CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In general, this study is about the design of a mechanical ventilation system on a carabao

resting shed in Philippine Carabao Center (Munoz, Nueva Ecija). This chapter tackles the

background, statement of the problem, objectives, and scopes and limitations of the study.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Milk production is significantly influenced by carabao health and comfort.

(Joksimovic-Todorovic, et al. 2011) To achieve their highest potential, cows needs fresh

and clean air. A good ventilation is capable to keep away the room from high humidity

during rainy season, and high temperature and stagnant air during summer season

(Hadcock 2011). The best design possible for ventilation of the carabao shed to remove

dust, moisture and manure gases, and substituting with fresh air uniformly is necessary.

Ventilation gives air movement that aid cooling and enhance air quality for the carabaos.

Cows that are suffering from heat stress results into lesser food consumption that

leads to declines of milk production. Signs of heat stress are cow sweating and breathing

through mouth (Dunham 2007). Proper ventilation and cooling in the environment of the

cows must be observed in order to achieve higher production of milk. Mechanical

ventilation systems expend considerable energy to work.

This study has partnership with a government owned agency called Philippines

Carabaos Center (PCC). The representative of the PCC discussed this study with some

faculty members of Mapua University then making it a proposed thesis topic. PCC
 studies different breeds, reproduction technology, and milk yield improvement of the

carabaos. For this study, the group will focus on how to improve the milk production of

the carabaos by improving the mechanical ventilation of carabaos shed. After the

research has been completed, it will be turned over to the PCC for further advancements

and recommendations for the project by observing the effects of the installed fans in the

facility.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Carabaos are highly prized for their ability to help farmers as draft, provision of

meat and hide, and most notably for their milk. Whether or not a carabao is comfortable

an important factor that can affect the ability of a carabao to produce milk (Singh G

2005).One of the major variables that can factor in to a carabao’s comfort level is thermal

stress. The effect heat Stress may hinder a carabao in their ability to produce milk since it

would be allotting energy to regulate their body temperature rather than maximizing it for

milk production.

The simulation of the lactating barn (House 1) can be used to determine

conditions of the shed so a cooling system can be strategically placed around it. The

comparison between the temperature-humidity index in the house 1 with or without the

cooling system is made the basis to determine whether the carabaos have attained

comfort. This study can aid the Philippine Carabao Center in boosting the milk

production in their carabaos as well as become a basis for future studies related to cooling

system implementations for livestock farms.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This section consists of the general and specific objective of the group to realize the study.
 1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

To create a numerical model for the temperature and fluid velocities of PCC House 1 for

the implementation of a cooling system.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

1.3.2.1 To create a simulation of PCC’s gene pool using a software.

1.3.2.2 To design cooling system that produces the required cubic feet per minute in the

house 1.

1.3.2.3 To determine if the carabaos attained comfort with the use of temperature-

humidity index

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of the PCC considering that the

temperature plays a huge role on this research. By understanding the needs of the Carabao, it

will be assured that the milk production will be maximized when they employ effective

cooling system to the shed.

Moreover, this study will be helpful to as follows:

Business practitioners – this group may use this study as a basis for those who wants to

start their business related to carabaos and milk production. From creating a shed that can

withstand the heat in every way possible and make the carabaos comfortable while eating,

resting, walking, etc.

 Retail industry – the findings of this study will benefit those who are in retail industry,

for them to knows the accurate or useful information from where they will get the carabao

milk production source and know to know the quality where they get their milk from.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The study only focuses on the engineering side of the study and not the science or

veterinary discipline. Mainly, this study will be about the IEQ and HVAC. The software to

be used for CFD simulation is ANSYS 18.1. ANSYS will provide a virtual simulation of the

environment for the group of students to simulate.

The study focuses on the alleviation of thermal stress of the carabaos. Ergonomics, smell

and other IAQ parameters such as CO, CO2, NH3 etc. within the gene pool will not be

included in the research. Weather conditions will be limited to ordinary sunny days and will

exclude rainy condition for the thermal model. Only at specific hours when the carabaos are

being milk will be included in the thermal model.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes studies that are related to Thermal Stress in dairy livestock, Milk

Production of Carabaos ---------------------

2.1 Related Studies

This section contains studies that have been already conducted, related and cited in this

paper.

2.1.1. Design Proposal for Milk Centre with Mechanical Cooling for Dairy Cattle in

Tropical Climate (Alnarp. 2005)

The research is a theoretical study where a calculation model has been made to be

able to identify and quantify different contributions of supplied heat to the milk centre.

