for the face.

Emollients may be used in a lotion,

cream, ointment, or gel to prevent or
treat dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin and
other skin problems, such as rashes
or burns.

Conditioner is a premium coat and skin treatment that comes directly to pet. conditioner includes
shea butter, which is a fatty oil derived from African shea tree nuts. It „s widely known for its skin
softening attributes and helps balance natural oils within hair and skin.

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Classification of emollients

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 Mechanism of action
Emollients include fats such as lanolin, hydrocarbons such as
paraffin, petrolatum and mineral oil etc.

Emollients soften the skin

by forming an occlusive oil
film on the stratum
corneum, thus decreasing
the trans epidermal water

These agents are added to shampoos as vehicles and for their local effects in softening and
protecting the skin. Example humectants such as carboxylic acid and lactic acid and oils
such as olive, cottonseed, corn, almond, peanut and coconut oil.
. 11
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 Emollient laxatives

Emollient laxatives are anionic detergents that reduce surface tension, thus
increasing the miscibility of water and lipid digesta.

The enema preparations are all veterinary-licensed products, but the oral preparations are not.

Docusate sodium (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate)

•Dogs: 50–300 mg PO q.12–24 h; 10–15 mL of a 5% solution mixed with 100 mL of water and
instilled per rectum
•Cats: 50 mg PO q.12–24 h; 2 mL of a 5% solution mixed with 50 mL of water and instilled per
rectum

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 Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Canine atopic dermatitis

Treatment with emollients

is important both during
the course of steroid
treatment and as part of
long-term management.

The use of an effective emollient, especially when combined with hydration therapy, helps
to restore and preserve the stratum corneum barrier and can decrease the need for topical
corticosteroids. Moisturizers are available as lotions, creams, and ointments.

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 Emollients Products

(i)Animal products (ii) Vegetable oil

( a) Wool fat (Lanolin) a) Olive oil
(b) Wool alcohol (b) Arachis oil
(c) Lard (c) Linseed oil
(d) Bees Wax (d) Oil of theobroma (cocoa butter)
(iii) Petroleum Products:
(e) Spermaceti.
(a) Soft paraffin
(b) Hard paraffin
(c) Liquid paraffin
(d) White petroleum (Vaseline)
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 Adsorbents and Protective
When used in medicine, it physically binds to acids and toxic substances in the
stomach and digestive

Intestinal Adsorbents:
Used as a antidote to treat
poisonings following excessive oral
ingestion of certain medications or
poisons.

Adsorbents are finely powdered, inert and insoluble solids capable of binding to
their surface (adsorbing) noxious and irritant substances. They are also called
protectives because they provide physical protection to the skin or mucosa.
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 Adsorbents and Protective

Products

(i) Dermal protectives: (ii) Gastrointestinal protectives

(a) Magnesium stearate (a) Kaolin (hydrated aluminium
silicate)
(b) Zinc stearate
(b) Pectin (Plant polysaccharide)
(c) Talc (French Chalk) (hydrated (c) Activated charcoal (10% susp.)
magnesium silicate)
(d) Chalk
(d) Calamine (e) Magnesium trisilicate
(e) Zinc oxide (f) Aluminium hydroxide
iii) Occlusive protectives:
(f) Bentonite
a) Collodion (Pyroxylon) – nitrated cellulose given
(

(g) Boric acid with castor oil

(h) Starch (b) Dimethicone (dimethyl polysiloxane, simethicone) →
form Silicone polymer-amphiphilic liquid which acts as a 16
 Mechanism of action
Charcoal/Pectin

Active charcoal acts by binding to the pharmaceutical drugs or poisons such as

organophosphates and decreasing the systemic absorption of toxic agents.
Following the administration of activated charcoal, cathartics are indicated to evacuate the
charcoal-poison bonded complex from the gastrointestinal tract. Activated charcoal may
also have an effect on systemic drug levels by lowering the serum levels of already
absorbed drugs or toxins. Many absorbed drugs that undergo significant hepatic
metabolism and conjugation are eliminated via bile into the small intestines. When they
reach the small intestines, drug conjugates can undergo hydrolysis and return to the
enterohepatic circulation. Pectin MOA-unknown
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 Astringents and Counter-irritants:
Astringents are substances that precipitate proteins, but do not penetrate cells,
thus affecting the superficial layer only.

