Design of A Gas Turbine

MEEN-646 Aerothermodynamics of
Turbomachinery
Design of Gas Turbine Engine
Authors:
Kapil Sharma
Presented to:
Thomas A. Chirathadam
Dr. T. Schobeiri
Vishal Wadhvani
Shriram Jagannathan
Project Report CONTENTS
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Compressor 5
2.1 Design of Compressor Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Pressure distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Design of Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.2 Steps Followed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.3 Radial Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Optimization of Compressor Pressure Ratio for Power Generation in Gas
Turbine Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.2 Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.1 Profile Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.2 Trailing Edge Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.3 Secondary Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5.4 Exit Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Combustion Chamber 23
4 Turbine 26
4.1 Design of Turbine Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1.2 Generating Blade profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Blade Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.2 CFD Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3 Design of Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.2 Steps Followed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.3 Radial Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4 Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5 Stress Analysis 44
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Project Report CONTENTS
6 Appendix 46
6.1 Compressor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.1.1 Blade Profile Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.1.2 Low Pressure Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.3 Intermediate Pressure Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1.4 High Pressure Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.1.5 Twisting the Blades in Spanwise direction . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.2 Turbine Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2.1 Design of Turbine Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.2.2 Efficiency Calculation in Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
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Project Report LIST OF FIGURES
List of Figures
1.1 Axial flow gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Gas turbine assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Cross section view of the gas turbine assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Multi stage power generation gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Compressor blade profile for a lift coefficient of 0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Cascade Nomenclature as given in [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Pressure Distribution in the Compressor Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Compressor configuration used for pressure distribution . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Mesh around the compressor blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Compressor Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7 Notation followed for compressor stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.8 Velocity Triangle for a compressor stage. Subscripts 1 refer to rotor inlet
and 2 refers to rotor exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.9 h-s diagram for a compressor stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.10 Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in LP Compressor . . . . . . . 12
2.11 Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in IP Compressor . . . . . . . 13
2.12 Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in HP Compressor . . . . . . 13
2.13 Compressor blade showing the twist in the spanwise direction . . . . . 15
2.14 Compressor Pressure Ratio vs Thermal Efficiency for various tempera-
ture ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.15 Trailing Edge Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1 Exit of the combustion chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 View showing the arrangement of flame-holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Cross section view of combustion chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1 Turbine Blade Nomenclature as given in [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 Sample base profile for superposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 Blade Cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4 Velocity contour around the blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.5 Pressure distribution around the blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.6 Mesh using tetrahedral elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.7 Cp plot for a turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.8 Turbine configuration used for pressure distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.9 Section view showing the increasing cross section of the turbine . . . . 34
4.10 Axial Turbine stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.11 Velocity Triangle for a Turbine stage. Subscripts 2 refer to rotor inlet
and 3 refers to rotor exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.12 h-s diagram for a turbine stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.13 Notation for a turbine stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.14 Turbine rotor twisted in spanwise direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.15 Variation of density with number of stages in a turbine . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16 Variation of Enthalpy with number of stages in a turbine . . . . . . . . 40
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Project Report LIST OF FIGURES
4.17 Variation of Mach Number with number of stages in a turbine . . . . . 41

4.18 Variation of static and total pressure with number of stages in a turbine 42
4.19 Variation of static and total temperature with number of stages in a
turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.20 Variation of absolute and relative velocity with number of stages in a
turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1 Mesh of the gas turbine casing used for simulation in COSMOS . . . . 44
5.2 Stress distribution on the casing of the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . 44
iv
Project Report LIST OF TABLES
List of Tables
1 Loss coefficients in each section of the compressor. It includes all the
four losses mentioned in this section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Table that shows the variation of stage parameters and thermodynamic
quantities with different stages of compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 Table that shows the variation of stage parameters and thermodynamic
quantities with different stages of turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
v
Abstract
This project deals with the design procedure followed for designing the 14 stage axial
compressor, annular combustion chamber and a 4 stage axial turbine for a 38 MW gas
turbine. The compressor section consists of 2,3 and 9 stages of low, intermediate and
high pressure compressors. The design of blades, the pressure distribution along the
blade is also presented. An iterative procedure is discussed that takes into account the
variation of different non-dimensional stage parameters. The radial equilibrium is also
considered along the spanwise direction which results in twisted blades.
Project Report 1 INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction
Typically, gas turbine engines consists of compressor section, a combustion chamber
and a turbine section. Air enters the compressor where it gets compressed thereby
increasing its pressure. The high pressure, high temperature gas enters the combustion
chamber where it mixes with the fuel and ignites. The temperature of the gas increases
tremendously as it exits the combustion chamber. It then passes over the turbine section
where the gas expands and work is extracted.
Figure 1.1: Axial flow gas turbine
All gas turbine component consist of a stationary component known as stator and
a rotating component, rotor. The rotor blades are mounted on a shaft that connects
the compressor and the turbine. This shaft is called as the hub. A set of rotor blade
and a stator blade together constitute a stage. Often, calculations are made on a stage
by stage basis in turbomachinery. The purpose of a compressor in a gas turbine is to
increase the pressure of the air before it enters the combustion chamber. Pressure rise
occurs only in the rotor since mechanical energy is added to the rotor. The power that
he compressor consumes often comes from the power generated by the turbine through
a generator. The stator just serves to deflect the flow at the right incidence to the rotor.
Since the pressure rise per stage is minimal in compressor due to factors such as flow
separation, to obtain a significant pressure rise (pressure ration close to 10), compressor
section consists of more than 101̃2 stages. Once the gases enter the combustion chamber,
it mixes with the fuel in the combustion chamber, ignites and produces enormous
amount of energy. The hot and high pressure gas from the combustion chamber drives
the rotor blades in the turbine and turns the shaft that drives the compressor.
1
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1 INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.2: Gas turbine assembly

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3
Figure 1.3: Cross section view of the gas turbine assembly
1 INTRODUCTION
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Figure 1.4: Multi stage power generation gas turbine
1 INTRODUCTION
Project Report 2 COMPRESSOR
2 Compressor
The following sections deal with the design of compressor blades for a particular lift
coefficient, and consequently a 2-D CFD simulation on the blade for obtaining the
pressure distribution. The design of low, intermediate and high pressure compressors
is subsequently dealt with. Particular attention is given to the twisted blades in the
compressor section. The books [2] and [1] have been extensively referred to, in many
of the subsequent sections.
2.1 Design of Compressor Blades

2.1.1 Assumptions
• In the design of compressor blades, the lift force induced by the vortex is assumed
to be linearly proportional to the blade lift.
2.1.2 Procedure
Steps followed for designing a Compressor blade :
• An arbitrary chord length is taken from the user (in our case 3 units)
• This chord length is divided into a number of subdivisions taken from the user.
• Also the lift coefficient is varied from 0 - 1 to see the effect on the blade camber
height.
The important parameter for determining the shape of a compressor blade is the
Mach number of the flow. The lift force in an inviscid flow is given by[2],
I
F = ρV∞ XΓ, where Γ = V · dc (2.1)
This relationship shows the relationship between lift and circulation. Also, the
circulation is related to the flow deflection from the cascade inlet to the exit. When
the deviation is zero, the velocity vector is tangent to the camber line at the exit.
Compressors blades are usually designed for a given lift coefficient. The lift coefficient
for the camber line is given by:
F ρΓV1 2Γ
CL = ρ = ρ = (2.2)
V 2c V2 V1 c
2 1 2 1
5
6
Cax= 10
Cl = 0.5
4
2
Y
-2
-4
-6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Cax
Figure 2.1: Compressor blade profile for a lift coefficient of 0.5
Figure 2.2: Cascade Nomenclature as given in [2]
6
0.120
0.110 Inlet Angle (1)= 120o

Exit Angle (2)= 100o
Cp
0.100
0.090
0.080
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/cax
Figure 2.3: Pressure Distribution in the Compressor Blade
2.2 Pressure distribution

A very straightforward and simple CFD analysis is performed on the compressor blade
to investigate cases of separation and the amount of pressure rise per stage. The domain
consists of a single blade with periodic boundary condition in the pitchwise direction.
c
The pitch is decided based on the assumption that the = 1, where c is the chord
s
and s is the pitch. A velocity inlet boundary condition is used at 1 chord upstream
of the blade leading edge and pressure outlet at one chord downstream of the blade.
The commercial CFD package, STAR-CCM+ was used to perform the simulation. A
separation plateau could be observed from the pressure distribution along the blade
when there is dip in the pressure distribution or when the pressure is constant in the
streamwise direction.
The figures 2.3 and 2.5 show the pressure distribution and the mesh that was used
for the simulation.
7
Figure 2.4: Compressor configuration used for pressure distribution
Figure 2.5: Mesh around the compressor blade
8
2.3 Design of Compressor

2.3.1 Assumptions
• α1 = 55 and β2 = 125
• A total to total isentropic efficiency of 95% for compressor and turbine.
• Mean diameter varies linearly
We assume that the compressor section starts with a rotor. The station numbers are
such that the rotor inlets are always odd numbers and rotor exits are even numbers.
2.3.2 Steps Followed

1. The values of α1 = 55, β2 = 125, λ, ν, r are assumed to be known apriori.
2. The four non-linear equations[2] are then solved to arrive at the other 4 unknowns,
namely α2 , β1 , φ and µ.
1
− 1/ tan (β2 ) = ν/ (µ · φ) (2.3)
tan (α2 )
1
− 1/ tan (β3 ) = 1/φ (2.4)
tan (α3 )
φ2
· 1 + 1/ (tan (α3 ))2 − µ2 · 1 + 1/ (tan (α2 ))2

r =1+ (2.5)
2·λ

ν
λ=φ· µ· − 1/ tan (β3 ) − 1 (2.6)
tan (α2 )
3. A stage by stage analysis as detailed in [2] is followed.
4. Mean diameter and tangential velocity of the rotor at all the stations is calculated.
U1 = Dm1 ω (2.7)
5. The universal gas constant, enthalpy and temperature at the exit of first stage is
calculated using the following procedure :
V12 − V32
H3 = H1 − lm + (2.8)
2000
T3 = H3 /Cp (2.9)
9
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10
Figure 2.6: Compressor Assembly
2 COMPRESSOR
Notation for LP Compressor Stages
1 2 3 4 5
ROTOR STATOR ROTOR STATOR
Figure 2.7: Notation followed for compressor stages
VM 1
W1
W2
U1
U2
α1 V1
β1
α2
β2
V2
VM 2
Figure 2.8: Velocity Triangle for a compressor stage. Subscripts 1 refer to rotor inlet
and 2 refers to rotor exit
11
h
P3
H03 = H02
P2 1 - Rotor Inlet
V32 /2 2 - Rotor Exit
h3 p3
V22 /2 lms
h2 p2
P1
H01
V12 /2
h1 p1
s
Figure 2.9: h-s diagram for a compressor stage.
360 200
180
340
160
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Pressure (kPa)
320 140
120
300
100
280 80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
Stations Stations

Figure 2.10: Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in LP Compressor
12
440 320
300
420
280
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Pressure (kPa)
260
400
240
380
220
200
360
180
340 160
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Stations Stations

Figure 2.11: Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in IP Compressor
650 1000
600
800
550
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Pressure (kPa)
500 600
450
400
400
350 200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Station Station

Figure 2.12: Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in HP Compressor
13
6. Assuming an isentropic efficiency, h3s and T3s can be calculated as :
H3s = η(H3 − H1 ) + H1 (2.10)
T3s = H3s /Cp (2.11)
7. The value of gamma at T3s is calculated from the table that the instructor had
given.
8. Finally,the exit pressure of first stage is calculated from the isentropic relation,
γ
γ−1
Tin
p3 = pin (2.12)
T3s
9. The properties at rotor exit (station 2) can now be calculated:
H2 = r(H2 − H1 ) − H1 (2.13)
T2 = H2 /Cp (2.14)
10. For evaluating the pressure at station 2, the polytropic constant(n) is calculated,:

p3
log pin
c= (2.15)
Tin
log T3
c
n= (2.16)
c+1
n
1−n
T1
p2 = p 1 (2.17)
T2
11. The above steps are repeated for the other stages as well. This would give us the
exit pressure at the exit of the low pressure compressor. The percentage error
between the actual pressure and the exit pressure is calculated. If the pressure
error is positive, it would imply that the pressure at the outlet is greater than
the exit pressure. The whole procedure is then repeated for lesser value of stage
specific mechanical energy. If the error is negative, the stage specific mechanical
energy is increased by 1% of its original value. This procedure is repeated until
desired convergence is obtained. The convergence criteria is set as 0.2%
14
Figure 2.13: Compressor blade showing the twist in the spanwise direction
2.3.3 Radial Equilibrium

The inlet angle varies in the spanwise direction and so does the exit angle. In order
to comply with our assumption that the exit angle is constant, we twist the blade in
spanwise direction so as to maintain a constant exit angle. The twist would account for
the change in inlet angle as well. This is done by incorporating the following equations
into our calculations from [2].
Rm cot α1
= (2.18)
R cot α1m
where the subscript m denotes the mean line values.
Bh
Rm = Rh + (2.19)
2
where Bh is the blade height and Rh is the Hub radius.
15
2.4 Optimization of Compressor Pressure Ratio for Power Gen-

eration in Gas Turbine Engines
This section deals with the optimum pressure ratio for power generation in gas turbine
engines. The pressure losses across the combustion chamber, turbine and compressor are
considered while calculating the thermal efficiency of gas turbine engine. The effect of
recuperator effectiveness on the overall efficiency of engine is also considered. Results of
thermal efficiency and specific net power for various temperature ratios and recuperator
effectiveness are plotted against compressor pressure ratio.
2.4.1 Assumptions
• The turbine and Compressor ratios are not the same due to pressure losses.
• Efficiency of turbine and compressor assumed to be 0.9
• Pressure loss assumed to be 5% in both regenerator and combustion chamber.
2.4.2 Equations
Considering the T-S diagram of a gas turbine engine (with recuperator) given by the
instructor, we can deduce the following efficiencies [2] :
Compression Process :
h2 − h1 = (h2s − h1 )/ηc (2.20)
Regenerator :
∆PRA
ζRA = with ∆PRA = P2 − P5 (2.21)
P2
Combustion Chamber Pressure Loss Coefficient :

P5 − P 3
ζcc = (2.22)
P2
Turbine Efficiency :
h3 − h4 = (h3 − h4s )ηT (2.23)
Regenerator: Gas side Pressure Loss Coefficient :

∆PRG
ζ= with ∆PRG = P4 − P6 (2.24)
P1
16
Thermal Efficiency of Gas Turbine Engine:
W˙net
ηin = (2.25)
Q˙in
Considering the mass flow balance in Combustion Chamber:
ṁ1 + ṁf = ṁ3 (2.26)

ṁf
β= (2.27)
ṁ1
Net Power of Gas Turbine:
W˙net ẆT
= ṁ5 = (1 + β)WT − WC (2.28)
ṁ5 W˙C
where,
WT = ηT c̄P T (1 + β)(T3 − T4s ) (2.29)
Since the temperatures are high the , specific heat depends on temperature.
h3 − h4
c̄P T = (2.30)
T3 − T4
The relation between T3 and T4s can be obtained as they follow isentropic expansion
process.
 γ − 1 
 

T3 P3 γ m
= T = π T
T (2.31)
T4s P4
From our assumption of the pressure loss coefficients, the turbine inlet and outlet
pressures can be found.