Climate conditions were taken from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which is same to the

climate of the Philippines and is a low land near the ocean. The calculations were made

with an outdoor temperature and relative humidity at 32oC and 60 %, respectively. The

indoor climate is 24oC and 80% humidity that results into temperature-humidity index of

73.

In this research, they used the compressor cooling technique in cooling the air in

the milk centre. The power consumption was computed to 66.2 kW. The price of energy

in 2004 during the hottest month of the year shall be USD 2627. Because the cows will

only be ventilated for about two hours a day, we cannot say that the milk production will

increase and make an investment in mechanical cooling feasible.

2.1.2 The Effect of Wind Speed and Direction and Surrounding Maize on Hybrid

Ventilation in a Dairy Cow in Denmark (Rong et al. 2014)

This research by Rong et al. investigated the impact of wind speed and direction

and surrounding maize field on the air exchange rate and indoor air speed in a dairy

building with hybrid ventilation, which joined auto-controlled natural and halfway

mechanical pit ventilation. The standard k – ε turbulence model and standard wall

function were connected in CFD demonstrating with expansion of ability to represent to

account for the aerodynamics effect of surrounding maize plant canopy in the wind

domain by using user defined functions (UFD). This expanded model was approved by

on-site measured speeds and temperature. A reasonably decent agreement was found

amongst simulated and measured outcomes. The wind speed affected ACH enormously

while displaying the maize field had little impact on ACH with low wind speed. With

wind speed of 3.86 m/s in approval case, displaying the maize field lessened total ACH

by 24%, ACH by means of bottom openings on the sidewall by 89.7% and velocity

measured upwind by 71%. The outcomes uncovered that the plant covering had the most

huge impact on ACH through the opening on the sidewall. With the variety of twist

bearing from 0° to 90°, the distinction of ACH could be 60%.

2.1.3 Performance of Lactating Dairy Cattle in Three Different Cooling Systems

Ninety-six Holstein lactating cows averaging 115 days in milk (DIM) and 60

Holstein first-lactating cows averaging 97 days in milk at the start of 10-week

contemplate between June 10 and August 22, 1998 were utilized to assess the adequacy
of the three different cooling systems. 32 multiparous cows and 20 to begin lactation

were appointed to each of three pens that contained the cooling system. The three diverse

cooling system are comprised of : 1) a single row of 36-inch fans, dispersed at 24 feet

intervals over the freestalls and over the feed row. 2.) 56-inch roof fans dispersed at 12

feet intervals over the freestalls and 3) polytube longitudinal cooling over the freestall

barn. Each of the three cooling systems used comparable sprinkler frameworks situated

over the feed line. Dry matter intake, breath rates, milk production and other parameters

were measured. Cows that were cooled with overhead 36-inch fans delivered more milk

and had bring down breath rates than the other 2 cooling systems. The cows that were

cooled with roof fans tended to deliver more milk than those by means of the polytube.

Dry matter intake was greater for cows cooled by the first cooling system (overhead 36-

inch fans).

Table 1. Milk Yield, Respiration Rates, Body Condition, and Feed intake of Dairy Cows

in the Three Cooling Systems

2.1.4 Simulation of Air Flow Through a Test Chamber (Ovrebo, 2007)

 The research is intended for developing high power electronics for army

applications. An integration of different core materials and winding types to optimize the

operation of high-power inductors. The simulation is done through the use of SolidWorks

modeling software to make a thermos-anemometer chamber. The simulation works by

forcing the air through an inlet port connected to a blower then the outlet port will

measure the speed and temperature of the air with the use of thermos-anemometer. The

data gathered can be used to calculate other parameters such as air density, velocity,

pressure, and flow rate.

2.1.5 Beat the Heat (Choudhurry, 2016)

All products and processes have a thermal comfort zone — a range of

temperatures in which they work most efficiently. Whether this temperature is in the
 arctic range (for instance, an instrument cooled by liquid nitrogen) or closer to an inferno

(like the inside of a gas turbine combustor), understanding your product’s thermal sweet

spot is important to your design efforts. Engineering simulation can provide the

knowledge you need for the most efficient design and operation of your thermally

sensitive devices. Thermal management is a challenge for most products and processes being

developed today. As this issue shows, engineering simulation using single physics or

multiphysics solutions is essential in overcoming these design challenges, and ANSYS can help

you every step of the way.