An astringent (sometime
s called adstringent) is a
chemical that shrinks or
constricts body ...
In medicine, their dried
form has been used as
an astringent.

Counter-irritants:(Examples Capsaicin, menthol (mint oil), methyl salicylate, and camphor).

Counter-irritants are substances which are applied to the skin to cause local irritation and
inflammation. The reasoning which prompts their use is that, where a chronic inflammation exists,
a counter-irritant will cause an over-riding acute inflammation with a great increase in vascularity
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and consequently an increased blood supply to the area. 18
 Astringents& Counter irritant
Classification
(i) Tannic
acid and tannins,(ii) Alcohol (ethanol
Astringents: and methanol) → 50 – 90%

(a) Bismuth carbonate,(b) Alum c) Aluminium hydroxy-chloride(d) Zinc

Mineral astringents: oxide(e) Zirconyl hydroxychloride.,(f) Zinc sulfate,(g) Calamine
(

Vegetable astringents a) Tannic acid, (b) gallic acid, (c) kino, (d) Krameria, (e) rubus (
blackberry).

Volatile oil:(a) Turpentine oil,(b) Eucalyptus oil,(c) Clove oil (d)

Counter-irritants
Menthol (e)Camphor

(vii) Alcohol,(viii) Iodine,(ix) Mercuric iodide,(x)

Methyl salicylate
Ammonia.

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 Counter Irritant

Skin irritation is known as “the production of reversible damage of the skin following the
application up to 4 hours”.

Pathological characteristics and manifestation of skin irritation such as, Erythema and edema
are manifestations of dermal irritation.

Irritation is initially manifest by redness (erythema), vesicles, serous exudates, serous scabs
(eschar) and various degrees of swelling (edema). Over time, other reactions may be manifest,
like small areas of scaling, hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and alopecia.
Counter irritant activity Cinnamon and Dexamethasone on Rabbit
(Imran Ahmad et. al.2014) 24
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 Caustics (Corrosive) and Escharotics (Cauterizers):
These chemicals cause local tissue destruction and sloughing. An escharotic, in addition, precipitates
proteins that exude to form a scab → gets fibrosed to form a tough scar.

They are used to remove moles, warts, condylomata, papillomas, to destroy horn
buds in calves, and on keratotic lesions. Care is needed in their application to avoid
ulceration.
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 Caustics (Corrosive) and Escharotics (Cauterizers):
Chemical used in treatment of wart, papilomas and condylomata, are

Caustic means corrosive and Escharotic means cauterizer.

These chemicals cause local tissue destruction and sloughing.
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 How to used Silver Nitrate
Silver nitrate is a highly caustic material, so it must be used with caution to prevent damage to healthy tissues.

Silver nitrate applicators are firm wooden sticks with 75% silver nitrate and 25% potassium
nitrate embedded on the tip. Moistening the tip sparks a chemical reaction that burns
organic matter (skin), coagulates tissue, and destroys bacteria.
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 Keratolytics and wound healing agent

Keratolytics dissolve the intercellular substance in the horny layer of skin.

The epidermal cells swell, soften and then desquamate. They are used on hyper-keratotic lesions
like corns, warts, psoriasis, chronic dermatitis, ring worm, athletes foot, etc.

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 .
Keratolytics and Wound
Healing Agent

Keratolytics agents Wound-healing Agents

(i)
Lugol’s solution (5% I2 and 10% K1 in
(i) Salicylic acid distilled water)
(ii) Resorcinol (ii) Povidone iodine oint. (betadine,
isodine)
(iii) Benzoic acid (iii) Sod. iodide
(iv) Zinc oxide
(v) Zinc sulfate
(vi) Copper naphthenate solution.