P3 P2 1 − ζRA − ζcc
πT = = (2.32)
P4 P1 1 + ζRA
We can then arrive at the following relation,

1 − ζRA − ζcc
πT = πC (2.33)
1 + ζRA
17
0.4
Theta=4.0
Theta=3.5
Theta=3.0
0.3
Thermal Efficiency
0.2
0.1
0
5 10 15 20 25
Compression Ratio
Figure 2.14: Compressor Pressure Ratio vs Thermal Efficiency for various temperature
ratios
where,

1 − ζRA − ζcc
= (2.34)
1 + ζRA
The regenerator effectiveness is defined as :
Q̇actual h5 − h2
ηR = = (2.35)
Q̇ideal h4 − h2
Defining the engine temperature ratio as ,

T3
ν= (2.36)
T1
Substituting the above equations into 2.25, we get the following relation for thermal
efficiency,:
c̄P C mc
c̄P T ηT ν[1 − (πc )−mT ](1 + β) − π − 1)ηc
( c
ηth = (2.37)
πcmc − 1
c̄P cc {ν(1 + β − ηR ) − [1 + ](1 − ηR ) + νηR ηT [1 − (πc )−mT ]
ηc
18
2.5 Losses
The major losses considered in the design are the following :
1. Profile Loss
2. Trailing edge loss
3. Secondary flow loss
4. Exit loss
2.5.1 Profile Loss

The profile loss is calculated from the Diffusion factor,D
sin2 α1

sin α2
D= 0.61 (cot α2 − cot α1 ) + 1.12 , (2.38)
sin α2 σ
δ2
For the value of D, corresponding value of is obtained from the graph in the [2].
c
This value is used in Eqn.2.39 to calculate the profile loss coefficient.
2
δ2 σ sin α2
ζP = 2 (2.39)
c sin α2 sin α2
Then the stage profile loss is given by,
2 2
Vn Wn
ZP = ζP S + ζP R (2.40)
2l 2l
2.5.2 Trailing Edge Loss

Due to the thickness of the trailing edge, there are wakes that are shed. These constitute
towards trailing edge losses. As outlined in [2], the following dimensionless variables
are calculated.
b b
D= = (2.41)
s s sin α2
∆1 = δ1 /s (2.42)
∆2 = δ2 /s (2.43)
The auxiliary equation are given as [2] :
G1 = 1 − D − ∆1 (2.44)
G2 = 1 − D − ∆1 − ∆2 (2.45)
19
Figure 2.15: Trailing Edge Thickness
G21 − 2G2 + 1
2
2G1 − 2G2 + 1 G21

2
ζ= − cos α3 + 2 (2.46)
G21 G21 G2
2 2
Vn Wn
ZT = ζP S + ζP R (2.47)
2l 2l
2.5.3 Secondary Loss

Secondary flow losses are due to the boundary layer development in the tip clearance
and in the spacing between the hub abd stator. These clearances gives rise to vortices
and thus constitute towards losses.
α1 + α2
cot α∞ = (2.48)
2
2
m
2 sin α1 δ − δ0
ζs = 0.676 (cot α2 − cot α1 ) (2.49)
sin α∞ c
where δ is the actual tip clearance and δ0 is the smallest tip clearance without a tip
clearance flow[2]. The above equations are repeated for stator and Eqn2.47 applies to
secondary flow as well to calculate the loss coefficient.
2.5.4 Exit Loss

The exit loss is defined as the ratio of exit kinetic energy to the stage specific mechanical
energy.
V32 V32
ZE = = (2.50)
2l 2λU32
20
LP IP HP
9.3635e-004 0.0528 0.3227
Table 1: Loss coefficients in each section of the compressor. It includes all the four
losses mentioned in this section.
Adding up all the loss calculations would result in the total loss coefficient which s
used to find the isentropic efficiency of the compressor.
n
X
Z= Zi (2.51)
i=1
ηs = 1 − Z (2.52)
As given in eqn.2.51, the total loss coefficient was calculated to be 0.375 and as
given in 2.52 and [2], we find the isentropic efficiency to be 63%
2.6 Results and Discussions

A mean line analysis is initially performed to obtain the heights, velocities and other
quantities at the mean diameter. As we move through the stages in the compressor, the
blade height decreases. This is in attempt to have approximately constant axial velocity
throughout the compressor section. It is important to note here that the variation of
density is to be accounted for compressor.
The power consumed by compressor was arrived at 40MW while that generated
from turbine is 78MW. So, the power generated is close to 38MW.
21
Project Report
Table 2: Table that shows the variation of stage parameters and thermodynamic quantities with different stages of com-
pressor
Variable LP IP HP
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14
φ 0.46 0.44 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.51 0.51 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
λ -0.34 -0.37 -0.27 -0.28 -0.29 -0.28 -0.28 -0.29 -0.29 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.31
r 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
µ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
α1 (◦ C) 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
22
α2 (◦ C) 34.2 32.7 38.9 38.3 37.9 38.7 38.4 38 38 37.7 37.3 37 37 36.6
β1 (◦ C) 145.78 147.22 141.2 141.7 142.2 141 141 142 142 142 143 143 143 143
β2 (◦ C) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
pin (kP a) 98.61 134.57 178 213 254 298 343 394 450 512 580 653 732 821
pout (kP a) 134.57 178.24 213 254 298 343 394 450 512 580 653 732 821 910
Tin (K) 288 315 347 365 384 401 424 441 458 475 491 508 524 541
Tout (K) 315 347 365 384 401 424 441 458 475 491 508 524 541 557
ṁ(kg/s) 151.5 151.5 150 150 150 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3
Power(MW) 4 4 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67
2 COMPRESSOR
Project Report 3 COMBUSTION CHAMBER
3 Combustion Chamber
The thermodynamic process in a gas turbine engine follows the Brayton cycle. The
energy input to the Brayton cycle is provided by the heat generated, and hence carried
by the combustion gases, in the combustor. The high pressure air from the compres-
sor is bled into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned at an exorbitantly
high temperature. Air flow from the compressor is mixed with the high temperature
combustion gases and the resulting mixture of gases with suitably lowered temperature
is fed to the turbine. The combustion chamber typically consist of a central burning
zone, a swirl or mixing zone at the beginning, and a dilution zone that aids to the
reduction of the overall gas temperature. The combustion chamber, however, does not
completely burn the fuel, and this is represented in terms of the combustion chamber
efficiency. The efficiency is computed as the ratio of the amount of heat generated to
the maximum possible (theoretical) heat that can be generated using the particular
type of fuel. Note that the fuel heating value is a measure of the maximum amount of
heat that can be generated while burning the fuel.
Figure 3.1: Exit of the combustion chamber
23
Figure 3.2: View showing the arrangement of flame-holders
The present gas turbine layout incorporates an annular combustion chamber design,
where the gas flows straight through all the combustors. The combustors periphery
matches with that of the compressor and the turbine sections, and hence no hindrance
to the gas flow is expected. The combustor has a baffle sort of design at the fuel inlet.
This is so since the high velocity gas flow does not assist in generating a stable flame, and
hence could lead to low efficiency combustion. The baffle, or swirl generators, effectively
reduces the gas flow velocity in the space where the fuel is burnt by creating a turbulent
flow regime. Another component inside the combustion chamber, a perforated liner,
prevents excessive mass flow in the direction of the flame. The absence of a perforated
liner would have made the combustion process nearly impossible as the large mass flow
of gas could instantly blow away the fuel, or reduce the fuel to air ratio drastically.
24
Figure 3.3: Cross section view of combustion chamber
25
Project Report 4 TURBINE
4 Turbine
4.1 Design of Turbine Blades
The mechanical energy generated from the combustion of fuel in the combustion cham-
ber is extracted using the turbine stage as shaft power. The turbine section consists
of several alternate rows of stator and rotor blades, the number of stages dependent
on the overall specific work, the blade parameters, mass flow rate, the desired power
output etc. The turbine stage design follows an iterative procedure solving the nonlin-
ear relationship between the stage parameters, and modifying the parameters during
iterations, until the desired output pressure is obtained.
Figure 4.1: Turbine Blade Nomenclature as given in [2]
4.1.1 Procedure
The procedure for generating the blade profiles include generating cascade lines, fol-
lowed by generating blade profiles based on the base profile chosen.
1. Depending on the chord length, draw two lines, leading and trailing edge.
26
2. Draw a third line at a distance of 1/3rdof chord length from the leading line.
3. From an arbitrary point on the leading edge, draw a line with a slope of the inlet
velocity .
4. From the point of intersection of the two line at the 1/3rd distance, draw a line
with a slope of the exit velocity .
5. Now we have 3 points using which we can generate the camber line. This can be
done using the BEZIER CURVE FUNCTION as follows:
Bezier Curves are parametric curves used to generate smooth contours. Depending
upon the number of points used to generate the curve, they can be classified as follows:
Linear Bezier curve (2 points) :
B(t) = P0 + t(P1 − P0 ), t ∈ [0, 1] (4.1)
Quadratic Bezier curve (3 points) :
B(t) = (1 − t2 )2 P0 + 2t(1 − t)P1 + t2 P2 , t ∈ [0, 1] (4.2)
4.1.2 Generating Blade profile

1. Choose a base profile, for instance such as the one shown in Figure?? below.
2. Superimpose the above base profile on the camber line obtained using the above
steps and the equations 4.3 for suction side, 4.4 for pressure side and 4.5 :
t
x = xc − sin ν (4.3a)
2
t
y = yc + cos ν (4.3b)
2
t
x = xc + sin ν (4.4a)
2
t
y = yc − cos ν (4.4b)
2
xc
CL 1 − c
ν= ln xc (4.5)
4π
c
27
0.5
yc0.25
-0.25
-0.5
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

xc
Figure 4.2: Sample base profile for superposition
4.2 Blade Profiles

Figure 4.3 shows a turbine blade cascade with the blade parameters displayed in the
image. The blade profiles are generated using the procedure mentioned in the previous
section.
4.2.1 Procedure
c
1. Select the cascade chord spacing as =1
s
2. Use the design data: Turbine pressure ratio = 1.5 and Compressor press. ratio=
1.1
p1 − px
3. Define pressure coefficient,Cp =
p1
4. Mesh the blade profile using a commercial CFD package, STAR-CCM+
5. Generate Pressure distribution along the surfaces
The turbine and compressor blade parameters are as follows Turbine:
α1 = 120, β2 = 16, γ = 33.4 (4.6)
28
  

50   
  
-50
-100
-150
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100
Figure 4.3: Blade Cascade
Compressor :
α1 = 104, β2 = 60, CL = 0.9 (4.7)
4.2.2 CFD Results

The pressure distribution along the blade profiles are computed using the following
procedure. A pressure distribution coefficient is selected to conveniently represent the
non-dimensional pressure distribution.
Figure 4.6 depicts the 2D mesh surface of the fluid around the turbine blade. The
general mesh contains tetrahedral elements. The fine mesh around the blade periphery
contains prism elements. Figure 4.5 shows the pressure distribution around the turbine
blade. Figure 4.4 displays the contour of velocity magnitude.
29
Figure 4.4: Velocity contour around the blade
Figure 4.5: Pressure distribution around the blade
30
Figure 4.6: Mesh using tetrahedral elements
-0.40
-0.20
Inlet Angle (1)= 76o

0.00 Exit Angle (2)= 16o
Stagger Angle ()= 33.4o
Cp
0.20
0.40
Corresponding
0.60 Blade Cascade
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/cax
Figure 4.7: Cp plot for a turbine
31
Project Report
32
4 TURBINE
Figure 4.8: Turbine configuration used for pressure distribution

4.3 Design of Turbine

4.3.1 Assumptions
Exit Diameter = 1.12 m
Mass flow rate= 151.3 kg/s
Rotating speed= 469.35 rad/sec
Gas constant = 1.44
Turbine inlet temperature, Tin = 1222.7F
Turbine inlet pressure, Pin = 873350N/m2
Turbine outlet temperature, Tout = 806.77F
Turbine outlet pressure, Pout = 102200N/m2
Stage reaction, R=0.5
Turbine efficiency = 90%
4.3.2 Steps Followed

1. The number of turbine stages required for the gas turbine is chosen as four. Mean
diameters for the rotor and stator at all the stages are computed with the known
data. Figure 4.13 displays the notation followed for the blades at the various
turbine stages
2. The specific mechanical energy, lm for the turbine is computed as the difference
in enthalpies of the outlet and inlet gas. The stage specific mechanical energy,
lms , is computed from,
lm
lms = (4.8)
4
3. Dimensionless stage parameters are defined to solve the nonlinear relationships
between the stage parameters. The dimensionless parameters are as defined in
the nomenclature.
4. The introduction of these dimensionless parameters into the known relationships

of the stage parameters provides the following four nonlinear equations ,2.3,2.4,2.5
and 2.6. The equations contain nine unknowns. In order to solve the four equa-
tions, at least five of the nine unknowns must be known. The diameter ratio, the
stator and rotor exit angles, exit flow angle, and the stage reaction are guessed.
Note that α2 = 20 , β3 = 160 is assumed.
5. The solution of the above four nonlinear equations provide λ, φ, α3 , β2
6. The meridional velocity, and the mass flow rate, along with the gas density, found
using the inlet pressure and temperature aids to the estimation of the cross sec-
tional area.
33
Project Report
34
Figure 4.9: Section view showing the increasing cross section of the turbine
4 TURBINE
Stator Rotor
V1 V2 W3
Figure 4.10: Axial Turbine stage
VM 3
W3
U3
V3
W2
α2
α3
β2 U2
β3
V2
VM 2
Figure 4.11: Velocity Triangle for a Turbine stage. Subscripts 2 refer to rotor inlet and
3 refers to rotor exit
35
Po1 Po2
H1= H2
h1
P1
lms
Enthalpy
P2
h2
Po3
H3
h3
P3
Entropy
Figure 4.12: h-s diagram for a turbine stage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Stator
Blade
Rotor
Blade
Stage-1 Stage-2 Stage-3 Stage-4
Figure 4.13: Notation for a turbine stage

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: NAME DATE
DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN

TOLERANCES:
FRACTIONAL CHECKED TITLE:
ANGULAR: MACH BEND
ENG APPR.
TWO PLACE DECIMAL
THREE PLACE DECIMAL MFG APPR.
INTERPRET GEOMETRIC Q.A.

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL TOLERANCING PER:
COMMENTS:
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS MATERIAL
SIZE DWG. NO. REV
A Stations
DRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF
<INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE>. ANY
REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A WHOLE
NEXT ASSY USED ON
FINISH
36
WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF
<INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE> IS
SolidWorks Student License
PROHIBITED. APPLICATION DO NOT SCALE DRAWING SCALE: 1:10 WEIGHT: SHEET 1 OF 1
Academic Use
5 Only 4 3 2 1
V m1ref = phiref ∗ U 1; (4.9a)

Pin
ρ1ref = (4.9b)
RTin
mdot
Areacrosssectional = (4.9c)
rho1ref ∗ V m1ref
7. The rotor hub radius is readily found out using the blade height and the mean
diameter at the first stage. The tip diameter and the hub diameter for all the
stages are computed using the mean diameters at each stage.
8. The enthalpy of inlet gas is found out using the turbine inlet temperature. The
computed inlet velocity aids to the estimation of the total enthalpy
Areacrosssectional = π(tip2rad − hub2rad ) (4.10a)

h1 = Cp T1 (4.10b)
1
H1 = h1 + V12 (4.10c)
2
9. H3 is computed using H1 and the specific stage energy, lms H3 = H1 − lms .
10. T03 is calculated using the efficiency of 90% as :
T 01(i) − ((T 01(i) − T 03(i)))
T 03s(i) = (4.11)
η
11. The total pressures, P01 and P03 are computed then
1
P01 = P1 + V12 (4.12a)
2
γ
T03 γ − 1
P03 = P01 (4.12b)
T01
12. Similarly, T03 and hence h3 is found out.
13. The above steps (5-12) is repeated for all the four stages. Note that α3 = 90
for the last stage. Iteration is continued until the pressure generated at the last
stage is within acceptable values of the desired outlet pressure. The maximum
variation in pressure allowed is 10 N/m2 . During each iteration, if the difference
of the computed output pressure and the desired output pressure is greater than
the convergence criterion, then the specific stage energy is either increased or
decreased by 0.01%.
14. The enthalpy values are sufficiently modified to incorporate the variation in en-
thalpy at each stage due to the reduction in efficiency, attributed to various losses,
at each stage.
37
4.3.3 Radial Equilibrium

The radial equilibrium as listed in section is followed for the turbine blades as well.
Figure 4.14 shows a picture of the twisted blade.
Figure 4.14: Turbine rotor twisted in spanwise direction.
38
4.4 Losses
The loss calculations are same as that of compressor blades. The total losses for each
turbine stage comprises of the stage profile losses, the trailing edge thickness losses, the
secondary flow losses and the exit losses.The total losses for each stage provides the
efficiency of each stage. The design iteration for determining the exit pressure includes
the determination of the efficiency of each stage, and suitably modifying the enthalpies
in each stage to incorporate their corresponding losses.
39
4.5 Results
2.5
Air Density (kg/m )
3
Air Density
1.5
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Stage

Figure 4.15: Variation of density with number of stages in a turbine
1.0E+06
9.5E+05
Total Enthalpy
9.0E+05 Static Enthalpy
8.5E+05
Enthalpy (J/kg)
8.0E+05
7.5E+05
7.0E+05
6.5E+05
6.0E+05
5.5E+05
1 2 3 4
Stage