2.2 Related Literature

This section provides the definition of the terms and variables that are involved in the study

and their relationship with each other.

2.2.1 Heat transfer

Animals and human body temperatures are essentially controlled by a heat

balance that involves metabolism, blood circulation near the surface of the skin,
respiration and heat and mass transfer from the skin. Heat transfer from the skin may be

by conduction, convection or radiation. (Norris A. and Kunz T., 2012)

2.2.1.1 Conductive Heat Transfer

Conductive Heat Transfer is a type of transfer where heat is transferred

through direct contact of the materials. The rate of heat conduction through a

medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness, material and

temperature difference across the medium. (Cengel, 2006)

2.2.1.2. Convective Heat Transfer

Is a type of transfer where heat is experienced through the air movement

to the buffaloes’ body. When cool air travels to the skin of the buffaloes, this can

allow the animal to remain active longer on sunny days. Convection even happens

inside the body. Blood exchanges warm all through the body, bringing warmth

from the center to the limits, or taking cooled blood from the surface back to the

overheated organs or muscle tissue. (Norris A. and Kunz T., 2012)

2.2.1.3. Radiative Heat Transfer

Is a type of transfer where emission of heat to and from the buffaloes and

surroundings, directly from the sun or from re-radiation from hot ground, fences

and the buildings etc. The shading of the building helps the buffaloes to block and

reduce the amount of solar radiation it receives by 50% or more. Swamp

Buffaloes are black-skinned animals will more likely to absorb more solar
 radiation than the other animals. However, the buffaloes can re-radiate the heat at

night time. (Norris A. and Kunz T., 2012)

2.2.2 Air Quality

Good air quality leads to healthy animals. Desirable air quality depend on the

animal species and age. Within the housing, an acceptable range of temperature and

humidity is a must. (Maghirang et al. 2012)

The following are the parameters we are concern in this research

2.2.2.1. Temperature

Temperature affects the rate of metabolic heat production of the carabaos.

This is the measurement of “hotness” and “coldness. Temperature is a general

term used to portray the sensation of heat noticeable all around. Among the more

particular terms utilized as a part of the heating and cooling calculation to depict

the air temperature are dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature.

(Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and

Distribution Systems 2004)

2.2.2.1.1 Dry-bulb Temperature

The dry bulb temperature is simply the true and actual

temperature of air measured by a thermometer. (Brumbaugh, HVAC

Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution

Systems 2004)

2.2.2.1.2. Wet-bulb Temperature

 The wet bulb temperature is the temperature where the air

would be saturated if moisture is added to it without the addition or

subtraction of heat. It is the temperature of evaporation. In genuine

practice, the wet-bulb temperature reflects humidity conditions in the area.

A higher wet-bulb reading also implies higher humidity. (Brumbaugh,

HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and

Distribution Systems 2004)

2.2.2.2 Humidity

Humidity is the general term used for the amount of water vapor content

of air. This term is usually in reference to the sensation of moisture in the air.

(Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and

Distribution Systems 2004)

2.2.2.2.1 Absolute Humidity

The absolute humidity is the actual mass of water vapor in one

cubic foot of air. It is also equivalent to the density of the air.

(Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat

Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004)

2.2.2.2.2. Specific Humidity

Specific Humidiy is the weight of water vapor per pound of dry

air. (Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat

Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004)

 2.2.2.2.3. Relative Humidity

The relative humidity is the ratio of absolute humidity to the

maximum possible density of moisture in the air at the same temperature.

To be simple, it is the percentage or ratio of water vaport in the mixture of

dry air and water vapor at a certain temperature relative to the maximum

quantity that the volume of air could carry at that temperature. The relative

humidity can be obtained by using sling psychrometer to determine the

amount of moisture and divide this by the amount of moisture that the air

can hold at that temperature. (Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume

3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004)

2.2.2.3. Air Velocity

Air velocity is the rate of motion of air with respect to time. Air velocity

or air speed can be measure by digital anemometer. The speed in units feet per

minute at which air is moving at any point. (Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals

Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004)

2.2.3 Thermal Comfort for Water Buffaloes

Heat stress is caused by a blend of temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation,

air movement and precipitation. The greater part of the studies on heat stress in livestock

concentrate on the two principle natural stressors: temperature and relative humidity.