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 Dermatologic and Otic (into ear) Agents
(i) Undecylenic acid,(ii) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),(iii) Topical Corticosteroids

DMSO is used topically to decrease pain and speed the healing of wounds, burns, and muscle
and skeletal injuries. DMSO is also used topically to treat painful conditions such as headache,
inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and severe facial pain called tic douloureux.
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 Classification of dermatological agent
Based on potency

(a) Fluocinolone acetonide – 0.2%,(b) Beclomethazone dipropionate – 0.5%

A. Very Potent:
(a) Fluocinolone acetonide – 0.025%,(b) Triamcinolone acetonide –
0.1%,(c) Hydrocortisone butyrate – 0.1%,(d) Flucortolone – 0.5%,(e)
B. Potent: Betamethazone valerate – 0.1% (f) Betamethazone benzoate – 0.025%,(g)
Betamethazone dipropionate – 0.05%,(h) Beclomethazone dipropionate –
0.025%
C. Moderately Potent: (i) Flumethasone pivalate – 0.02%,(ii) Fluocinolone acetonide –
0.01%,(iii) Flucocortolone – 0.2%,(iv) Hydrocortisone – 1.0% with urea.

D. Mild: (i)
Dexamethasone – 0.01%,(ii) Hydrocortisone
acetate – 0.1-1%,(iii) Methyl prednisolone – 0.025%

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 Topical Antimicrobials (Antibiotics and Antifungals):

A. Antibiotics
Neomycin sulfate (Nebasulf, Neosporin)
Gentamicin Sulfate

Nystatin (Mycostin) Polymyxin B (Nebasulf and, Neosporin)

Framycetin (Soframycin powder) – 1% Cream.

Metronidazole

Oxytetracycline (Terramycin skin oint) – 3%

Povidone iodine

Acyclovir (Herpex cream) – 5%

Chloramphenicol

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 Topical Antimicrobials (Antifungals):

Antifungals:
Clotrimazole Miconazole
Enilconazole
Ketoconazole

Copper sulfate Amitraz (in Demodectic mange)

Benzyl benzoate 25% Malachite green (used in fish)

Cuprimyxin
Formaldehyde solution (used in fish)

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 Local anaesthesia

Lignocain HCl Amethocain,Benzocain

Lidocaine topical (for use on the Benzocaine belongs to a group of medicines known as
topical local anesthetics.
skin) is used to reduce pain or
discomfort caused by skin
This product is available in the following dosage forms:
irritations such as sunburn, insect
Solution
bites, poison ivy, poison oak,
Gel/Jelly
poison sumac, and minor cuts,
Spray
scratches, or burns. Lidocaine
Liquid
topical is also used to treat rectal
Ointmen
discomfort caused
by hemorrhoids.

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 Lignocain topical

Before use on the skin, clean and dry the affected area as directed. Apply a
thin layer of medication to the affected area of skin, usually 2 to 3 times a
day
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 Ophthalmic Agents (on eye):

Antibiotic preparation

Boric acid Ophth. oint. (1%) Kanamycin sulfate Ophthalmic oint

Norfloxacin solution Chloramphenicol Ophth. Oint

Sulphacetamide
Gentamicin sulfate Ophthalmic solution and oint
solution

Framycetin sulf. oint Neomycin SO4 (1700 units)-Polymyxin B (5000 unit)

Oxytetracycline hcl oint Acyclovir ophth. oint. (Ocuvir)-3%

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 Mydriatics and Miotics:
Miosis or myosis is excessive constriction of the pupil.
Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil.

Phenylephrine hcl (Drosyn eye drop) – 5% and 10%

Tropicamide solution (Mydriacyl) – 1%

Atropine Sulf. ophth. oint (Atrophate) – 1%

Pilocarpine hcl solution (Pilocar) – 1%, 2%, 4%

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Any Questions?