Figure 4.16: Variation of Enthalpy with number of stages in a turbine
40
Table 3: Table that shows the variation of stage parameters and thermodynamic quan-
tities with different stages of turbine
Variable Stages
S1 S2 S3 S4
φ .3392 0.3426 0.3440 0.3640
λ 2.33 2.20 2.08 1.97
r 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
µ 0.3042 0.3092 0.3225 0.9867
α2 (◦ C) 20 20 20 20
◦
α3 ( C) 158.5 158.5 158.5 158.5
β2 (◦ C) 40.695 40.695 40.695 40.695
β3 (◦ C) 160 160 160 160
pin (kP a) 873.35 573.91 354.91 202.21
pout (kP a) 573.91 354.91 202.21 102.19
Tin (K) 949.55 846.68 743.83 642.29
Tout (K) 846.68 743.83 642.29 546.58
ṁ(kg/s) 151.3 151.3 151.3 151.3
Power(MW) 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6
Mach Number
0.8
Mach number
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Stage

Figure 4.17: Variation of Mach Number with number of stages in a turbine
The iterative solving procedure provides the air density, velocity, mach no., pressure,
temperature, and enthalpy of gas at each stage, and are depicted below in figures 4.18,
4.20, 4.17.
41
7.0E+05
6.0E+05
Total Pressure
Static Pressure
5.0E+05
Pressure (Pa) 4.0E+05
3.0E+05
2.0E+05
1.0E+05
0.0E+00
1 2 3 4
Stage

Figure 4.18: Variation of static and total pressure with number of stages in a turbine
Figure 4.16 shows the enthalpy decreasing with each stage, as expected across any
stage in a turbine. Similar variation would be found for temperature(fig.4.19) as well,
as the relationship between them is linear.
42
1200
1150 Total Temperature

Static Temperature
1100
Temperature ( K)
1050
o
1000
950
900
850
800
750
1 2 3 4
Stage

Figure 4.19: Variation of static and total temperature with number of stages in a turbine
900
800 Absolute Velocity

Relative Velocity
700
Velocity (m/s)
600
500
400
300
200
100
1 2 3 4
Stage

Figure 4.20: Variation of absolute and relative velocity with number of stages in a
turbine
Figure 4.20 shows the variation of both the absolute and relative velocity. As can
be seen, the velocity increases as it progresses through the turbine stages.
43
Project Report 5 STRESS ANALYSIS
5 Stress Analysis
This section deals with the stress analysis on the entire gas turbine assembly. This
would help us in evaluating the thickness of casing for the turbine and compressor that
would avoid failure due to excessive stress. The commercially available solver COSMOS
was used to arrive at the VonMisses stress distribution.
Figure 5.1: Mesh of the gas turbine casing used for simulation in COSMOS
Figure 5.2: Stress distribution on the casing of the gas turbine
44
Project Report REFERENCES
References
[1] Schobeiri, M., Advanced Fluid Mechanics Springer-Verlag.
[2] Schobeiri, M., Turbomachinery Flow Physics and Dynamic Performance Springer-
Verlag.
[3] Yunus A Cengel, Michael A.Boles Thermodynamics- An Engineering Approach
[4] Wikipedia, www.wikipedia.com
45
Project Report 6 APPENDIX
6 Appendix
6.1 Compressor Codes
6.1.1 Blade Profile Generation
Blade Profile Generation:
1 clear all ;
2 close all ;
3 clc ;
4
5 C_ax = input ( ’ Input Axial Chord : ’) ;

6
7 X_by_C (: ,1) =0:0.001:1;

8
9 Cl = input ( ’ Input desired lift - coefficient ( Cl ) : ’) ;

10
11 Y_by_C = - Cl /(4* pi ) *((1 - X_by_C ) .* log (1 - X_by_C ) + X_by_C .* log ( X_by_C )

);
12
13 badrows = any ( isnan ( Y_by_C ) ,2) ;

14 Y_by_C ( badrows ,:) = zeros ;
15
16
17 camber_line =[ C_ax * X_by_C C_ax * Y_by_C ];

18
19
20 camber_length =0;
21 for ii =0: length ( camber_line (: ,1) ) -2
22 camber_length = camber_length + sqrt (( camber_line ( ii +1 ,1) -
camber_line ( ii +2 ,1) ) ^2+( camber_line ( ii +1 ,2) - camber_line (
ii +2 ,2) ) ^2) ;
23 end
24
25 chord_length = C_ax ;
26 s = chord_length /2;
27
28 Y_by_C_0 (: ,1) = Y_by_C - s ;

29 Y_by_C_2 (: ,1) = Y_by_C + s ;
30
31 camber_line0 =[ X_by_C Y_by_C_0 ];

32 camber_line2 =[ X_by_C Y_by_C_2 ];
33
34 [ filename , pathname ] = uigetfile ({ ’*. dat ;*. csv ;*. txt ;*. xls ’} , ’
Pick a file ’) ;
35 base_profile = load ( strcat ( pathname , filename ) ) ;
46
36 half_base _profi le =[ base_profile (1: ceil ( length ( base_profile ) /2)

,1) base_profile (1: ceil ( length ( base_profile ) /2) ,2) ];
37 half_base _profi le ( end ,2) = hal f_base _profi le (1 ,2) ;
38
39 clear T_by_C ;
40 for ii =1: length ( X_by_C )
41 for jj =1: length ( h alf_ba se_pro file )
42 if ( X_by_C ( ii ,1) == ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj ,1) )
43 T_by_C ( ii ,1) = ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj ,2) ;
44 break ;
45 elseif ( X_by_C ( ii ,1) < ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj ,1) && X_by_C
( ii ,1) > half_ base_p rofile ( jj -1 ,1) )
46 T_by_C ( ii ,1) = ( ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj -1 ,2) + ( X_by_C (
ii ,1) - half_ base_p rofile ( jj ,1) ) *((
hal f_base _profi le ( jj ,2) - hal f_base _profi le ( jj -1 ,2)
) /( half_ base_p rofile ( jj ,1) - half_ base_p rofile ( jj
-1 ,1) ) ) ) ;
47 break ;
48 end
49 end
50 end
51 if ( length ( T_by_C ) < length ( X_by_C ) )
52 T_by_C ( ii ,1) =0;
53 end
54
55 T = T_by_C * camber_length ;
56
57 %%
58 norm_camber =[ camber_line (: ,1) / chord_length ( camber_line (: ,2) -
camber_line (1 ,2) ) / chord_length ];
59
60 superimp_profile = camber_length * h alf_ba se_pro file ;

61
62 %%
63 pres_surf_x = camber_line (: ,1) -T .* sin ( atan ( camber_line (: ,2) ./
camber_line (: ,1) ) ) ;
64 pres_surf_y = camber_line (: ,2) + T .* cos ( atan ( camber_line (: ,2) ./
65
66 suct_surf_x = camber_line (: ,1) + T .* sin ( atan ( camber_line (: ,2) ./

67 suct_surf_y = camber_line (: ,2) -T .* cos ( atan ( camber_line (: ,2) ./
68
69 for jj =1: length ( camber_line )
47
70 if ( pres_surf_x ( jj ,1) > camber_line ( jj ,1) || suct_surf_x ( jj ,1)

< camber_line ( jj ,1) )
71 press ( jj ,1) = suct_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
72 suct ( jj ,1) = pres_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
73 else
74 press ( jj ,1) = pres_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
75 suct ( jj ,1) = suct_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
76 end
77 end
78
79 press (: ,2) = pres_surf_y (: ,1) ;

80 suct (: ,2) = suct_surf_y (: ,1) ;
81
82 blade_profile = vertcat ( press , flipud ( suct ) ) ;

83 badrows = any ( isnan ( blade_profile ) ,2) ;
84 blade_profile ( badrows ,:) = zeros ;
85
86 % rot_ang_back = pi - atan (( camber_line ( end ,2) - camber_line (1 ,2) ) /(

camber_line ( end ,1) - camber_line (1 ,1) ) ) ;
87 % rot_matrix_back =[ cos ( rot_ang_back ) - sin ( rot_ang_back ) ; sin (
rot_ang_back ) cos ( rot_ang_back ) ];
88
89 blade = blade_profile ;%* rot_matrix_back ;

90 blade_CFD (: ,1) = blade (: ,1) ;
91 blade_CFD (: ,2) = blade (: ,2) ;
92 blade_CFD (: ,3) = zeros ;
93 camber_line_CFD (: ,1) = camber_line (: ,1) ;
95 camber_line_CFD (: ,3) = zeros ;
96 camber_line0_CFD =[ camber_line (: ,1) camber_line (: ,2) -s
camber_line_CFD (: ,3) ];
97 camber_line2_CFD =[ camber_line (: ,1) camber_line (: ,2) + s
98 blade0 =[ blade (: ,1) blade (: ,2) -s ];
99 blade2 =[ blade (: ,1) blade (: ,2) + s ];
100
101 fid = fopen ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , ’w + ’) ;

102 fprintf ( fid , ’ ZONE \n ’) ;
103 fclose ( fid ) ;
104 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , blade , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
105 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
106 fid = fopen ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , ’a ’) ;
48
109 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , blade0 , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\

t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
110 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
115 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
119 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , camber_line , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter
’ , ’\t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
120 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
124 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , camber_line0 , ’- append ’ , ’
delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
125 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
130 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
131
132 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_CFD . txt ’ , blade_CFD , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’

precision ’ , 20) ;
133 dlmwrite ( ’ Camber_CFD . txt ’ , camber_line_CFD , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
134 dlmwrite ( ’ Camber0_CFD . txt ’ , camber_line0_CFD , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
136 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade . txt ’ , blade , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
49
6.1.2 Low Pressure Compressor

Low Pressure Compressor :
1 clc
2 clear all
3
4 global a1 a2 b1 b2 nu lambda r phi mu

5
6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
7 % Given parameters %
8 % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
9
10 % Low Pressure Section

11 lp . mdot = 151.51; %%% mass flow rate in kg / sec
12 lp . pin = 98.61; %%% pressure in Kpa
13 lp . pr = 1.8048; %%% pressure ratio
14 lp . Tin = 288.21; %%% in Kelvin
15 lp . Tout = 347.2; %%% in Kelvin
16 omega = 469.35; %%% in rad / sec
17
18 % % Intermediate Pressure Section

19 % mdot_ip = 150;
20 % pin_ip = 177.97;
21 % pr_ip = 1.6739;
22 % Tin_ip = 347.02;
23
24 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25 % Low pressure section having 2 stages
26 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
27
28 % defining the diameters at the axial length %

29 Dm1 = 1.2043; %%% in meters
30 Dm5 = 1.1253; %%% in meters
31 Dm3 = ( Dm1 + Dm5 ) /2;
32 Dm4 = ( Dm5 + Dm3 ) /2;
33 Dm2 = ( Dm1 + Dm3 ) /2;
34
35 %%%% calculating the circumferential velocity %%%

36 U1 = 0.5* Dm1 * omega ;
37 U2 = 0.5* Dm2 * omega ;
38 U3 = 0.5* Dm3 * omega ;
39 U4 = 0.5* Dm4 * omega ;
40 U5 = 0.5* Dm5 * omega ;
41
42 % Assuming the stage 1 LP angle values

43 a1 = 55 ;
50
44 b2 = 125;
45
46
47 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
48
49 %%%% Calculating the thermodynamic values from given data

table
50
51 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
52
53
54 Data_Compressor = importdata ( ’ Compressor . dat ’) ;

55 % To calculate the values from the given table at given values
of inlet (1) and
56 % exit (5) temperatures
57 lp . h1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,2) , lp . Tin ) ;
58 lp . Cp1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,4) , lp . Tin ) ;
59 lp . R1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,6) , lp . Tin ) ;
60 lp . Gamma1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , lp . Tin ) ;
61 lp . h5 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,2) , lp . Tout ) ;
62 lp . Cp5 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,4) , lp . Tout ) ;
(: ,6) , lp . Tout ) ;
data (: ,5) , lp . Tout ) ;
65
66 % Isentropic Efficiency
67 eff = 0.95;
68
69 % Degree of Reaction
70 r = 0.5;
71
72 % Defining velocities ( initialized as zero )

73 lp . V1 =0;
74 lp . V5 =0;
75 lp . V3 =0;
76
77 % Total Load Lm
51
78 % lp . lm = ( lp . h5 - lp . h1 ) +0.5*( lp . V1 ^2 - lp . V5 ^2) ;
79 lp . lm = ( lp . h1 - lp . h5 ) + 0.5 * ( lp . V1 ^2 - lp . V5 ^2) ; % Lp is
negative for compressor
80
81 % Stage Load
82 no_stages = 2;
83 lp . lms = lp . lm / no_stages ;
84
85 Press_error = 100000;
86
87 % Start of Iteration
88
89 while abs ( Press_error ) >=0.2

90
91 lp . h3 = lp . h1 - lp . lms + 0.5*( lp . V1 ^2 - lp . V3 ^2) /1000;

92 lp . h5 = lp . h3 - lp . lms + 0.5*( lp . V3 ^2 - lp . V5 ^2) /1000;
93 % To interpolate the values using the enthalpy h3
94
95 lp . T3 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data

(: ,1) , lp . h3 ) ;
(: ,6) , lp . h3 ) ;
97 lp . h3s = eff *( lp . h3 - lp . h1 ) + lp . h1 ;
98 lp . T3s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,1) , lp . h3s ) ;
99 lp . Gamma3s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , lp . T3s ) ;
100 Gamma = ( lp . Gamma1 + lp . Gamma3s ) *0.5;
101
102 % Pressure 3 is found using the adiabatic relation

103
104 lp . p3 = lp . pin *( lp . Tin / lp . T3s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

105 lp . stage1 . lambda = lp . lms *1000 / U2 ^2;
106 lp . stage2 . lambda = lp . lms * 1000 / U4 ^2;
107
108 % h2 is found using the degree of reaction formula and hence the
values are
109 % found using the interpolation data
110
111 lp . h2 = r *( lp . h3 - lp . h1 ) + lp . h1 ;
(: ,1) , lp . h2 ) ;
(: ,6) , lp . h2 ) ;
114
52
115 % Calculating the pressure 2 by assuming poltropic process from

1 to 3
116 c = log ( lp . p3 / lp . pin ) / log ( lp . Tin / lp . T3 ) ;
117 n = c /( c +1) ; % Polytropic Contstant
118 lp . p2 = lp . pin *( lp . Tin / lp . T2 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
119
120 % To interpolate the values using the enthalpy h5s

121
122 lp . h5s = eff *( lp . h5 - lp . h3 ) + lp . h3 ;

123 lp . T5s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,1) , lp . h5s ) ;
data (: ,5) , lp . T3 ) ;
125 lp . Gamma5s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , lp . T5s ) ;
126 Gamma = ( lp . Gamma3 + lp . Gamma5s ) *0.5;
127

129
130 lp . p5 = lp . p3 *( lp . T3 / lp . T5s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

131
values are
134
135 lp . h4 = r *( lp . h5 - lp . h3 ) + lp . h3 ;
(: ,1) , lp . h4 ) ;
(: ,6) , lp . h4 ) ;
138

3 to 5
140 c = log ( lp . p5 / lp . p3 ) / log ( lp . T3 / lp . Tout ) ;
142 lp . p4 = lp . p3 *( lp . T3 / lp . T4 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
143
144 % For Stage 1

145 lambda = lp . stage1 . lambda ;
146 nu = U1 / U2 ;
147 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
148 [ stage1_x ] = fsolve ( @LP_Stg1 , x0 ) ;
149 lp . stage1 . a2 = stage1_x (1) ;
150 lp . stage1 . b1 = stage1_x (2) ;
151 lp . stage1 . phi = stage1_x (3) ;
152 lp . stage1 . mu = stage1_x (4) ;
53
153
154
155 % For Stage 2

156 lambda = lp . stage2 . lambda ;
157 nu = U3 / U4 ;
158 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
160 lp . stage2 . a2 = stage2_x (1) ;
161 lp . stage2 . b1 = stage2_x (2) ;
162 lp . stage2 . phi = stage2_x (3) ;
163 lp . stage2 . mu = stage2_x (4) ;
164
165
166 % Velocity and Mass flow Rates :

167
168 V_ax2 = lp . stage1 . phi * U2 ;

169 V_ax4 = lp . stage2 . phi * U4 ;
170 V_ax1 = lp . stage1 . mu * V_ax2 ;
171 V_ax3 = lp . stage2 . mu * V_ax4 ;
172
173 lp . V1 = V_ax1 / sind ( a1 ) ;