(Bilby. 2014). The 5 main factors that causes heat stress to the water buffaloes are:

2.2.3.1 Air Temperature

 The air temperature

2.2.3.2. Air Movement

Increasing the air flow is the first alternative to reduce the heat stress

experienced by the buffaloes. As the movement of air slightly lowers pressure and

allows for more evaporative effect. However, when the air is already highly

saturated with water vapor, any additional evaporation from air movement will be

minimal. It is also important in relieving heat stress on water buffaloes, as it

affects both convective and evaporative heat loss. (Fournel 2017)

2.2.3.3. Relative Humidity

High relative humidity reduces the effectiveness of evaporative cooling

and during hot, humid summer weather the cow cannot eliminate sufficient body

heat and her body temperature rises. (Graves, et al. 1990)

2.2.3.5. Clothing

Carabaos have thick black skin that tends to absorb more solar radiations

but buffaloes can re-radiate the solar radiations faster than the other animals by

night time. The buffaloes’ skin has a fewer sweat glands that are located deep in

the skin and understanding heat loss through evaporative heat loss. (Balhara,

Jerome and Singh 2017)

2.2.4 Dairy Fans

In order to increase the air velocity that passes through the carabaos, high speed

fans are installed in the resting area and usually turned on when the temperature rises
above 68oF. These fans work by improving the convective heat transfer and help decrease

the ambient air temperature through air movement. Commercial fans are typically located

at a ratio of one fan for every twenty cows in typical 4-row barn. (James and Paul 2013)

2.2.4.1 Air Movement

Air movement shall be in the range of 200 feet to 400 feet per minute

across the cows. However, the air movement at the cow level depends on the

discharge characteristics of the fan and the distance of the cow from the fan.

(Turner, Warner and John 1992)

2.2.4.2 Fan Capacity

The measure of air a fan moves relies upon the diameter of the blades,

shape of the blades and speed at which blades turn (revolutions per minute),

torque (Hp) of the engine. These combined parameters build up the air capacity of

a fan. It is measure in terms of cubic feet per minute (CFM). (Jacobson 1994)

2.2.4.3. Fan Types

There are two types of fans suitable for dairy housing.

2.2.4.3.1. Axial Fans

Axial fans draw air parallel to the fan axis. They are designed to

operate on a low static pressure. There are 3 type of axial fans.

2.2.4.3.1.1. Propeller fans

 These are the most common axial fans. They have

propeller shaped blades mounted in circular ring or orifice plate

and a drive motor. These fans move large air volume at low static

pressure. (Graves, et al. 1990)

2.2.4.3.1.2 Tube-Axial Fans

Tube-axial fans can work at higher static pressure due

to bigger center point and decreased blade tip clearance, so less

wind flows back through the fan. Tube-axial fans are normally

used in low and medium pressure duct air dispersion systems.

(Graves, et al. 1990)

2.2.4.3.1.3. Vane-Axial Fans

Vane-axial fans is similar to design and application of

tube-axial fans, the only difference is that the air straightening

vanes are included either in front or behind the blades to diminish

the round movement of air. This outcomes in a somewhat more

efficient fan capable of operating at a marginally higher static

pressure. (Graves, et al. 1990)

2.2.4.3.2 Centrifugal Fans

These centrifugal fans operate at quieter and work at higher static

pressure than axial flow fans. They are common in grain drying and hot-

air heating systems. (Graves, et al. 1990)

2.2.5 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI)

The temperature-humidity index is an important measure that you know when

cows are getting to be warm-stressed and to what degree we can utilize cooling strategies

properly. It is widely used to determine if the cows or buffaloes are in comfort. The THI

was originally created for humans by Thom (1958) and Barry et al(1964) developed one

for dairy cattle too. It is used as a tool to estimate the cooling requirements of dairy cattle

to implement and improve the efficiency of heat stress management. (Collier, et al.

2011).

2.2.5. Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD is a branch of fluid dynamics providing a cost-effective means of simulating

real flows by numerical solutions of the equations (Sayma 2009). This includes the

applications involving fluid-solid interactions, such as the airflow in a room or water flow

in a river.

2.2.6. Software Programs

2.2.6.1. SolidWorks

.SolidWorks is a solid modeling computer-aided design program that was

developed by the Dassault Systemes. Founded by MIT graduate Jon Hirschtick,

this software is used commonly used for integrated workflow – design,

verification, sustainable design, communication and data management.

