Learning Objectives

• Explain the properties of waves.

• Compare and contrast Classical
Physics of waves and Quantum
Physics.
• Summarize the introduction to the
development of Quantum Atomic
Model through a graphic organizer.
 THE SHIFT FROM CLASSICAL
PHYSICS TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
REVIEW
• THE PROGRESS OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE ATOMIC MODEL
>DEMOCRITUS-JOHN DALTON
>J.J. THOMSON
>ERNST RUTHERFORD
>NEILS BOHR
>ERWIN SCHRODINGER
FIREWORKS
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED
WHY FIREWORKS HAVE
DIFFERENT COLORS?
PARTICLES
• Anything that occupies space and
has mass.
WAVE
• A wave is a disturbance that travels
from one location to another
location. The highest peak of the
wave is called the crest and the
lowest point is named as the trough.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAVE
• The amplitude is one-half of the distance from
crest to trough.
• The wavelength is the distance from crest to
crest or from trough to trough
• Frequency is the number of waves passing a
fixed point in a specified period of time.
Classifications of waves
• Waves can be classified as mechanical
or electromagnetic waves:
1. Mechanical wave-requires a medium
for it to travel
2. electromagnetic wave is a wave that
is capable of transmitting its energy
through an empty space or vacuum
The Electromagnetic spectrum
Quantum theory vs. classical Physics
The spectrum of light emitted by black
bodies:
a. Classical Physics- predicted that the
maximum wavelength emitted by the
blackbody would be infinite
b. Experimental results -emitted radiation
at various wavelengths but showed a
maximum wavelength (not infinite) that
shifted toward lower wavelengths as the
temperature increased
Classical physics vs photoelectric
effect
When light hits a metal surface:
a. Classical physics- electrons in the
metal should slowly absorb energy
from the light until they have enough
energy to be emitted to produce a
current.
- as the intensity of the
incident light increases, kinetic energy of
the emitted electrons increases.
Classical physics vs photoelectric
effect
When light hits a metal surface:
b. Photoelectric effect-threshold
frequency; number of ejected
electrons; kinetic energy
Dual nature of light
• Einstein-proposed that light was
actually made up of lots of small
packets of energy called photons
that behaved like particles.
• Light is a wave as shown by different
experiments like the diffraction of
light by a prism to yield the visible
spectrum.
BOHR’S THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
AND THE EMISSION
SPECTRUM
Emission Spectrum
• When elements are energized by
heat or other means, they give off a
characteristic or distinctive spectrum,
called an emission spectrum.
Bohr’s Model
- explain how electrons could stay in
stable orbits around the nucleus.
a. The electron is allowed to occupy
only specific orbits with specific
energies.
b. If the electron stays in the allowed
orbit, its energy is stable
c. If an electron jumps from one orbit to
another, it will absorb or emit energy
in quanta.
Ground state and excited state
FIREWORKS
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED
WHY FIREWORKS HAVE
DIFFERENT COLORS?
 Dual Nature of Electrons
• Louis De Broglie-reasoned that if
light could have particle-like
properties, then particles like
electrons could also have wavelike
properties.
De Broglie’s idea
Limitation of Bohr’s Model
• It cannot explain the spectrum of
atoms with more than one electron.
• When electrons go around the
nucleus in certain orbits, its energy
remains constant. **moving
electrons would lose energy**
• Considers electrons to have a
known radius and orbit
From Bohr’s model to Quantum
Mechanical Model
“the position of a particle and its
momentum cannot be simultaneously
measured with arbitrarily high precision.”
–WERNER HEISENBERG
It is not possible to pinpoint the exact
location of the electron in an atom but
one can determine the region where it
can most probably be found
-Erwin Scrodinger
Quantum Mechanical Model
• Schrödinger treated electrons as
waves in a model called the
quantum mechanical model of the
atom.
•Schrödinger’s equation applied equally
well to elements other than hydrogen
(unlike Bohr’s model).
Quantum Mechanical Model
• The quantum mechanical model
makes no attempt to predict the path
of an electron around the nucleus.
•Bohr orbits were replaced with
quantum-mechanical orbitals.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• Orbitals are different from orbits in that
they represent probability maps that
show a statistical distribution of where
the electron is likely to be found.
Quantum Mechanical Model
• In the quantum-mechanical model, a
number and a letter specify an
orbital.
•The lowest-energy orbital is called the
1s orbital.
• It is specified by the number 1 and the
letter s.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• The number is called the Principal
quantum number (n) and it
indicates the relative size and
energy of atomic orbitals.
•n specifies the atom’s major energy
levels, called the principal energy
levels.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Energy sublevels are contained
within the principal energy levels.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Each energy sublevel relates to
orbitals of different shape.

s, p, d, f

s, p, d
s, p
s
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• s sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• p sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• d sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• f sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Orbitals are sometimes represented by
dots, where the dot density is proportional
to the probability of finding the electron.
• The dot density for the 1s orbital is
greatest near the nucleus and decreases
farther away from the nucleus.
• The electron is more likely to be found
close to the nucleus than far away from it.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• At any given time, hydrogen’s
electron can occupy just one orbital.
•When hydrogen is in the ground state,
the electron occupies the 1s orbital.
•When the atom gains a quantum of
energy, the electron is excited to one of
the unoccupied orbitals.