174 lp . V2 = V_ax2 / sind ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) ;
175 lp . V3 = V_ax3 / sind ( a1 ) ;
176 lp . V4 = V_ax4 / sind ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) ;
177
178 lp . W1 = sqrt ( ( V_ax1 ) ^2 + ( U1 - lp . V1 * cos ( a1 ) ^2 ) ) ;

179 lp . W2 = sqrt ( ( V_ax2 ) ^2 + ( U2 - lp . V2 * cos ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) ^2 ) ) ;
180 lp . W3 = sqrt ( ( V_ax3 ) ^2 + ( U3 - lp . V3 * cos ( a1 ) ^2 ) ) ;
181 lp . W4 = sqrt ( ( V_ax4 ) ^2 + ( U4 - lp . V4 * cos ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) ^2 ) ) ;
182
183 % lp . V5 = sqrt ( abs ( lp . V4 ^2 - 2000*( lp . h5 - lp . h4 ) ) ) ;

184 % V_ax5 = lp . V5 * sind ( a1 ) ;
185
186 rho1 = lp . pin *10^3/( lp . R1 * lp . Tin ) ;

187 rho2 = lp . p2 *10^3/ ( lp . R2 * lp . T2 ) ;
188 rho3 = lp . p3 *10^3/ ( lp . R3 * lp . T3 ) ;
189 rho4 = lp . p4 *10^3/ ( lp . R4 * lp . T4 ) ;
190 rho5 = lp . p5 *10^3/ ( lp . R5 * lp . Tout ) ;
191 lp . A1 = lp . mdot /( rho1 * V_ax1 ) ;
195 % lp . A5 = lp . mdot /( rho5 * V_ax5 ) ;
196 lp . A5 = 2* lp . A4 - lp . A3 ; % Linear variation of area
197 V_ax5 = lp . mdot / ( rho5 * lp . A5 ) ;
198 lp . V5 = V_ax5 / sind ( a1 ) ;
54
199 lp . W5 = lp . V5 - U5 ;
200
201 lp . ht1 = lp . A1 /( pi * Dm1 ) ;

202 lp . ht2 = lp . A2 /( pi * Dm2 ) ;
203 lp . ht3 = lp . A3 /( pi * Dm3 ) ;
204 lp . ht4 = lp . A4 /( pi * Dm4 ) ;
205 lp . ht5 = lp . A5 /( pi * Dm5 ) ;
206
207 Press_error = ( lp . p5 - ( lp . pin * lp . pr ) ) *100/( lp . pin * lp . pr )

208
209 if ( Press_error >0)

210 lp . lms = 0.99* lp . lms ;
211 % lp . lm = 2* lp . lms ;
212 elseif ( Press_error <0)
213 lp . lms = 1.01* lp . lms ;
214 end
215
216 % % Total Load Lm

217 % lp . lm = ( lp . h1 - lp . h5 ) + 0.5 * ( lp . V1 ^2 - lp . V5 ^2) /1000 % Lp
is negative for compressor
218 %
219 % % Stage Load
220 lp . lm = no_stages * lp . lms ;
221
222 end
223
224 %
----------------------------------------------------------------------
225 % Profile Loss :

226 sig = 1 ;% Solidity
227 D_LP_Stg1 = ( sind ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) / sind ( a1 ) ) *(0.61* sind ( a1 ) ^2*( cotd
( lp . stage1 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) / sig + 1.12) ;
228 % D_1 ~ 1 ; del_2 / c ~ 0.005
229 % from eqn 7.25
230 P_LP_Stg1 = 2 * 0.005 * ( sig / sind ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) ) * ( sind ( a1 ) /
sind ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
231
232 D_LP_Stg2 = ( sind ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) / sind ( a1 ) ) *(0.61* sind ( a1 ) ^2*( cotd

( lp . stage2 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) / sig + 1.12) ;
233 P_LP_Stg2 = 2 * 0.005 * ( sig / sind ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) ) * ( sind ( a1 ) /
sind ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
234 % Assuming the profile loss coeff is same for stator and rotor
235
236 Z1_LP_stg1 = ( lp . V2 ^2+ lp . W3 ^2) * P_LP_Stg1 /(2* lp . lms ) * 0.001 ;

237 Z1_LP_stg2 = ( lp . V4 ^2+ lp . W5 ^2) * P_LP_Stg2 /(2* lp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
55
238
239 Z1_LP_tot = Z1_LP_stg1 + Z1_LP_stg2 ;

240 %
----------------------------------------------------------------------
241 % Secondary Loss :

242
243 % Assume delta = 0.05 and delta_0 = 0.005 ( mm )

244 delta = 0.05 ;
245 delta_o = 0.005 ;
246 c = 0.12 ; % chord length
247 % Stage 1:
248
249 alpha_inf = acotd (0.5*( cotd ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) + cotd ( a1 ) ) ) ;

250 beta_inf = acotd (0.5*( cotd ( lp . stage1 . b1 ) + cotd ( b2 ) ) ) ;
251 % Rotor ( r ) and stator ( s ) :
252 S_LP_stg1_r = 0.676 *( cotd ( b2 ) - cotd ( lp . stage1 . b1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( b2 )
^2/ sind ( beta_inf ) *(( delta - delta_o ) / c ) ^0.6 ;
253 S_LP_stg1_s = 0.676 *( cotd ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( lp .
stage1 . a2 ) ^2/ sind ( alpha_inf ) *(( delta - delta_o ) / c ) ^0.6 ;
254
255 % Assume same alpha_inf and beta_inf for all stages

256 S_LP_stg2_r = 0.676 *( cotd ( b2 ) - cotd ( lp . stage2 . b1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( b2 )
257 S_LP_stg2_s = 0.676 *( cotd ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( lp .
258
259 ZS_LP_stg1 = ( S_LP_stg1_r * lp . W2 ^2 + S_LP_stg1_s * lp . V3 ^2 )

/(2 * lp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
260 ZS_LP_stg2 = ( S_LP_stg2_r * lp . W4 ^2 + S_LP_stg2_s * lp . V5 ^2 )
/(2 * lp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
261
262 ZS_LP_tot = ZS_LP_stg1 + ZS_LP_stg2 ;

263
264 %
----------------------------------------------------------------------
265 % Trailing Edge Loss :

266
267 H = 2 ; % H_12
268 b = 0.0014 ;% Solidworks
269 del_2 = 0.005* c ;% Fg 7.3
270 del_1 = del_2 * H ;
271 R = 1 ; % Assumption
272
273 del_1 = del_1 / c ;
56
274 del_2 = del_2 / c ;

275
276 % T_LP_stg1
277 D = b /( c * sind ( lp . stage1 . a2 ) ) ;
278 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
279 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
280 ZT_LP_stg1 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
281
282 % Stg 2
283 D = b /( c * sind ( lp . stage2 . a2 ) ) ;
284 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
285 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
286 ZT_LP_stg2 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
287
288 ZT_LP_tot = 2* ( ZT_LP_stg1 + ZT_LP_stg2 ) ;% Assuming its same

for stator and rotor
289
290 Loss_LP = Z1_LP_tot + ZT_LP_tot + ZS_LP_tot

291
292 % Post - Processing

293
294 pres = [ lp . pin lp . p2 lp . p3 lp . p4 lp . p5 ] ;

295 stages = linspace (1 ,5 ,5) ;
296 LP_press = [ pres ’ , stages ’] ;
297 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
298 plot ( stages ’ , pres , ’ - rd ’)
299 title ( ’\ bfStatic Pressure Variation in Low Pressure Compressor
’ , ’ fontsize ’ ,14)
300 xlabel ( ’\ bfStations ’ , ’ fontsize ’ ,12)
301 ylabel ( ’\ bfStatic Pressure ( kPa ) ’,’ fontsize ’ ,12)
302 fid = fopen ( ’ LP_data . txt ’ , ’w + ’) ;
305 dlmwrite ( ’ LP_data . txt ’ , LP_press , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
306 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
307
308 vel = [ lp . V1 lp . V2 lp . V3 lp . V4 lp . V5 ] ;
309 LP_vel = [ vel ’ , stages ’] ;
310 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
311 plot ( stages ’ , vel , ’ - rd ’)
312 title ( ’\ bfVariation of absolute velocity in Low Pressure
Compressor ’ , ’ fontsize ’ ,14)
57
314 ylabel ( ’\ bfVelocity ( m / s ) ’,’ fontsize ’ ,12)

315 fid = fopen ( ’ LP_data . txt ’ , ’a ’) ;
318 dlmwrite ( ’ LP_data . txt ’ , LP_vel , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
319 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
320 figure
321
322 tot_enth = [ lp . h1 lp . h2 lp . h3 lp . h4 lp . h5 ] ;
323 LP_enth = [ tot_enth ’ , stages ’] ;
324 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
325 plot ( stages ’ , tot_enth , ’ - rd ’)
326 title ( ’\ bfTotal Enthalpy Variation in Low Pressure Compressor ’ , ’
fontsize ’ ,14)
328 ylabel ( ’\ bfTotal Enthalpy ( kJ / kg ) ’,’ fontsize ’ ,12)
332 dlmwrite ( ’ LP_data . txt ’ , LP_enth , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
333
334 temp = [ lp . Tin lp . T2 lp . T3 lp . T4 lp . Tout ] ;

335 LP_temp = [ temp ’ , stages ’] ;
336 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
337 plot ( stages ’ , temp , ’ - rd ’)
338 title ( ’\ bfStatic Temperature Variation in Low Pressure
Compressor ’ , ’ fontsize ’ ,14)
340 ylabel ( ’\ bfTemperature ( K ) ’,’ fontsize ’ ,12)
344 dlmwrite ( ’ LP_data . txt ’ , LP_temp , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
345
346 Power_lp = lp . lm * lp . mdot % Divide by no of stages for power

per stage .
1 function f = LP_Stg1 ( x )
2
3 global a1 b2 lambda nu r
4
5 % x (1) = alpha_2 = a2
6 % x (2) = beta_1 = b1
58
7 % x (3) = phi
8 % x (4) = mu
9
10
11 f (1) = ( cotd ( a1 ) - cotd ( x (2) ) ) - nu /( x (4) * x (3) ) ;

12 f (2) = cotd ( x (1) ) - cotd ( b2 ) - 1/ x (3) ;
13 f (3) = 1 + x (3) ^2/(2* lambda ) * ( 1 + ( cotd ( x (1) ) ) ^2 - x (4) ^2*(1
+ ( cotd ( a1 ) ) ^2) ) - r ;
14 f (4) = 1 + lambda - x (3) *( x (4) * nu * cotd ( a1 ) - cotd ( b2 ) ) ;
15
16 end
59
6.1.3 Intermediate Pressure Compressor

Intermediate Pressure Compressor :
1 clc
2 clear all
3

5
6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
8 % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
9
10 % IP Pressure Section
11 ip . mdot = 150; %%% mass flow rate in kg / sec
12 ip . pin = 177.97; %%% pressure in Kpa
13 ip . pr = 1.6739; %%% pressure ratio
14 ip . Tin = 347.02; %%% in Kelvin
15 ip . Tout = 407.51; %%% in Kelvin
16 omega = 469.35; %%% in rad / sec
17
18 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
19 % IP pressure section having 3 stages
20 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
21

23 Dm1 = 1.1253; %%% in meters
24 Dm7 = 1.0809; %%% in meters
25 L = 0.6 ; % Length from 1 st rotor to last stator of ip . Cax =80 mm .
26 % Dist between rotor and stator : cax /4
27 % y = ( Dmn - Dm1 ) / L * X + Dm1
28 Dm2 = ( Dm7 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.08 + Dm1 ;
29 Dm3 = ( Dm7 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.18 + Dm1 ;
30 Dm4 = ( Dm7 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.28 + Dm1 ;
31 Dm5 = ( Dm7 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.38 + Dm1 ;
32 Dm6 = ( Dm7 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.48 + Dm1 ;
33

35 U1 = 0.5* Dm1 * omega ;
36 U2 = 0.5* Dm2 * omega ;
37 U3 = 0.5* Dm3 * omega ;
38 U4 = 0.5* Dm4 * omega ;
39 U5 = 0.5* Dm5 * omega ;
40 U6 = 0.5* Dm6 * omega ;
41 U7 = 0.5* Dm7 * omega ;
42
43 % Assuming the stage 1 IP angle values
60
44 a1 = 55 ;
45 b2 = 125;
46
47 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
48

table
50
51 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
52
53

of inlet (1) and
57 ip . h1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,2) , ip . Tin ) ;
58 ip . Cp1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,4) , ip . Tin ) ;
59 ip . R1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,6) , ip . Tin ) ;
60 ip . Gamma1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , ip . Tin ) ;
61 ip . h7 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,2) , ip . Tout ) ;
62 ip . Cp7 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,4) , ip . Tout ) ;
(: ,6) , ip . Tout ) ;
data (: ,5) , ip . Tout ) ;
65
67 eff = 0.95;
68
70 r = 0.5;
71

73 ip . V1 =0;
74 ip . V5 =0;
75 ip . V3 =0;
76 ip . V7 =0;
77
61
78 % Total Load Lm
79 % ip . lm = ( ip . h5 - ip . h1 ) +0.5*( ip . V1 ^2 - ip . V5 ^2) ;
80 ip . lm = ( ip . h1 - ip . h7 ) + 0.5 * ( ip . V1 ^2 - ip . V7 ^2) /1000; % Lp
81
82 % Stage Load
83 no_stages = 3 ; % No of stages
84 ip . lms = ip . lm /3;
85
87
89
90 while abs ( Press_error ) >0.3

91
92 ip . h3 = ip . h1 - ip . lms + 0.5*( ip . V1 ^2 - ip . V3 ^2) /1000;

96
97 ip . T3 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data

(: ,1) , ip . h3 ) ;
(: ,6) , ip . h3 ) ;
99 ip . h3s = eff *( ip . h3 - ip . h1 ) + ip . h1 ;
100 ip . T3s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,1) , ip . h3s ) ;
101 ip . Gamma3s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , ip . T3s ) ;
102 Gamma = ( ip . Gamma1 + ip . Gamma3s ) *0.5;
103

105
106 ip . p3 = ip . pin *( ip . Tin / ip . T3s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

107 ip . stage1 . lambda = ip . lms *1000 / U2 ^2;
108 ip . stage2 . lambda = ip . lms * 1000 / U4 ^2;
109 ip . stage3 . lambda = ip . lms * 1000 / U6 ^2;
110
values are
113
114 ip . h2 = r *( ip . h3 - ip . h1 ) + ip . h1 ;
(: ,1) , ip . h2 ) ;
62

(: ,6) , ip . h2 ) ;
117

1 to 3
119 c = log ( ip . p3 / ip . pin ) / log ( ip . Tin / ip . T3 ) ;
121 ip . p2 = ip . pin *( ip . Tin / ip . T2 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
122

124

(: ,1) , ip . h5 ) ;
(: ,6) , ip . h5 ) ;
(: ,1) , ip . h5s ) ;
data (: ,5) , ip . T3 ) ;
data (: ,5) , ip . T5s ) ;
132

134
135 ip . p5 = ip . p3 *( ip . T3 / ip . T5s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

136
values are
139
140 ip . h4 = r *( ip . h5 - ip . h3 ) + ip . h3 ;
(: ,1) , ip . h4 ) ;
(: ,6) , ip . h4 ) ;
143

3 to 5
145 c = log ( ip . p5 / ip . p3 ) / log ( ip . T3 / ip . T5 ) ;
147 ip . p4 = ip . p3 *( ip . T3 / ip . T4 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
148
149 %----------------
63

(: ,1) , ip . h7 ) ;
(: ,1) , ip . h7s ) ;
data (: ,5) , ip . T5 ) ;
data (: ,5) , ip . T7s ) ;
157

159
160 ip . p7 = ip . p5 *( ip . T5 / ip . T7s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

161
values are
164
165 ip . h6 = r *( ip . h7 - ip . h5 ) + ip . h5 ;
(: ,1) , ip . h6 ) ;
(: ,6) , ip . h6 ) ;
168

3 to 5
170 c = log ( ip . p7 / ip . p5 ) / log ( ip . T5 / ip . T7 ) ;
172 ip . p6 = ip . p5 *( ip . T5 / ip . T6 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
173 %-------------------
174
175 % For Stage 1

176 lambda = ip . stage1 . lambda ;
177 nu = U1 / U2 ;
178 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
180 ip . stage1 . a2 = stage1_x (1) ;
181 ip . stage1 . b1 = stage1_x (2) ;
182 ip . stage1 . phi = stage1_x (3) ;
183 ip . stage1 . mu = stage1_x (4) ;
184
185 % For Stage 2