2.2.6.2. ANSYS

ANSYS is a software that allows students, engineers and other disciplines

to simulate interactions of physics, structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat

transfer and electromagnetics. It enables the user to test the product in virtual

environment before processing and manufacturing. It determines the possible

weak points to improve them. The company is founded by John A. Swanson in

1970. Its first name was Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc.

 Chapter 3

Theoretical considerations
This chapter contains the formulas and principles that are used to determine the experimental

data needed during the simulations.

3.1 Animal Heat Balance

Buffaloes become heat stressed when it produces more heat than can passively eliminate

from her body to the environment. Studies shows that as temperature exceed 68-80F, active and

physiological and behavioral responses occur to avoid heat stress A heat stressed buffalo exerts

more effort in sweating and respiration rates than in milking process, thus the efficiency of

milking decreases. Buffalo also tends to stand for longer time rather than resting to increase her

surface area for heat elimination. This standing will reduce its resting time and destroy resting

patterns. (Zimbelman and Collie 2011)

3.2. Temperature-Humidity Index

An index established to assess the risk of heat stress by accounting the effects of ambient

temperature and humidity. This is a useful criterion to determine if dairy cows are stress to a

certain level. Heat stress is caused by a combination of temperature, solar radiation, relative

humidity, and air movement. The majority of research on livestock heat stress focus on the main

environmental stressors namely temperature and relative humidity (Bilby 2014). Because data

from solar radiation, air movement and precipitation for animals cannot be publicly accessed.

However, the records for temperature and relative humidity can be obtained from stations on a

certain area (Bilby 2014). Several THI formulas were developed by different personalities.
THI Formula Proposed by:

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (1.8 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 32) − ((0.55 − 0.0055 ∗ 𝑅𝐻) ∗ (1.8 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑏 − (NRC, 1971)

26.8)) Eq.2

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = 𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 0.36 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑝 + 41.2 Eq.3 (Yousef,1985)

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (𝑂. 35 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 0.65 ∗ 𝑇𝑤𝑏) ∗ 1.8 + 32 Eq.4 (Bianca,1962)

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (0.55 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 0.2 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑝) ∗ 1.8 + 32 + 17.5 Eq.5 (NRC,1971)

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (0.15 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 0.85 ∗ 𝑇𝑤𝑏) ∗ 1.8 + 32 Eq.6 (Bianca, 1962)

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (0.4 ∗ (𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 𝑇𝑤𝑏)) ∗ 1.8 + 32 + 15 Eq.7 (Thom,1959)

𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (𝑇𝑑𝑏 + 𝑇𝑤𝑏) ∗ 0.72 + 40.6 Eq.8 (NRC,1971)

𝑅𝐻 (Mader et al.)
𝑇𝐻𝐼 = (0.8 ∗ 𝑇𝑑𝑏) + ((100) ∗ (𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 14.4)) + 46.4 Eq.9

Table 1: List of THI Formulas proposed

3.3 Series and Parallel Fan Operation

3.3.1.Series

In series operation, the cubic feet per minute is not doubled. The total airflow is

equivalent to the cfm capacity of one fan alone. Series operations are used to maintain

conditions: constant pressure, zero pressure and zero vacuum. (Brumbaugh, HVAC

Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004)

3.3.2. Parallel

In parallel operation, the total airflow is equivalent to the airflow of combined

cubic feet per minute of the fans. Parallel operations are recommended when a single fan

is incapable of moving the total volume required. (Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals

Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004)

3.4. Cubic Feet per Minute Determination by Air-Change method

To determine the needed cfm for a space, we need to get the total cubic feet of air space in the

structure and the require number of air changes necessary to give satisfactory ventilation.

(Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution

Systems 2004). According to table 7-1 of HVAC Fundamentals by Brumbaugh, the average air

changes required per minute for Good ventilation on a barn is 10-20 minutes per change.

When these data where obtained, the following formula can be used

𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒆𝒆𝒕

𝑪𝑭𝑴 = ; Eq.10
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆

Where:

CFM = cubic feet per minute

Building Volume in cubic feet = ft3

Minutes air change = minutes

3.5.Determine CFM by the Heat Removal Method

This method is very useful in knowing the needed cubic feet per minute. In this method, the

sensible heat, the average outdoor temperature and the desired inside temperature is required. It

mostly concerns with the sensible heat and not with the radiantheat. The cfm obtained from the

formula demonstrates the measure of air should have been passed through a space to keep up the

coveted temperature. (Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat

Pumps, and Distribution Systems 2004). This can be computed with the use of the formula:

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒕𝒖 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆

𝑪𝑭𝑴 = ; Eq.11
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟓∗𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑭
 CFM = cubic feet per minute

Total Btu per minute = BTU/min

3.6. Air Intake Determination

Satisfactory air itake range should be given where fans are used to deplete the air. The same

is for fans used to supply to a room. The size of air intake area relies upon the speed (feet per

minute) of the entering or existing air and the total cubic feet per minute required by the space.

(Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3 Airconditioning, Heat Pumps, and Distribution

Systems 2004) It can be expressed by the formula:

𝐶𝐹𝑀
𝐴 = 𝐹𝑃𝑀 ;

Where:

A = square ffeet of free intake area

Cfm = cubic feet per minute

Fpm = feet per minute

 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methods and procedures that the researchers will use to

accomplish the objectives of this paper.

4.1. General Process Flow Diagram

This section details the tasks performed in the study. The tasks are outlined

chronologically in the flowchart seen in Figure 4.1. The succeeding section will discuss each of

the tasks presented in the Figure 4.1.

4.2. Visit the Philippine Carabao Center

The researchers conducted a visit in the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) in Science

City, Munoz, Neuva Ecija on July 9-11, 2017. The purpose of the visit was to meet up with a

representative of PCC, Dr. Cyril P. Baltazar, Farm Superintendent II of PCC, to discuss the ways

on how to mitigate the heat stress that was affecting the milk production of the carabaos. The

researchers were then given a tour around the PCC Gene Pool to observe the state of the

carabaos and the different open byres that houses them.

 After the tour, the researchers met up with Dr. Arnel del Barrios, the Executive Director

of PCC, to discuss their initial project proposal. The project consisted of creating a CFD model
of the PCC House 1 to determine where hot spots are generally generated inside it, implementing

a cooling system using dairy fans with misters around the hot spots, and then comparing the milk

production of the between a control group and an experimental group that is affected by the

cooling system. Dr. del Barrio suggested that the spray of the mister should produce a water

droplet size that is large enough not to affect the relative humidity since he stated that if the

water droplets are too fine they would add to the water vapor of the surrounding air; raising the

relative humidity and THI, inducing thermal stress to the carabaos.

The researchers requested a copy of the blueprints of the Gene Pool, but were given the

old and damaged original blueprints that were from 1985. The blueprints were requested to get

the measurements of House 1 for the computer aided draft, but the provided blueprints made it

difficult for the students to determine the measurement as they were also informed that the

houses in the Gene Pool have been repaired and reconstructed because of storms in the past.

4.3. Gathering of Parameters

This section contains the parameters to be measured for initial modelling of the carabao

house, the materials that were used to measure these parameters, and the parameters to be tested

for the placement of the dairy fans.

4.3.1. Parameters for the initial model

This sub-section contains the parameters that are needed to be measured for the

initial modelling of the carabao house including the dry and wet bulb temperature,

relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and dimensions of the carabao house. The

parameter that was measured for the carabaos is their surface temperature
4.3.1.1. Dry and wet bulb temperature

The dry and wet bulb temperature will be measured on a sunny using a

psychrometer (dry and wet bulb thermometer). This parameter will be measured

for both the inside and outside areas of the carabao house. These parameters are

measured in a sunny day to recreate the same conditions wherein the THI levels

are at its highest.

4.3.1.2. Relative humidity

The relative humidity will be determined by plotting the dry and wet bulb

temperatures in the Carrier psychrometric chart.

4.3.1.3. Wind speed

The wind speed will be measured using an anemometer. This parameter is

to be measured so that similar wind characteristics can be recreated in the CFD

model.

4.3.1.4. Wind direction

The wind direction will be determined with the aid of wind maps. This is

to be determined so that the direction of wind simulated in the CFD can be similar

to the actual direction of the wind surrounding the area of House 1.

4.3.1.5. Dimensions of the carabao house

The dimensions of the carabao house will be determined using the

blueprints that were provided by PCC, but the unclear measurements that are

obscured by the damages of the blueprints will be measured using a steel tape.

4.3.1.6. Surface temperature

The surface temperature of the roof and floor of house 1 and the skin

temperature of the carabaos are measured using the infrared (IR) thermometer. To

be consistent, the instrument was used at least 1 meter away from the carabaos
 when measuring their surface temperature, while the surface temperatures of the

roof and floor were measured in all the same spots.

