The molar volume of an ideal gas at 1 atmosphere of pressure is

= 0.022414 m3/mol = 22.414 dm3/mol

where,
Gas Constant, R = 8.3145 m3 Pa K-1 mol-1
Temperature, T = 273.15 K
Pressure, P = 101325 Pa

1 decimetre (dm) = 0.1 meter (m)

1 dm3 = 0.001 m3

mg/m3 convert to mg/Nm3 = mg/m3 x (273.15 + oC) /273.15 =

where,
temperature = 25 oC
mg/m3 = 100

mg/Nm3 x 22.414 dm3/mol mg/Nm3 x 22.414 x0.001 m3/mol

ppm = =
MW g/mol 1000 x MW mg/mol
Short cut
mg/Nm3 x 22.414
ppm = = 419.87 ppm
MW

Where,
mg/Nm3 = the concentration of gas,mg/Nm3
MW = the molecular weight of the chemical in question in grams/mol
Vm = Molar volume, the volume of a single mole of an ideal gas at standard

ppm x MW g/mol ppm x 0.001 MW mg/mol

mg/Nm3 = =
22.414 dm3/mol 22.414 x 0.001 m3/mol
Short cut
ppm x MW
mg/Nm3 = = 813107.9 mg/Nm3
22.414

where,
MW = the molecular weight of the chemical in question in grams/mol
Vm = Molar volume, the volume of a single mole of an ideal gas at standard
ppm = part per million
 at 0oC = 24.466 dm3/mol at 25oC

where,
Gas Constant, R = 8.3145 m3 Pa K-1 mol-1
Temperature, T = 298.15 K
Pressure, P = 101325 Pa

109.15

= 0.000419869 m3 = 419.87 ppm

= 1200.00
estion in grams/mol = 64.06
of an ideal gas at standard conditions (i.e., 0 oC and 1 atm.), dm3/mol = 22.414

= 1429017.58 mg/Nm3

341.5053092

estion in grams/mol = 36.45

of an ideal gas at standard conditions (i.e., 0 C and 1 atm.), dm3/mol
o
= 22.414
= 500000
% convert to ppm

1% = 10000 ppm

Major constituents of dry air, by volume[8]

Gas Volume(A)

Name Formula in ppmv(B) in %

Nitrogen N2 780,840 78.084

Oxygen O2 209,460 20.946

Argon Ar 9,340 0.934

CO
Carbon dioxide 400 0.049
2

Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818

Helium He 5.24 0.000524

Methane CH4 1.79 0.000179

Not included in above dry atmosphere:

Water vapor(C)H O 2 10–50,000(D) 0.001%–5%(D)

notes:
volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas
(A)

only,
also see volume (thermodynamics)
(B) ppmv: parts per million by volume
Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full
(C)

atmosphere
(D) Water vapor strongly varies locally[6]
Avogadro’s Hypothesis and Molar Volume
Volume is a third way to measure the amount of matter, after item count and mass. With liquids and solids, volume
This is because solid and liquid particles are packed close together with very little space in between the particles.
However, gases are largely composed of empty space between the actual gasparticles (see Figure below).

In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro explained that the volumes of all gases can be easily determined. Avogadro’s hypothes
Since the total volume that a gas occupies is made up primarily of the empty space between the particles, the actua
A given volume of a gas with small light particles such as hydrogen (H2) contains the same number of particles as th

Gases are compressible, meaning that when put under high pressure, the particles are forced closer to one another.
Gas volume is also affected by temperature. When a gas is heated, its molecules move faster and the gas expands.
the comparison of gas volumes must be done at one standard temperature and pressure. Standard temperature and
The molar volume of a gas is the volume of one mole of a gas at STP. At STP, one mole (6.02 × 1023 representative p

[Figure 3]

A mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at standard temperature and pressure (0°C and 1 atm).

Figure below illustrates how molar volume can be seen when comparing different gases. Samples of helium (He), ni
[Figure 4]

Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volumes of any gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles. At stand
 With liquids and solids, volume varies greatly depending on the density of the substance.
ace in between the particles.
es (see Figure below).

ermined. Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of
between the particles, the actual size of the particles themselves is nearly negligible.
same number of particles as the same volume of a heavy gas with large particles such as sulfur hexafluoride, SF6.

are forced closer to one another. This decreases the amount of empty space and reduces the volume of the gas.
ove faster and the gas expands. Because of the variation in gas volume due to pressure and temperature changes,
ssure. Standard temperature and pressure (STP) is defined as 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atm pressure.
ole (6.02 × 1023 representative particles) of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L (Figure below).

ases. Samples of helium (He), nitrogen (N 2), and methane (CH4) are at STP. Each contains 1 mole or 6.02 × 10 23 particles. However, the m
n the same number of particles. At standard temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L.
ssure contain equal numbers of particles.

× 1023 particles. However, the mass of each gas is different and corresponds to the molar mass of that gas: 4.00 g/mol for He, 28.0 g/mol
s: 4.00 g/mol for He, 28.0 g/mol for N 2, and 16.0 g/mol for CH4.
ppm to molarity

Molarity = ( Parts Per Million (PPM) value * 0.001 ) / Atomic Weight

= 0.001569 mol/l

ion = Ca2+
ppm = 64 mg/l
Atomic Weight = 40.8 g/mol

Parts per million: PPM is expressed as milligrams per liter(mg/L). It measures the mass of the chemical substance
One part per million is equal to 0.000001 units.

Molarity: It is the number of moles of a solute per liter of solution. It express the concentration of a solu

Molarity to ppm

ppm = Molarity x Atomic Weight x 1000

= 64.00 mg/l

ion = Ca2+
molarity = 0.001569 mol/l
Atomic Weight = 40.8 g/mol
e mass of the chemical substance or concentration per unit weight of water/solid or volume of one part of gas.

press the concentration of a solution.