187 nu = U3 / U4 ;
188 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
64

190 ip . stage2 . a2 = stage2_x (1) ;
191 ip . stage2 . b1 = stage2_x (2) ;
194
195 % For Stage 3

197 nu = U5 / U6 ;
198 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
200 ip . stage3 . a2 = stage3_x (1) ;
201 ip . stage3 . b1 = stage3_x (2) ;
204

206
207 V_ax2 = ip . stage1 . phi * U2 ;

208 V_ax4 = ip . stage2 . phi * U4 ;
209 V_ax6 = ip . stage3 . phi * U6 ;
210 V_ax1 = ip . stage1 . mu * V_ax2 ;
213
214 ip . V1 = V_ax1 / sind ( a1 ) ;

215 ip . V2 = V_ax2 / sind ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) ;
216 ip . V3 = V_ax3 / sind ( a1 ) ;
218 ip . V5 = V_ax5 / sind ( a1 ) ;
220
221 rho1 = ip . pin *10^3/( ip . R1 * ip . Tin ) ;

222 rho2 = ip . p2 *10^3/ ( ip . R2 * ip . T2 ) ;
223 rho3 = ip . p3 *10^3/ ( ip . R3 * ip . T3 ) ;
224 rho4 = ip . p4 *10^3/ ( ip . R4 * ip . T4 ) ;
225 rho5 = ip . p5 *10^3/ ( ip . R5 * ip . T5 ) ;
226 rho6 = ip . p6 *10^3/ ( ip . R6 * ip . T6 ) ;
227 rho7 = ip . p7 *10^3/ ( ip . R7 * ip . Tout ) ;
228
229 ip . A1 = ip . mdot /( rho1 * V_ax1 ) ;

65
235 ip . A7 = 2* ip . A6 - ip . A5 ; % Linear variation of area

236 V_ax7 = ip . mdot / ( rho7 * ip . A7 ) ;
237 ip . V7 = V_ax7 / sind ( a1 ) ;
238
239 ip . ht1 = ip . A1 /( pi * Dm1 ) ;

240 ip . ht2 = ip . A2 /( pi * Dm2 ) ;
241 ip . ht3 = ip . A3 /( pi * Dm3 ) ;
242 ip . ht4 = ip . A4 /( pi * Dm4 ) ;
243 ip . ht5 = ip . A5 /( pi * Dm5 ) ;
244 ip . ht6 = ip . A6 /( pi * Dm6 ) ;
245 ip . ht7 = ip . A7 /( pi * Dm7 ) ;
246
247 Press_error = ( ip . p7 - ( ip . pin * ip . pr ) ) *100/( ip . pin * ip . pr )

248

250 ip . lms = 0.99* ip . lms ;
252 ip . lms = 1.01* ip . lms ;
253 end
254
255 % % Stage Load

256 ip . lm = no_stages * ip . lms ;
257
258 end
259
260 ip . W1 = sqrt ( ( V_ax1 ) ^2 + ( U1 - ip . V1 * cos ( a1 ) ^2 ) ) ;

261 ip . W2 = sqrt ( ( V_ax2 ) ^2 + ( U2 - ip . V2 * cos ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) ^2 ) ) ;
267

269 D_IP_Stg1 = ( sind ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) / sind ( a1 ) ) *(0.61* sind ( a1 ) ^2*( cotd
( ip . stage1 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) / sig + 1.12) ;
270 % D_1 ~ 1 ; del_2 / c ~ 0.005
271 % from eqn 7.25
272 P_IP_Stg1 = 2 * 0.005 * ( sig / sind ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) ) * ( sind ( a1 ) /
sind ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
273

sind ( ip . stage2 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
276
66

sind ( ip . stage3 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
279
280
282
283 Z1_IP_stg1 = ( ip . V2 ^2+ ip . W3 ^2) * P_IP_Stg1 /(2* ip . lm ) * 0.001 ;

286
287 Z1_IP_tot = Z1_IP_stg1 + Z1_IP_stg2 + Z1_IP_stg3 ;

288

290

292 delta = 0.05 ;
293 delta_o = 0.005 ;
295 % Stage 1:
296
297 alpha_inf = acotd (0.5*( cotd ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) + cotd ( a1 ) ) ) ;

298 beta_inf = acotd (0.5*( cotd ( ip . stage1 . b1 ) + cotd ( b2 ) ) ) ;
300 S_IP_stg1_r = 0.676 *( cotd ( b2 ) - cotd ( ip . stage1 . b1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( b2 )
301 S_IP_stg1_s = 0.676 *( cotd ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( ip .
302

306

309
310 ZS_stg1 = ( S_IP_stg1_r * ip . W2 ^2 + S_IP_stg1_s * ip . V3 ^2 ) /(2 *

ip . lms ) * 0.001 ;
ip . lms ) * 0.001 ;
67

ip . lms ) * 0.001 ;
313
314 ZS_tot = ZS_stg1 + ZS_stg2 + ZS_stg3 ;

315
316 %
----------------------------------------------------------------------

318
319 H = 2 ; % H_12
320 b = 0.00097 ; % Solidworks
321 del_2 = 0.005* c ;% Fg 7.3
322 del_1 = del_2 * H ;
323
324 del_1 = del_1 / c ;

325 del_2 = del_2 / c ;
326
328
329 % T_LP_stg1
330 D = b /( c * sind ( ip . stage1 . a2 ) ) ;
331 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
332 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
333 ZT_IP_stg1 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
334
335 % Stg 2
337 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
338 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
339 ZT_IP_stg2 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
340
341 % Stg 3
343 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
344 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
345 ZT_IP_stg3 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
346
347
348 ZT_IP_tot = 2*( ZT_IP_stg1 + ZT_IP_stg2 + ZT_IP_stg3 ) ;

349
350 Loss_IP = ZT_IP_tot + ZS_tot + Z1_IP_tot

351
68

353
354 pres = [ ip . pin ip . p2 ip . p3 ip . p4 ip . p5 ip . p6 ip . p7 ] ;

356 IP_press = [ pres ’ , stages ’] ;
357 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
359 title ( ’\ bfStatic Pressure Variation in IP Compressor ’ , ’ fontsize
’ ,14)
362 fid = fopen ( ’ IP_data . txt ’ , ’w + ’) ;
365 dlmwrite ( ’ IP_data . txt ’ , IP_press , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
366
367 vel = [ ip . V1 ip . V2 ip . V3 ip . V4 ip . V5 ip . V6 ip . V7 ] ;
368 IP_vel = [ vel ’ , stages ’] ;
369 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
371 title ( ’\ bfVariation of absolute velocity in IP Compressor ’ , ’
fontsize ’ ,14)
374 fid = fopen ( ’ IP_data . txt ’ , ’a ’) ;
377 dlmwrite ( ’ IP_data . txt ’ , IP_vel , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
378
379 figure
380
381 tot_enth = [ ip . h1 ip . h2 ip . h3 ip . h4 ip . h5 ip . h6 ip . h7 ] ;
382 IP_enth = [ tot_enth ’ , stages ’] ;
383 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
385 title ( ’\ bfTotal Enthalpy Variation in IP Compressor ’ , ’ fontsize
’ ,14)
391 dlmwrite ( ’ IP_data . txt ’ , IP_enth , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
69
392
393 temp = [ ip . Tin ip . T2 ip . T3 ip . T4 ip . T5 ip . T6 ip . Tout ] ;

394 IP_temp = [ temp ’ , stages ’] ;
395 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
397 title ( ’\ bfStatic Temperature Variation in IP Compressor ’ , ’
fontsize ’ ,14)
403 dlmwrite ( ’ IP_data . txt ’ , IP_temp , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
404
405 Power_ip = ip . lm * ip . mdot % Divide by no of stages for power

per stage .
70
6.1.4 High Pressure Compressor

High Pressure Compressor :
1 clc
2 clear all
3

5
6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
8 % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
9
10 % Low Pressure Section

11 hp . mdot = 150; %%% mass flow rate in kg / sec
12 hp . pin = 297; %%% pressure in Kpa
13 hp . pr = 3.0629; %%% pressure ratio
14 hp . Tin = 407.51; %%% in Kelvin
15 hp . Tout = 576.89; %%% in Kelvin
16 omega = 469.35; %%% in rad / sec
17
18 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
19 % Low pressure section having 2 stages
20 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
21

23 Dm1 = 1.0809; %%% in meters
24 Dm19 = 1.013; %%% in meters
25 L = 1.35 ; % Length from 1 st rotor to last stator of hp . Cax =80 mm
.
26 % Dist between rotor and stator : cax /4
27 % y = ( Dmn - Dm1 ) / L * X + Dm1
28 Dm2 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.075 + Dm1 ;
29 Dm3 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.15 + Dm1 ;
30 Dm4 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.225 + Dm1 ;
31 Dm5 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.3 + Dm1 ;
32 Dm6 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.375 + Dm1 ;
33 Dm7 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.45 + Dm1 ;
34 Dm8 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.525 + Dm1 ;
35 Dm9 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.60 + Dm1 ;
36 Dm10 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.675 + Dm1 ;
37 Dm11 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.75 + Dm1 ;
38 Dm12 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.825 + Dm1 ;
39 Dm13 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.9 + Dm1 ;
40 Dm14 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 0.975 + Dm1 ;
41 Dm15 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 1.05 + Dm1 ;
42 Dm16 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 1.125 + Dm1 ;
71
43 Dm17 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 1.2 + Dm1 ;

44 Dm18 = ( Dm19 - Dm1 ) / L * 1.275 + Dm1 ;
45
46

48 U1 = 0.5* Dm1 * omega ;
49 U2 = 0.5* Dm2 * omega ;
50 U3 = 0.5* Dm3 * omega ;
51 U4 = 0.5* Dm4 * omega ;
52 U5 = 0.5* Dm5 * omega ;
53 U6 = 0.5* Dm6 * omega ;
54 U7 = 0.5* Dm7 * omega ;
55 U8 = 0.5* Dm8 * omega ;
56 U9 = 0.5* Dm9 * omega ;
57 U10 = 0.5* Dm10 * omega ;
58 U11 = 0.5* Dm11 * omega ;
59 U12 = 0.5* Dm12 * omega ;
60 U13 = 0.5* Dm13 * omega ;
61 U14 = 0.5* Dm14 * omega ;
62 U15 = 0.5* Dm15 * omega ;
63 U16 = 0.5* Dm16 * omega ;
64 U17 = 0.5* Dm17 * omega ;
65 U18 = 0.5* Dm18 * omega ;
66 U19 = 0.5* Dm19 * omega ;
67
68 % Assuming the stage 1 HP angle values

69 a1 = 55 ;
70 b2 = 125;
71
72 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
73

table
75
76 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
77
78

of inlet (1) and
82 hp . h1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,2) , hp . Tin ) ;
72
83 hp . Cp1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data

(: ,4) , hp . Tin ) ;
84 hp . R1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,6) , hp . Tin ) ;
85 hp . Gamma1 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , hp . Tin ) ;
86 hp . h19 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,2) , hp . Tout ) ;
87 hp . Cp19 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,4) , hp . Tout ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . Tout ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . Tout ) ;
90
92 eff = 0.95;
93
95 r = 0.5;
96

98 hp . V1 =0;
99 hp . V3 =0;
100 hp . V5 =0;
101 hp . V7 =0;
102 hp . V9 =0;
103 hp . V11 =0;
104 hp . V13 =0;
105 hp . V15 =0;
106 hp . V17 =0;
107 hp . V19 =0;
108
109 % Total Load Lm

110 % hp . lm = ( hp . h5 - hp . h1 ) +0.5*( hp . V1 ^2 - hp . V5 ^2) ;
111 hp . lm = ( hp . h1 - hp . h19 ) + 0.5 * ( hp . V1 ^2 - hp . V19 ^2) /1000; % Lp
112
113 % Stage Load

114 no_stages = 9 ; % No of stages
115 hp . lms = hp . lm / no_stages ;
116

118

120
73
121 while abs ( Press_error ) >0.1

122
123 hp . h3 = hp . h1 - hp . lms + 0.5*( hp . V1 ^2 - hp . V3 ^2) /1000;

132
133
134 hp . stage1 . lambda = hp . lms *1000 / U2 ^2;

135 hp . stage2 . lambda = hp . lms * 1000 / U4 ^2;
143
144 %%%%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
145 % STAGE 1
146

148
149 hp . T3 = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data

(: ,1) , hp . h3 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h3 ) ;
151 hp . h3s = eff *( hp . h3 - hp . h1 ) + hp . h1 ;
152 hp . T3s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,2) , Data_Compressor . data
(: ,1) , hp . h3s ) ;
153 hp . Gamma3s = interp1 ( Data_Compressor . data (: ,1) , Data_Compressor .
data (: ,5) , hp . T3s ) ;
154 Gamma = ( hp . Gamma1 + hp . Gamma3s ) *0.5;
155

157
158 hp . p3 = hp . pin *( hp . Tin / hp . T3s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

159
160
74
values are
163
164 hp . h2 = r *( hp . h3 - hp . h1 ) + hp . h1 ;
(: ,1) , hp . h2 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h2 ) ;
167

1 to 3
169 c = log ( hp . p3 / hp . pin ) / log ( hp . Tin / hp . T3 ) ;
171 hp . p2 = hp . pin *( hp . Tin / hp . T2 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
172
173 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
174 % STAGE 2
175

177

(: ,1) , hp . h5 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h5 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h5s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T3 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T5s ) ;
185

187
188 hp . p5 = hp . p3 *( hp . T3 / hp . T5s ) ^( Gamma /(1 - Gamma ) ) ;

189
values are
192
193 hp . h4 = r *( hp . h5 - hp . h3 ) + hp . h3 ;
(: ,1) , hp . h4 ) ;
75

(: ,6) , hp . h4 ) ;
196

3 to 5
198 c = log ( hp . p5 / hp . p3 ) / log ( hp . T3 / hp . T5 ) ;
200 hp . p4 = hp . p3 *( hp . T3 / hp . T4 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
201
202 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
203 % STAGE 3
204

(: ,1) , hp . h7 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h7 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h7s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T5 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T7s ) ;
213

215

217
values are
220
221 hp . h6 = r *( hp . h7 - hp . h5 ) + hp . h5 ;
(: ,1) , hp . h6 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h6 ) ;
224

4 to 7
228 hp . p6 = hp . p5 *( hp . T5 / hp . T6 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
76
229
230 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
231
232 % STAGE 4
233

(: ,1) , hp . h9 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h9 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h9s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T7 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T9s ) ;
242

244

246
values are
249
250 hp . h8 = r *( hp . h9 - hp . h7 ) + hp . h7 ;
(: ,1) , hp . h8 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h8 ) ;
253

4 to 7
257 hp . p8 = hp . p7 *( hp . T7 / hp . T8 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
258
259 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
260
261 % STAGE 5
262
77

(: ,1) , hp . h11 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h11 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h11s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T9 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T11s ) ;
271

273

275
values are
278
279 hp . h10 = r *( hp . h11 - hp . h9 ) + hp . h9 ;

(: ,1) , hp . h10 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h10 ) ;
282

4 to 7
286 hp . p10 = hp . p9 *( hp . T9 / hp . T10 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
287
288 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
289
290
291 % STAGE 6
292

(: ,1) , hp . h13 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h13 ) ;
78

(: ,1) , hp . h13s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T11 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T13s ) ;
301

303

305
values are
308
309 hp . h12 = r *( hp . h13 - hp . h11 ) + hp . h11 ;

(: ,1) , hp . h12 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h12 ) ;
312

4 to 7
316 hp . p12 = hp . p11 *( hp . T11 / hp . T12 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
317
318 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
319
320 % STAGE 7
321

(: ,1) , hp . h15 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h15 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h15s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T13 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T15s ) ;
79
330

332

334
values are
337
338 hp . h14 = r *( hp . h15 - hp . h13 ) + hp . h13 ;

(: ,1) , hp . h14 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h14 ) ;
341

4 to 7
345 hp . p14 = hp . p13 *( hp . T13 / hp . T14 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
346
347 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
348
349 % STAGE 8
350

(: ,1) , hp . h17 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h17 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h17s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T15 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T17s ) ;
359

361

363
values are
80

366
367 hp . h16 = r *( hp . h17 - hp . h15 ) + hp . h15 ;

(: ,1) , hp . h16 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h16 ) ;
370

4 to 7
374 hp . p16 = hp . p15 *( hp . T15 / hp . T16 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
375
376 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
377
378
379 % STAGE 9
380