4.3.2. Fan placement

This subsection contains the parameters to be tested when simulating the

placements and positions of the dairy fans so that the most ideal combination that lessens

the THI can be determined. This includes the fan’s angle, height, capacity, distance from

other fans and fan diameter.

4.3.2.1. Fan distance and location

The fans to be installed must be horizontally placed no more than 10 times

the blade diameter of the cooling fans, otherwise they will lose effective velocity.

As an example, the fans must be 30 feet apart from each other when dealing with
 three foot fans, and 40 feet apart when dealing with four foot fans (Gooch 2015)

In a naturally ventilated freestall, it is currently recommended that a row

of circulation fans must be placed over the stalls and another row placed over the

feedline. This was reported to significantly improve milk production with no other

additional benefits. However, if the placement of the fans is staggered, wherein

the first fan is positioned to one side above the first stall and the next fan is placed

above the alternate side of the succeeding stall, and so on, a more even airflow

can be produced.

4.3.2.2. Fan angle

4.4. Creating a CFD model

 The CFD model will be made using ANSYS 18.1 wherein a geometrical model will be

imported from SolidWorks 2016. The dry and wet bulb temperatures, wind velocity, wind

direction, roof temperature and floor temperature will be used to create the CFD model.

4.4.1. SolidWorks modelling

The researcher used SolidWorks 2016 to create three-dimensional geometrical

model of the PCC Gene Pool House 1. The model was designed using the measured

dimension from the provided blueprints. First, an outline of the base measuring 70 m in

length and 20 m in width. Based from the outline, the roof was raised to a height of 2.8 m

as the edges of the roof and 5.8 m as the peak of the roof and then it was extruded to a

length of 70 m. From the top view, circles were drawn on the base and then extruded

upward to until it reaches the roof to create the supporting columns. Along its length, 5 of

these columns on each side were equally placed, making a total of 10 supporting

columns. The trough of the carabao house was made by outlining a vertically fixed cross

section of the trough starting on one side of the width to the other end. For the railings of

the trough, a circle drawn on the top part of the sides of the trough was extruded upward

to a height 0.61 m or 2 ft and then forward along the length of the house. The enclosure

beside the house was created by drawing a rectangular plane, 6.8 m away, with the same

length as the house but with a thickness of 0.01 m, and then extruded to a height of 1.5 m.

4.4.2. ANSYS modelling

The generated geometry through SolidWorks 2016 will be imported to ANSYS

18.1. The gathered parameters and data will be inputted to the model serves the ambient
 conditions of the environment. The following sections will discuss the procedure of the

simulation.

4.4.3. Planning for the location of the fans

From Chapter 3.2.2, the researchers will follow the said recommendations and

will try to find the best orientation and placement for the fans following the guidelines.

4.4.4. Experimental Set-ups

The first factor to be considered in the direction of theoretical prevailing wind,

including north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, and northwest. Then

the general orientation of the fans with be chosen based on the wind direction. The fans

must always be oriented in-line with direction of the wind. The height of the fans are

fixed at 8 ft as per recommendation pf Atkins et al. Due to the limited number of 8 fans,

it takes priority that they should be located over the feeding alleys (Gooch 2015)Even

though that it was recommended that the distance apart each fans must be no more than

10 times the fans diameter, it would be impossible in this setup since 4 fans, of 1000 mm

diameter, will be allotted at each side of the carabao house and the 4 fans will only cover

a maximum of 40 meters. Thus, the researchers have chosen to place a fan per quarter of

the length, 17.5 m, of the carabao house. From this point, various simulations will be

done wherein the position of the fan regarding the angle between its face and the vertical

will be 15-35 degrees, additionally the fans will be moved in increments of 10 cm to its

sides.

4.5. Selection of best setup

 Using the CFD model, different combinations of fan placement and design will be

simulated to determine the best setup that would decrease the THI of the created space. Two

ways of getting the air conditions around the carabaos will be considered: volume average of the

carabao house and setting points of measurement that is close to the carabao bodies.

Temperatures and relative humidity gathered from the simulation will be used to compute for the

Temperature-Humidity index as stated in 3.8. These THIs will be compared from the other

experimental set ups.

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A

Proposed Gantt Chart

Activities July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March
Visit to PCC 9-11
Project proposal 20
Gathering of 18
parameters
Create a CFD 20
model
Simulation of 5
different setups
Gathering and 10
analysis of results
Forward of results 25
for verification
Preparation for 17
Final Defense
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