(: ,1) , hp . h19 ) ;
(: ,6) , hp . h19 ) ;
(: ,1) , hp . h19s ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T17 ) ;
data (: ,5) , hp . T19s ) ;
389

391

393
values are
396
397 hp . h18 = r *( hp . h19 - hp . h17 ) + hp . h17 ;

(: ,1) , hp . h18 ) ;
81

(: ,6) , hp . h18 ) ;
400

4 to 7
404 hp . p18 = hp . p17 *( hp . T17 / hp . T18 ) ^( n /(1 - n ) ) ;
405
406 %%%%% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
407
408
409
410
411 %% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
412 % For Stage 1

413 lambda = hp . stage1 . lambda ;
414 nu = U1 / U2 ;
415 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
417 hp . stage1 . a2 = stage1_x (1) ;
418 hp . stage1 . b1 = stage1_x (2) ;
419 hp . stage1 . phi = stage1_x (3) ;
420 hp . stage1 . mu = stage1_x (4) ;
421
422 % For Stage 2

424 nu = U3 / U4 ;
425 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
427 hp . stage2 . a2 = stage2_x (1) ;
428 hp . stage2 . b1 = stage2_x (2) ;
431
432 % For Stage 3

434 nu = U5 / U6 ;
435 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
437 hp . stage3 . a2 = stage3_x (1) ;
438 hp . stage3 . b1 = stage3_x (2) ;
82
441
442 % For Stage 4

444 nu = U7 / U8 ;
445 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
447 hp . stage4 . a2 = stage4_x (1) ;
448 hp . stage4 . b1 = stage4_x (2) ;
451
452 % For Stage 5

454 nu = U9 / U10 ;
455 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
457 hp . stage5 . a2 = stage5_x (1) ;
458 hp . stage5 . b1 = stage5_x (2) ;
461
462 % For Stage 6

464 nu = U11 / U13 ;
465 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
467 hp . stage6 . a2 = stage6_x (1) ;
468 hp . stage6 . b1 = stage6_x (2) ;
471
472 % For Stage 7

474 nu = U14 / U15 ;
475 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
477 hp . stage7 . a2 = stage7_x (1) ;
478 hp . stage7 . b1 = stage7_x (2) ;
481
482
483 % For Stage 8

485 nu = U16 / U17 ;
486 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
83

488 hp . stage8 . a2 = stage8_x (1) ;
489 hp . stage8 . b1 = stage8_x (2) ;
492
493 % For Stage 9

495 nu = U18 / U19 ;
496 x0 = [6 0;160; 0.8;0. 9];
498 hp . stage9 . a2 = stage9_x (1) ;
499 hp . stage9 . b1 = stage9_x (2) ;
502
503
504
505

507
508 V_ax2 = hp . stage1 . phi * U2 ;

509 V_ax4 = hp . stage2 . phi * U4 ;
510 V_ax6 = hp . stage3 . phi * U6 ;
511 V_ax8 = hp . stage4 . phi * U8 ;
512 V_ax10 = hp . stage5 . phi * U10 ;
513 V_ax12 = hp . stage6 . phi * U12 ;
514 V_ax14 = hp . stage7 . phi * U14 ;
515 V_ax16 = hp . stage8 . phi * U16 ;
516 V_ax18 = hp . stage9 . phi * U18 ;
517
518 V_ax1 = hp . stage1 . mu * V_ax2 ;

527
528
529 hp . V1 = V_ax1 / sind ( a1 ) ;

530 hp . V2 = V_ax2 / sind ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) ;
531 hp . V3 = V_ax3 / sind ( a1 ) ;
84
533 hp . V5 = V_ax5 / sind ( a1 ) ;

535 hp . V7 = V_ax7 / sind ( a1 ) ;
537 hp . V9 = V_ax9 / sind ( a1 ) ;
539 hp . V11 = V_ax11 / sind ( a1 ) ;
541 hp . V13 = V_ax13 / sind ( a1 ) ;
543 hp . V15 = V_ax14 / sind ( a1 ) ;
545 hp . V17 = V_ax17 / sind ( a1 ) ;
547
548 rho1 = hp . pin *10^3/( hp . R1 * hp . Tin ) ;

549 rho2 = hp . p2 *10^3/ ( hp . R2 * hp . T2 ) ;
550 rho3 = hp . p3 *10^3/ ( hp . R3 * hp . T3 ) ;
551 rho4 = hp . p4 *10^3/ ( hp . R4 * hp . T4 ) ;
552 rho5 = hp . p5 *10^3/ ( hp . R5 * hp . T5 ) ;
553 rho6 = hp . p6 *10^3/ ( hp . R6 * hp . T6 ) ;
554 rho7 = hp . p7 *10^3/ ( hp . R7 * hp . T7 ) ;
555 rho8 = hp . p8 *10^3/ ( hp . R8 * hp . T8 ) ;
556 rho9 = hp . p9 *10^3/ ( hp . R9 * hp . T9 ) ;
557 rho10 = hp . p10 *10^3/ ( hp . R10 * hp . T10 ) ;
558 rho11 = hp . p11 *10^3/ ( hp . R11 * hp . T11 ) ;
559 rho12 = hp . p12 *10^3/ ( hp . R12 * hp . T12 ) ;
560 rho13 = hp . p13 *10^3/ ( hp . R13 * hp . T13 ) ;
561 rho14 = hp . p14 *10^3/ ( hp . R14 * hp . T14 ) ;
562 rho15 = hp . p15 *10^3/ ( hp . R15 * hp . T15 ) ;
563 rho16 = hp . p16 *10^3/ ( hp . R16 * hp . T16 ) ;
564 rho17 = hp . p17 *10^3/ ( hp . R17 * hp . T17 ) ;
565 rho18 = hp . p18 *10^3/ ( hp . R18 * hp . T18 ) ;
566 rho19 = hp . p19 *10^3/ ( hp . R19 * hp . Tout ) ;
567
568 hp . A1 = hp . mdot /( rho1 * V_ax1 ) ;

85

586
587 hp . A19 = 2* hp . A18 - hp . A17 ; % Linear variation of area

588 V_ax19 = hp . mdot / ( rho19 * hp . A19 ) ;
589 hp . V19 = V_ax19 / sind ( a1 ) ;
590
591 hp . ht1 = hp . A1 /( pi * Dm1 ) ;

592 hp . ht2 = hp . A2 /( pi * Dm2 ) ;
593 hp . ht3 = hp . A3 /( pi * Dm3 ) ;
594 hp . ht4 = hp . A4 /( pi * Dm4 ) ;
595 hp . ht5 = hp . A5 /( pi * Dm5 ) ;
596 hp . ht6 = hp . A6 /( pi * Dm6 ) ;
597 hp . ht7 = hp . A7 /( pi * Dm7 ) ;
598
599 Press_error = ( hp . p19 - ( hp . pin * hp . pr ) ) *100/( hp . pin * hp . pr )

600

602 hp . lms = 0.99* hp . lms ;
604 hp . lms = 1.01* hp . lms ;
605 end
606
607 % % Stage Load

608 hp . lm = no_stages * hp . lms ;
609
610 end
611
612 hp . W1 = sqrt ( ( V_ax1 ) ^2 + ( U1 - hp . V1 * cos ( a1 ) ^2 ) ) ;

613 hp . W2 = sqrt ( ( V_ax2 ) ^2 + ( U2 - hp . V2 * cos ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) ^2 ) ) ;
86

631

633 D_HP_Stg1 = ( sind ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) / sind ( a1 ) ) *(0.61* sind ( a1 ) ^2*( cotd
( hp . stage1 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) / sig + 1.12) ;
634 % D_1 ~ 1 ; del_2 / c ~ 0.005
635 % from eqn 7.25
636 P_HP_Stg1 = 2 * 0.005 * ( sig / sind ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) ) * ( sind ( a1 ) /
sind ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
637

sind ( hp . stage2 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
640

sind ( hp . stage3 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
643

sind ( hp . stage4 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
646

sind ( hp . stage5 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
649

sind ( hp . stage5 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
652

sind ( hp . stage7 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
655
87

sind ( hp . stage8 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
658

sind ( hp . stage9 . a2 ) ) ^2 ;
661
663
664 Z1_HP_stg1 = ( hp . V2 ^2+ hp . W3 ^2) * P_HP_Stg1 /(2* hp . lm ) * 0.001 ;

673
674 Z1_HP_tot = Z1_HP_stg1 + Z1_HP_stg2 + Z1_HP_stg3 + Z1_HP_stg4 +

Z1_HP_stg5 ...
675 + Z1_HP_stg6 + Z1_HP_stg7 + Z1_HP_stg8 + Z1_HP_stg9 ;
676
677 % Exit loss :

678
679 ZE = hp . V19 ^2/(2 * hp . stage9 . lambda * U19 ^2) ;

680

682

684 delta = 0.05 ;
685 delta_o = 0.005 ;
687 % Stage 1:
688
689 alpha_inf = acotd (0.5*( cotd ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) + cotd ( a1 ) ) ) ;

690 beta_inf = acotd (0.5*( cotd ( hp . stage1 . b1 ) + cotd ( b2 ) ) ) ;
692 S_HP_stg1_r = 0.676 *( cotd ( b2 ) - cotd ( hp . stage1 . b1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( b2 )
693 S_HP_stg1_s = 0.676 *( cotd ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) - cotd ( a1 ) ) ^2 * sind ( hp .
694
88

698

701

704

707

710

713

716

719
720 ZS_stg1 = ( S_HP_stg1_r * hp . W2 ^2 + S_HP_stg1_s * hp . V3 ^2 ) /(2 *

hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
89

hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
724 ZS_stg5 = ( S_HP_stg5_r * hp . W10 ^2 + S_HP_stg5_s * hp . V11 ^2 ) /(2
* hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
* hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
* hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
* hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
* hp . lms ) * 0.001 ;
729
730 ZS_tot = ZS_stg1 + ZS_stg2 + ZS_stg3 + ZS_stg4 + ZS_stg5 +

ZS_stg6 + ZS_stg7 + ZS_stg8 + ZS_stg9 ;
731
732 %
----------------------------------------------------------------------

734
735 H = 2 ; % H_12
736 b = 0.00072 % Solidworks
737 del_2 = 0.005* c ;% Fg 7.3
738 del_1 = del_2 * H ;
740 del_1 = del_1 / c ;
741 del_2 = del_2 / c ;
742
743 % T_HP_stg1
744 D = b /( c * sind ( hp . stage1 . a2 ) ) ;
745 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
746 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
747 ZT_HP_stg1 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
748
749 % Stg 2
751 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
752 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
753 ZT_HP_stg2 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
754
755 % Stg 3
90

757 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
758 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
759 ZT_HP_stg3 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
760
761 % Stg 4
763 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
764 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
765 ZT_HP_stg4 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
766
767 % Stg 5
769 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
770 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
771 ZT_HP_stg5 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
772
773 % Stg 6
775 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
776 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
777 ZT_HP_stg6 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
778
779 % Stg 7
781 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
782 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
783 ZT_HP_stg7 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
784
785 % Stg 8
787 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
788 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
789 ZT_HP_stg8 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1
^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
790
791 % Stg 9
793 G1 = 1 - D - del_1 ;
794 G2 = 1 - D - del_1 - del_2 ;
91
795 ZT_HP_stg9 = ( G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( (2* G1 ^2 -2* G2 +1) / G1 ^2 - ( G1

^2/ G2 ^2) ) * cosd ( a1 ) ^2;
796
797
798 ZT_HP_tot = 2*( ZT_HP_stg1 + ZT_HP_stg2 + ZT_HP_stg3 + ZT_HP_stg4

+ ZT_HP_stg5 ...
799 + ZT_HP_stg6 + ZT_HP_stg7 + ZT_HP_stg8 + ZT_HP_stg9 ) ;
800
801 Loss_HP = ZT_HP_tot + ZS_tot + Z1_HP_tot + ZE

802

804
805 pres = [ hp . pin hp . p2 hp . p3 hp . p4 hp . p5 hp . p6 hp . p7 hp . p8 hp . p9

hp . p10 ...
806 hp . p11 hp . p12 hp . p13 hp . p14 hp . p15 hp . p16 hp . p17 hp . p18 hp .
p19 ] ;
808 HP_press = [ pres ’ , stages ’] ;
809 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
811 title ( ’\ bfStatic Pressure Variation in HP Compressor ’ , ’ fontsize
’ ,14)
814 fid = fopen ( ’ HP_data . txt ’ , ’w + ’) ;
817 dlmwrite ( ’ HP_data . txt ’ , HP_press , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
818
819 vel = [ hp . V1 hp . V2 hp . V3 hp . V4 hp . V5 hp . V6 hp . V7 hp . V8 hp . V9 hp .
V10 hp . V11 ...
820 hp . V12 hp . V13 hp . V14 hp . V15 hp . V16 hp . V17 hp . V18 hp . V19 ] ;
821 HP_vel = [ vel ’ , stages ’] ;
822 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
824 title ( ’\ bfVariation of absolute velocity in HP Compressor ’ , ’
fontsize ’ ,14)
827 fid = fopen ( ’ HP_data . txt ’ , ’a ’) ;
830 dlmwrite ( ’ HP_data . txt ’ , HP_vel , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
831
92
832 figure
833
834 tot_enth = [ hp . h1 hp . h2 hp . h3 hp . h4 hp . h5 hp . h6 hp . h7 hp . h8 hp .
h9 hp . h10 ...
835 hp . h11 hp . h12 hp . h13 hp . h14 hp . h15 hp . h16 hp . h17 hp . h18 hp .
h19 ] ;
836 HP_enth = [ tot_enth ’ , stages ’] ;
837 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
839 title ( ’\ bfTotal Enthalpy Variation in HP Compressor ’ , ’ fontsize
’ ,14)
845 dlmwrite ( ’ HP_data . txt ’ , HP_enth , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
846
847 temp = [ hp . Tin hp . T2 hp . T3 hp . T4 hp . T5 hp . T6 hp . T7 hp . T8 hp . T9

hp . T10 ...
848 hp . T11 hp . T12 hp . T13 hp . T14 hp . T15 hp . T16 hp . T17 hp . T18 hp .
Tout ] ;
849 HP_temp = [ temp ’ , stages ’] ;
850 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
852 title ( ’\ bfStatic Temperature Variation in HP Compressor ’ , ’
fontsize ’ ,14)
858 dlmwrite ( ’ HP_data . txt ’ , HP_temp , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
859
860 Power_hp = hp . lm * hp . mdot % Divide by no of stages for power

per stage .
93
6.1.5 Twisting the Blades in Spanwise direction

Twisting the blades in spanwise direction:
1 % MEEN 646 : Ae ro th er mo dy na mi cs of Turbomachinery
2 % Project : Design of Power Gas Turbine Engine
3 % Code that grabs the comperssor blade co - ordinates and modifies
it to
4 % accomodate spanwise variation of profile .
5
6 clear all
7 clc
8 C_ax = 0.120 ;
9 Cl = 0.5 ;
10 reread = 0 ;
11 if reread == 0
12 blade_profile = Compressor_Coord ( C_ax , Cl ) ;
13 end
14 blade_profile ( end /2 + 1 ,:) = [] ;
15
16 % Making the trailing edge as origin

17 blade_profile (: ,1) = blade_profile (: ,1) - C_ax ;
18 color_string = { ’ -b ’ , ’ -g ’ , ’ -r ’ , ’ -k ’ , ’ -y ’} ;
19 M_titles = { ’0.0 ’ , ’0.25 ’ , ’0.50 ’ , ’0.75 ’ , ’1.0 ’} ;
20 % Inputs :
21
22 R_h = 0.42 ; % Hub Radius

23 H_b1 = 0.24755 ;% Blade Height
24
25 R_m = R_h + 0.5 * H_b1 ;

26
27 Z (1) = R_h ;
28 Z (2) = R_h + 0.25 * H_b1 ;
29 Z (3) = R_h + 0.5 * H_b1 ;
30 Z (4) = R_h + 0.75 * H_b1 ;
31 Z (5) = R_h + H_b1 ;
32
33 % Pg 142 : Chapter 5 ,
34 hold on
35
36 for i = 1 : 5
37 zeta = acotd ( R_m * cotd (55) / Z ( i ) )
38 angle = zeta - 17 ;
39 s = [ ’ LP_Stg1_ ’ int2str ( i ) ’. txt ’];
40 trans_mat = [ cosd ( angle ) , - sind ( angle ) ; sind ( angle ) , cosd (
angle ) ] ;
41 Bla de_Tra nsform ed = transpose ( trans_mat * blade_profile ’) ;
94
42 Bla de_Tra nsform ed (: ,3) = Z ( i ) * ones ( length (

Bla de_Tra nsform ed ) ,1) ;
43 dlmwrite (s , Blade_Transformed , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’ precision
’ ,6) ;
44 plot ( Bla de_Tra nsform ed (: ,1) , Bl ade_Tr ansfor med (: ,2) , char (
color_string ( i ) ) )
45 legend ( M_titles ) ;
46 pause (0.25)
47 end
95
6.2 Turbine Codes

Turbine Blade Generation:
1 clear all ;
2 close all ;
3 clc ;
4
5 x (: ,1) = -1000:1000;
6 leading_edge (1: length ( x ) ,1) =0;
7 C_ax = input ( ’ Input Axial Chord : ’) ;
8 trailing_edge = leading_edge - C_ax ;
9 yy =1/3* C_ax ;
10 third_line = leading_edge - yy ;
11
12 x0 =0;
13 y0 =0;
14
15 stg_ang = input ( ’ Input Stagger Angle : ’) * pi /180;

16 m0 = tan ( stg_ang ) ;
17 x2 =1/ m0 *( trailing_edge (1 ,1) - y0 ) + x0 ;
18 y2 = trailing_edge (1 ,1) ;
19
20 alpha1 = input ( ’ Input Alpha_1 : ’) * pi /180;

21 m1 = tan ( pi - alpha1 ) ;
22 seg_A (: ,1) = m1 *( x - x0 ) + y0 ;
23
24 alpha2 = input ( ’ Input Alpha_2 : ’) * pi /180;

25 m2 = tan ( alpha2 ) ;
26 seg_B (: ,1) = m2 *( x - x2 ) + y2 ;
27
28 x1 =1/( m1 - m2 ) *( y2 - y0 + m1 * x0 - m2 * x2 ) ;
29 y1 = m1 *( x1 - x0 ) + y0 ;
30
31 SI = input ( ’ Input Smoothing Index (100 or 1000 or 10000) : ’) ;

32
33 %%
34 P0 =[ x0 y0 ];
35 P1 =[ x1 y1 ];
36 P2 =[ x2 y2 ];
37
38 t =0:1/ SI :1;
39 B_curve_x (: ,1) =(1 - t ) .^2* P0 (1) +2* t .*(1 - t ) * P1 (1) + t .^2* P2 (1) ;
40 B_curve_y (: ,1) =(1 - t ) .^2* P0 (2) +2* t .*(1 - t ) * P1 (2) + t .^2* P2 (2) ;
41
42 st_ang = atand (( y2 - y0 ) /( x2 - x0 ) ) ;
43
96
44 %%
45 camber_line =[ B_curve_x B_curve_y ];
46
47 rot_ang = pi - atan (( camber_line ( end ,2) - camber_line (1 ,2) ) /(

48 rot_matrix =[ cos ( rot_ang ) sin ( rot_ang ) ; - sin ( rot_ang ) cos ( rot_ang )
];
49
50 new_camber1 =( camber_line * rot_matrix ) ;

51
52 camber_length =0;
53 for ii =0: length ( new_camber1 (: ,1) ) -2
54 camber_length = camber_length + sqrt (( new_camber1 ( ii +1 ,1) -
new_camber1 ( ii +2 ,1) ) ^2+( new_camber1 ( ii +1 ,2) - new_camber1 (
ii +2 ,2) ) ^2) ;
55 end
56
57 jj =2;
58 sum =0;
59 X_by_C (1 ,1) =0;
60 for ii =0: length ( camber_line (: ,1) ) -2
61 sum = sum + sqrt (( camber_line ( ii +1 ,1) - camber_line ( ii +2 ,1) ) ^2+(
camber_line ( ii +1 ,2) - camber_line ( ii +2 ,2) ) ^2) ;
62 X_by_C ( jj ,1) = sum / camber_length ;
63 jj = jj +1;
64 end
65
66 chord_length = sqrt (( camber_line ( end ,1) - camber_line (1 ,1) ) ^2+(

camber_line ( end ,2) - camber_line (1 ,2) ) ^2) ;
67 camber_line0 =[ camber_line (: ,1) - chord_length camber_line (: ,2) ];
68 camber_line2 =[ camber_line (: ,1) + chord_length camber_line (: ,2) ];
69
70 %%
71 [ filename , pathname ] = uigetfile ({ ’*. dat ;*. csv ;*. txt ;*. xls ’} , ’
Pick a file ’) ;
72 base_profile = load ( strcat ( pathname , filename ) ) ;
73 half_base _profi le =[ base_profile (1: ceil ( length ( base_profile ) /2)
,1) base_profile (1: ceil ( length ( base_profile ) /2) ,2) ];
74 half_base _profi le ( end ,2) = hal f_base _profi le (1 ,2) ;
75
76 %%
77 clear T_by_C ;
78 for ii =1: length ( X_by_C )
79 for jj =1: length ( h alf_ba se_pro file )
80 if ( X_by_C ( ii ,1) == ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj ,1) )
81 T_by_C ( ii ,1) = ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj ,2) ;
97
82 break ;
83 elseif ( X_by_C ( ii ,1) < ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj ,1) && X_by_C
( ii ,1) > half_ base_p rofile ( jj -1 ,1) )
84 T_by_C ( ii ,1) = ( ha lf_bas e_prof ile ( jj -1 ,2) + ( X_by_C (
ii ,1) - half_ base_p rofile ( jj ,1) ) *((
hal f_base _profi le ( jj ,2) - hal f_base _profi le ( jj -1 ,2)
) /( half_ base_p rofile ( jj ,1) - half_ base_p rofile ( jj
-1 ,1) ) ) ) ;
85 break ;
86 end
87 end
88 end
89 if ( length ( T_by_C ) < length ( X_by_C ) )
90 T_by_C ( ii ,1) =0;
91 end
92 T = T_by_C * camber_length ;
93
94 %%
95 norm_camber =[ new_camber1 (: ,1) / chord_length ( new_camber1 (: ,2) -
new_camber1 (1 ,2) ) / chord_length ];
96
97 superimp_profile = camber_length * h alf_ba se_pro file ;

98
99 %%
100 pres_surf_x = new_camber1 (: ,1) -T .* sin ( atan ( new_camber1 (: ,2) ./
new_camber1 (: ,1) ) ) ;
101 pres_surf_y = new_camber1 (: ,2) + T .* cos ( atan ( new_camber1 (: ,2) ./
new_camber1 (: ,1) ) ) ;
102
103 suct_surf_x = new_camber1 (: ,1) + T .* sin ( atan ( new_camber1 (: ,2) ./

new_camber1 (: ,1) ) ) ;
104 suct_surf_y = new_camber1 (: ,2) -T .* cos ( atan ( new_camber1 (: ,2) ./
new_camber1 (: ,1) ) ) ;
105
106 for jj =1: length ( new_camber1 )

107 if ( pres_surf_x ( jj ,1) > new_camber1 ( jj ,1) || suct_surf_x ( jj ,1)
< new_camber1 ( jj ,1) )
108 press ( jj ,1) = suct_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
109 suct ( jj ,1) = pres_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
110 else
111 press ( jj ,1) = pres_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
112 suct ( jj ,1) = suct_surf_x ( jj ,1) ;
113 end
114 end
115
116 press (: ,2) = pres_surf_y (: ,1) ;
98
117 suct (: ,2) = suct_surf_y (: ,1) ;

118
119 blade_profile = vertcat ( press , flipud ( suct ) ) ;

120 badrows = any ( isnan ( blade_profile ) ,2) ;
121 blade_profile ( badrows ,:) = zeros ;
122
123 rot_ang_back = pi - atan (( camber_line ( end ,2) - camber_line (1 ,2) ) /(

124 rot_matrix_back =[ cos ( rot_ang_back ) - sin ( rot_ang_back ) ; sin (
rot_ang_back ) cos ( rot_ang_back ) ];
125
126 blade = blade_profile * rot_matrix_back ;

127 blade_CFD (: ,1) = blade (: ,1) ;
128 blade_CFD (: ,2) = blade (: ,2) ;
129 blade_CFD (: ,3) = zeros ;
132 camber_line_CFD (: ,3) = zeros ;
133 camber_line0_CFD =[ camber_line (: ,1) - chord_length camber_line (: ,2)
134 camber_line2_CFD =[ camber_line (: ,1) + chord_length camber_line (: ,2)
135 blade0 =[ blade (: ,1) - chord_length blade (: ,2) ];
136 blade2 =[ blade (: ,1) + chord_length blade (: ,2) ];
137
138 fid = fopen ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , ’w + ’) ;

141 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , blade , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
142 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
147 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
152 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
99
156 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_Profile . txt ’ , camber_line , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter

’ , ’\t ’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
157 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
162 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
167 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
168
169 dlmwrite ( ’ Blade_CFD . txt ’ , blade_CFD , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’

170 dlmwrite ( ’ Camber_CFD . txt ’ , camber_line_CFD , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
100
6.2.1 Design of Turbine Blades

Design of Turbine Blades:
1 clear all ;
2 clc ;
3
4 global a2 b3 nu lambda r a2_ref b3_ref nu_ref lambda_ref i

5
7 Dm_exit =1.120;
8 Dm1 =1.062; Dm2 =1.0649; Dm3 =1.07215; Dm4 =1.0794; Dm5 =1.08665; Dm6
=1.0939; Dm7 =1.10115; Dm8 =1.1084; Dm9 =1.11565;
9 m_dot =151.3;
10 omega =469.35;
11 gm =1.44;
12 R =288.15;
13 cp_1 = gm /( gm -1) * R ;
14 r =0.5;
15 T_in =1222.7 -273.15;
16 P_in =873350;
17 T_out =806.77 -273.15;
18 P_out =102200;
19 eff =0.9;
20 U1 = Dm1 /2* omega ; U2 = Dm2 /2* omega ; U3 = Dm3 /2* omega ; U4 = Dm4 /2* omega ; U5 =
Dm5 /2* omega ; U6 = Dm6 /2* omega ; U7 = Dm7 /2* omega ; U8 = Dm8 /2* omega ; U9 =
Dm9 /2* omega ;
21
22 data = importdata ( ’ D A T A _ T e m p _ V s _ E n t h a l p y . txt ’) ;

23 T = data (: ,1) ; h = 1000* data (: ,2) ; cp = data (: ,4) ; ka = data (: ,5) ;
24
25 h_in = interp1 (T ,h , T_in ) ;

26 h_out = interp1 (T ,h , T_out ) ;
27 lm = h_in - h_out ;
28 lms = lm /4;
29
30 press_err =10000;
31
32
33 while abs ( press_err ) >=20

34
35 lambda_ref = lms / U3 (1) ^2;

36 a2_ref =20* pi /180;
37 b3_ref =160* pi /180;
38 nu_ref = U2 / U3 ;
39 x0 = [4 0;160; 0.8;0. 5];
40 [ X ] = fsolve ( @myfun1 , x0 ) ;
101
41 b2_ref = X (1) ;
42 a3_ref = X (2) ;
43 mu_ref = X (3) ;
44 phi_ref = X (4) ;
45
46 Vm1_ref = phi_ref * U1 ;
47 rho1_ref = P_in /( R * T_in ) ;
48 xsec1_ref = m_dot /( rho1_ref * Vm1_ref ) ;
49 BH = xsec1_ref /( Dm1 * pi ) ;
50
51 hub_rad =( Dm1 - BH /2) /2;

52 Dm_slope = atan ((1.12 -1.062) /.800) ;
53
54 for i =1:4
55 if i ==1
56 P1 ( i ) = P_in ;
57 T1 ( i ) = T_in ;
58 else
59 P1 ( i ) = P3 (i -1) ;
60 T1 ( i ) = T3 (i -1) ;
61 end
62 if i ==1
63 tip ( i ) = hub_rad +2*( Dm1 /2 - hub_rad ) ;
64
65 elseif i ==2
67 elseif i ==3
69 elseif i ==4
71 end
72 xsec ( i ) = pi *( tip ( i ) ^2 - hub_rad ^2) ;
73 rho ( i ) = P1 ( i ) /( R *( T1 ( i ) +273.15) ) ;
74 V1 ( i ) = m_dot /( rho ( i ) * xsec ( i ) ) ;
75 % h1 ( i ) = cp_1 * T1 ( i ) ;
76 h1 ( i ) = interp1 (T ,h , T1 ( i ) ) ;
77 H1 ( i ) = h1 ( i ) +1/2* V1 ( i ) ^2;
78 H3 ( i ) = H1 ( i ) - lms ;
79 % T01 ( i ) = H1 ( i ) / cp_1 ;
80 T01 ( i ) = interp1 (h ,T , H1 ( i ) ) ;
81 % T03 ( i ) = H3 ( i ) / cp_1 ;
82 T03 ( i ) = interp1 (h ,T , H3 ( i ) ) ;
83 T03s ( i ) = T01 ( i ) -( T01 ( i ) - T03 ( i ) ) / eff ;
84 P01 ( i ) = P1 ( i ) +1/2* rho ( i ) * V1 ( i ) ^2;
85 P03 ( i ) = P01 ( i ) *( T03s ( i ) / T01 ( i ) ) ^( gm /( gm -1) ) ;
86 P3 ( i ) = P03 ( i ) *( T1 ( i ) / T01 ( i ) ) ^( gm /( gm -1) ) ;
102
87 T3 ( i ) =( P3 ( i ) / P03 ( i ) ) ^(( gm -1) / gm ) * T03 ( i ) ;

88 % h3 ( i ) = cp_1 * T3 ( i ) ;
89 h3 ( i ) = interp1 (T ,h , T3 ( i ) ) ;
90 if i ==1
91 U2 ( i ) =( tan ( Dm_slope ) *0.080+ hub_rad ) * omega ;
93 elseif i ==2
96 elseif i ==3
99 elseif i ==4
102 end
103 lambda ( i ) = lms / U3 ( i ) ^2;
104 a2 ( i ) =20;
105 b3 ( i ) =160;
106 nu ( i ) = U2 ( i ) / U3 ( i ) ;
107 x0 = [40 ;160; 0.8;0. 5];
108 if i ~=4
109 [ X1 ] = lsqnonlin ( @GT_solve , x0 ) ;
110 elseif i ==4
111 a3 (4) =90;
112 phi (4) =1/( cot ( a3 (4) * pi /180) - cot ( b3 (4) * pi /180) ) ;
113 nu (4) = U2 (4) / U3 (4) ;
114 Vm3 (4) = phi (4) * U3 (4) ;
115 Vm2 (4) = phi (4) * U2 (4) ;
116 mu (4) = Vm2 (4) / Vm3 (4) ;
117 b2 (4) = acotd ( cot ( a2 (4) * pi /180) - nu (4) /( mu (4) * phi (4) ) ) ;
118 V3 (4) = sqrt (2*( H3 (4) - h3 (4) ) ) ;
119 Vu3 (4) = sqrt ( V3 (4) ^2 - Vm3 (4) ^2) ;
120 W3 (4) = sqrt ( Vm3 (4) ^2+( U3 (4) + Vu3 (4) ) ^2) ;
121 V2 (4) = Vm2 (4) / sin ( a2 (4) * pi /180) ;
122 Vu2 (4) = V2 (4) * cos ( a2 (4) * pi /180) ;
123 W2 (4) = sqrt ( Vm2 (4) ^2+( Vu2 (4) - U2 (4) ) ^2) ;
124 M3 (4) = V3 (4) / sqrt (( gm * R * T3 (4) ) ) ;
125 break ;
126 end
127 b2 ( i ) = X1 (1) ;
128 a3 ( i ) = X1 (2) ;
129 mu ( i ) = X1 (3) ;
130 phi ( i ) = X1 (4) ;
131 V3 ( i ) = sqrt (2*( H3 ( i ) - h3 ( i ) ) ) ;
132 M3 ( i ) = V3 ( i ) / sqrt (( gm * R * T3 ( i ) ) ) ;
103
133 Vm3 ( i ) = V3 ( i ) * sin ( a3 ( i ) * pi /180) ;

134 Vu3 ( i ) = sqrt ( V3 ( i ) ^2 - Vm3 ( i ) ^2) ;
135 W3 ( i ) = sqrt ( Vm3 ( i ) ^2+( U3 ( i ) + Vu3 ( i ) ) ^2) ;
136 Vm2 ( i ) = mu ( i ) * Vm3 ( i ) ;
137 Vu2 ( i ) =( lms - U2 ( i ) * Vu3 ( i ) ) / U2 ( i ) ;
138 W2 ( i ) = sqrt ( Vm2 ( i ) ^2+( Vu2 ( i ) - U2 ( i ) ) ^2) ;
139 V2 ( i ) = sqrt ( Vm2 ( i ) ^2+( Vu2 ( i ) ) ^2) ;
140 end
141
142 lm = H1 (1) - H3 (4) ;

143 press_err = P3 (4) - P_out
144
145 % if i ==1
146 % a1 =90;
147 % elseif i >0
148 % a1 = a3 (i -1) ;
149 % end
150
151 % *****************************************************
152 % *****************************************************
153 % Define function using the following parameters
154
155 % CS =0.022; % temporarily assumed CHECK , CHECK , CHECK

156 % if i ==1
157 % Dh2 ( i ) = Dm2 - CS / ( pi * Dm2 ) ;
158 % Dh3 ( i ) = Dm3 - CS / ( pi * Dm3 ) ;
159 % elseif i ==2
160 % Dh2 ( i ) = Dm4 - CS / ( pi * Dm4 ) ;
161 % Dh3 ( i ) = Dm5 - CS / ( pi * Dm5 ) ;
162 % elseif i ==3
163 % Dh2 ( i ) = Dm6 - CS / ( pi * Dm6 ) ;
164 % Dh3 ( i ) = Dm7 - CS / ( pi * Dm7 ) ;
165 % elseif i ==4
166 % Dh2 ( i ) = Dm8 - CS / ( pi * Dm8 ) ;
167 % Dh3 ( i ) = Dm9 - CS / ( pi * Dm9 ) ;
168 % end
169 %
170 %
171 % % F = GT_efficiency ( a1 , a2 , a3 , b2 , b3 , Dh2 , Dh3 , V2 , W3 , lm , phi ,
lambda , mu , nu )
172 %
173 % Efficiency = GT_efficiency ( a1 , a2 ( i ) , a3 ( i ) , b2 ( i ) , b3 ( i ) , Dh2 ( i )
, Dh3 ( i ) , V2 ( i ) , W3 ( i ) ,lm , phi ( i ) , lambda ( i ) , mu ( i ) , nu ( i ) ) ;
174 %
175 % % TO BE DONE :: Modify enthalpy using efficiency
176
104
177
178
179
180
181 if press_err >0

182 lms =1.001* lms ;
183 elseif press_err <0
184 lms =0.9999* lms ;
185 end
186 end
187
188 %%
189
190 for i =1:4

191 Tot_Ent (i ,1) = i ;
192 Tot_Ent (i ,2) = H3 ( i ) ;
193 Sta_Ent (i ,1) = i ;
194 Sta_Ent (i ,2) = h3 ( i ) ;
195 Abs_Vel (i ,1) = i ;
196 Abs_Vel (i ,2) = V3 ( i ) ;
197 Rel_Vel (i ,1) = i ;
198 Rel_Vel (i ,2) = W3 ( i ) ;
199 Tot_Press (i ,1) = i ;
200 Tot_Press (i ,2) = P03 ( i ) ;
201 Sta_Press (i ,1) = i ;
202 Sta_Press (i ,2) = P3 ( i ) ;
203 Tot_Temp (i ,1) = i ;
204 Tot_Temp (i ,2) = T03 ( i ) +273.15;
205 Sta_Temp (i ,1) = i ;
206 Sta_Temp (i ,2) = T3 ( i ) +273.15;
207 Rho (i ,1) = i ;
208 Rho (i ,2) = rho ( i ) ;
209 Mach (i ,1) = i ;
210 Mach (i ,2) = M3 ( i ) ;
211 end
212
213 fid = fopen ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , ’w + ’) ;

216 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Tot_Ent , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
217 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
218 fid = fopen ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , ’a ’) ;
105
221 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Sta_Ent , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t

’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
222 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
226 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Abs_Vel , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
227 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
231 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Rel_Vel , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
232 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
236 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Tot_Press , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
237 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
241 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Sta_Press , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
242 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
246 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Tot_Temp , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
247 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
251 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Sta_Temp , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t
’ , ’ precision ’ , 20) ;
252 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
256 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Rho , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
257 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
106

261 dlmwrite ( ’ GT_Design . txt ’ , Mach , ’- append ’ , ’ delimiter ’ , ’\t ’ , ’
262 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
107
6.2.2 Efficiency Calculation in Turbine

Efficiency Calculation in Turbine:
1 function F = GT_efficiency ( a1 , a2 , a3 , b2 , b3 , Dh_2 , Dh_3 , V2 , W3 , lm , phi
, lambda , mu , nu )
2
3 % Computing Turbine losses due to

4 % 1. Profile Loss
5 % 2. Exit loss
6 % 3. Secondary flow loss
7 % 4. Trailing edge loss
8 % ------------------------
9
10 % Total loss = Losses ( 1+2+3+4)

11
12 %--------------------------
13 % Input needed : a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 - a1 and a3 input to
stators
14 % V2 , W3 , lm , - sigmas from blade number
15 % calculations
16
17 % phi , lambda
18 % c_s , c_r
19 % s2 , s3 , mu , nu
20
21
22 % First determine the number of blades

23 %---------------------------------------
24 c_s = 0.022; % user input
25 c_r = 0.022; % user input
26 CL_r = 2.0; % user in put
27 CL_s = 1.0; % user input
28 a_tr = acot (( cot ( a3 * pi / 180) + mu * cot ( a2 * pi /180) ) /(1 +
mu ) ) ;
29 a_ts = acot (( cot ( a2 * pi / 180) + mu * cot ( a1 * pi /180) ) /(1 +
mu ) ) ;
30 s3 = CL_r * c_r / (( sin ( a3 * pi / 180) ^2 / sin ( a_tr ) ) ...
31 * (1 + mu ) * ( mu * nu * cot ( b2 * pi / 180) ...
32 - cot ( b3 * pi / 180) + ( nu ^2 - 1) / phi ) ) ;
33 s2 = CL_s * c_s / (( sin ( a2 * pi / 180) ^2 / sin ( a_ts ) ) ...
34 * (1 + mu ) * ( cot ( a2 * pi / 180) ...
35 - mu * nu * cot ( a1 * pi / 180) ) ) ;
36 N_tr = ( pi * Dh_3 ) / ( s3 ) ; % input this data as per stage
37 N_ts = ( pi * Dh_2 ) / ( s2 ) ; % input this data accordingly
38 sigma_s = c_s / s2 ;
39 sigma_r = c_r / s2 ;
108
40
41
42 % 1. Profile Loss Coefficient :

43 % ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
44
45 % a . Diffusion factors ( Dst and Drt ) for the turbine stator and
rotor :
46 % -----------------------------------
47
48
49 D_s_t = sin ( a2 * pi / 180) / sin ( a1 * pi / 180) * ...

50 (0.61 * ( sin ( a1 * pi / 180) ) ^2 / sigma_s * ( cot ( a2 * pi /
180) ...
51 - cot ( a1 * pi / 180) ) + 1.12) ;
52 D_r_t = sin ( b3 * pi / 180) / sin ( b2 * pi / 180) * ...
53 (0.61 * ( sin ( b2 * pi / 180) ) ^2 / sigma_r * ( cot ( b3 * pi /
180) ...
54 - cot ( b2 * pi / 180) ) + 1.12) ;
55
56 % b . Curve fitting to get dimensionless momentum thickness - CHECK

CHECK CHECK :
57 % --------------------------------------------------------
58 %
59 % 0.0 0.00275 0.00374 0.0057 0.00695 0.0121 0.0185
60 D_x = [0.0 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 ];
61 Dmt = [0.0 0.00285 0.0045 0.0054 0.007 0.012 0.021 ]; % Dmt :
Dimensionless M . T
62 loss_ff = polyfit ( D_x , Dmt ,6) ;
63 loss_vv = polyval ( loss_ff , D_x ) ;
64 plot ( D_x , loss_vv )
65 Dmt_s = interp1 ( D_x , loss_vv , D_s_t , ’ spline ’) ; % stator
66 Dmt_r = interp1 ( D_x , loss_vv , D_r_t , ’ spline ’) ; % rotor
67
68 % c . Moderate flow deflection of turbine as assumed :

69 % -------------------------------------------------
70 % 1. profile losses ( Zeta_spt and zeta_rpt )
71 % i . Stator profile loss :
72 % ++++++++++++++++++++++++
73 zeta_spt = 2 * Dmt_s * ( sigma_s / sin ( a2 * pi / 180) ) ...
74 * ( sin ( a1 * pi / 180) / sin ( a2 * pi / 180) ) ^2;
75
76 % ii . Rotor profile loss :

77 % -----------------------
78 zeta_rpt = 2 * Dmt_r * ( sigma_r / sin ( b3 * pi / 180) ) ...
79 *( sin ( b2 * pi / 180) / sin ( b3 * pi / 180) ) ^2;
80
109
81 % iii . Stage profile losses :

82 % -----------------------
83 zeta_pt = zeta_spt * ( V2 ^2 / lm ) + zeta_rpt * ( W3 ^2 / lm ) ;
84
85 % 2. Exit losses :
86 % +++++++++++++++
87 zeta_et = phi ^2/(2* lambda *( sin ( a3 * pi /180) ) ^2) ;
88
89 % 3. Secondary Flow Loss Coefficient :

90 % ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
91
92 % a . Stator :
93 % ----- - - - - -
94 a_inf = ( atan (2 / ( cot ( a3 * pi / 180) + cot ( a1 * pi / 180) ) ) *
180 / pi ) ;
95 tip_cl_s = 0.05; % mm [ design assumption ]
96 tip_cl_no_flow_s = tip_cl_s / 10; % mm [ experimental
assumption ]
97 zeta_s_s_t = 0.6760 * ( cot ( a2 * pi / 180) - cot ( a1 * pi / 180)
) ^2 ...
98 * ( sin ( a2 * pi / 180) ^ 2 / sin ( a_inf * pi / 180) ) * ...
99 (( tip_cl_s - tip_cl_no_flow_s ) / c_s ) ^0.60;
100
101 % b . Rotor :
102 % ------ -- -
103 b_inf = ( atan (2 / ( cot ( b3 * pi / 180) + cot ( b2 * pi / 180) ) ) *
180 / pi ) ;
104 tip_cl_r = 0.05; % mm [ design assumption ]
105 tip_cl_no_flow_r = tip_cl_r / 10; % mm [ experimental
assumption ]
106 zeta_r_s_t = 0.6760 * ( cot ( b3 * pi / 180) - cot ( b2 * pi / 180)
) ^2 ...
107 * ( sin ( b3 * pi / 180) ^ 2 / sin ( b_inf * pi / 180) ) * ...
108 (( tip_cl_r - tip_cl_no_flow_r ) / c_r ) ^0.60;
109
110 % c . Stage :
111 % ------ -- -
112 zeta_st = zeta_s_s_t * ( V2 ^2 / lm ) + zeta_r_s_t * ( W3 ^2 / lm ) ;
113
114
115 % 4. Trailing Edge Loss Coefficient :

116 % +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
117
118 % a . Stator :
119 % ----- - - - - -
120 DD = 0.021 * c_s / ( s2 * sin ( a2 * pi / 180) ) ;
110
121 H_12_s = 2; % Assumption

122 Delta_2_s = Dmt_s * c_s / s2 ;
123 Delta_1_s = H_12_s * Delta_2_s ;
124 G_1_s = 1 - DD - Delta_1_s ;
125 G_2_s = 1 - DD - Delta_1_s - Delta_2_s ;
126
127 zeta_s_t_t = ( G_1_s ^2 - 2 * G_2_s + 1) / G_1_s ^2 - ( cos ( a2 ) ^2)

* ...
128 ((2 * G_1_s ^2 - 2 * G_2_s + 1) / G_1_s ^2 - G_1_s ^2 / G_2_s
^2) ;
129
130 % b . Rotor :
131 % ------ -- -
132 DD = 0.021 * c_r / ( s3 * sin ( b3 * pi / 180) ) ;
133 H_12_r = 2; % Assumption
134 Delta_2_r = Dmt_r * c_r / s3 ;
135 Delta_1_r = H_12_r * Delta_2_r ;
136 G_1_r = 1 - DD - Delta_1_r ;
137 G_2_r = 1 - DD - Delta_1_r - Delta_2_r ;
138
139 zeta_r_t_t = ( G_1_r ^2 - 2 * G_2_r + 1) / G_1_r ^2 - ( cos ( b3 ) ^2)

* ...
140 ((2 * G_1_r ^2 - 2 * G_2_r + 1) / G_1_r ^2 - G_1_r ^2 / G_2_r
^2) ;
141
142 % c . Stage :
143 % ------ -- -
144 zeta_tt = zeta_s_t_t * ( V2 ^2 / lm ) + zeta_r_t_t * ( W3 ^2 / lm ) ;
145
146 % Total Losses for Turbine :

147 % -------------------------
148 zeta_t = zeta_tt + zeta_et + zeta_st + zeta_pt ;
149 zeta_stage = zeta_t /( zeta_t + 1) ;
150 % This is only for turbine , for compressor replace "+" sign
with " -" sign
151
152 % Isentropic efficiency Eta_s

153 Eta_s =1 - zeta_stage ;
154 F = Eta_s ;
111

Design of A Gas Turbine

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Design of A Gas Turbine

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MEEN-646 Aerothermodynamics of

Design of Gas Turbine Engine

4.17 Variation of Mach Number with number of stages in a turbine . . . . . 41

Figure 1.1: Axial flow gas turbine

Figure 1.2: Gas turbine assembly

2.1 Design of Compressor Blades

Figure 2.1: Compressor blade profile for a lift coefficient of 0.5

Figure 2.2: Cascade Nomenclature as given in [2]

0.110 Inlet Angle (1)= 120o

Figure 2.3: Pressure Distribution in the Compressor Blade

2.2 Pressure distribution

Figure 2.4: Compressor configuration used for pressure distribution

Figure 2.5: Mesh around the compressor blade

2.3 Design of Compressor

• A total to total isentropic efficiency of 95% for compressor and turbine.

• Mean diameter varies linearly

2.3.2 Steps Followed

3. A stage by stage analysis as detailed in [2] is followed.

Notation for LP Compressor Stages

ROTOR STATOR ROTOR STATOR

Figure 2.7: Notation followed for compressor stages

Figure 2.10: Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in LP Compressor

Figure 2.11: Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in IP Compressor

Figure 2.12: Variation of enthalpy and static pressure in HP Compressor

6. Assuming an isentropic efficiency, h3s and T3s can be calculated as :

H3s = η(H3 − H1 ) + H1 (2.10)

T3s = H3s /Cp (2.11)

9. The properties at rotor exit (station 2) can now be calculated:

2.3.3 Radial Equilibrium

2.4 Optimization of Compressor Pressure Ratio for Power Gen-

• Efficiency of turbine and compressor assumed to be 0.9

• Pressure loss assumed to be 5% in both regenerator and combustion chamber.

h2 − h1 = (h2s − h1 )/ηc (2.20)

Combustion Chamber Pressure Loss Coefficient :

h3 − h4 = (h3 − h4s )ηT (2.23)

Regenerator: Gas side Pressure Loss Coefficient :

Thermal Efficiency of Gas Turbine Engine:

Considering the mass flow balance in Combustion Chamber:

ṁ1 + ṁf = ṁ3 (2.26)

Net Power of Gas Turbine:

WT = ηT c̄P T (1 + β)(T3 − T4s ) (2.29)

We can then arrive at the following relation,

Defining the engine temperature ratio as ,

2. Trailing edge loss

3. Secondary flow loss

2.5.1 Profile Loss

2.5.2 Trailing Edge Loss

Figure 2.15: Trailing Edge Thickness

2.5.3 Secondary Loss

2.5.4 Exit Loss

2.6 Results and Discussions

Figure 3.1: Exit of the combustion chamber

Figure 3.2: View showing the arrangement of flame-holders

Figure 3.3: Cross section view of combustion chamber

Figure 4.1: Turbine Blade Nomenclature as given in [2]

B(t) = P0 + t(P1 − P0 ), t ∈ [0, 1] (4.1)

Quadratic Bezier curve (3 points) :

B(t) = (1 − t2 )2 P0 + 2t(1 − t)P1 + t2 P2 , t ∈ [0, 1] (4.2)

4.1.2 Generating Blade profile

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Figure 4.2: Sample base profile for superposition

4.2 Blade Profiles

5. Generate Pressure distribution along the surfaces

11 Y_by_C = - Cl /(4* pi ) ((1 - X_by_C ) . log (1 - X_by_C ) + X_by_C .* log ( X_by_C )