Analysis of Blackout of National Grid System of

Pakistan in 2006 and the Application of PSS and

FACTS Controllers as Remedial Measures
M.W. Younas and S.A. Qureshi
Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. 54890
Emails: mywaseemi100@yahoo.com, tiger suhail@hotmail.com

Abstract-On 24th September, 2006, a severe disturbance II. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
occurred on the National Grid System of Pakistan which caused .. .
cascading outages of transmission lines and generating stations
that ultimately led to system wide collapse/blackout. This major
Power abli in a.stte abilitrofith system
that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrlum
blackout was one of the worst power system failures of WAPDA, under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable
the main electric utility of Pakistan. This paper provides an state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance [1,2].
insight of the investigations to identify system constraints that In general, most problems faced by large interconnected power
caused blackout. The bulk power transfer on long 500 kV systems are due to the following types of stability phenomena:
transmission lines in northern part of WAPDA, prior to blackout,
had already loaded them close to their stability limits. As a result, A. Transient Stability
the system, after a disturbance, was stressed further beyond its Transient stability is the ability of power system to maintain
capability and experienced small signal and voltage instabilities,
which led to its collapse. In this paper, detailed analytical work
including steady state and dynamic simulations/analyses have
synchronism when subjected to a severe transient disturbance.
Transient instability is characterized by generator(s) pulling
been carried out to study the behaviour of WAPDA power system out-of-step with the rest of the system in a relatively short
during collapse. Later, the effectiveness of the power system period following a large disturbance [1], [2].
controllers, i.e., Power System Stabilizers (PSS) and Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) has been demonstrated as B. Small Signal Stability
remedial measures to prevent such major system blackout. Small signal stability is characterized by low frequency
Index Terns-System wide collapse/Blackout, Transient Stability, oscillations, which are of two distinct types. One type is
Small Signal Stability, Voltage Stability, System Damping, Bulk associated with the swinging of many machines in one part of
Power Transfer, PSS, FACTS, Static Var Compensator (SVC). the system against machines in the other parts. These are
referred to as "inter-area mode" oscillations and have
I. INTRODUCTION frequencies in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 Hz. These oscillations
This paper gives a briefdescription gieabieesrptooowrsyoften
This of power system stabilty
paper
exhibit poor damping when aggregate power transfer
over a corridor is high relative to the transmission strength.
including transient, small signal and voltage stability in Section The second type is associated with generating units at a power
II. Section III presents the characteristics of WAPDA power station swinging with respect to the rest of the power system.
system. Section IV presents and interprets the results of Such oscillations are referred to as "local plant mode"
detailed power flow, eigenvalue and time domain dynamic oscillations and the frequency of these oscillations is typically
simulations/analyses to investigate behaviour of WAPDA in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 Hz [1]-[3].
power system during collapse. Section V presents the
technical features of PSS and FACTS controllers, which are C. Voltage Stability
used to enhance the small signal stability and voltage stability Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain
of a power system respectively. Section VI presents the results stead acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under
of analyses to demonstrate the.. effectiveness of PSS and ~normal
. . . ....... y ooperating conditions
g y
and after being subjected to a
FACTS controllers individually and in combination to enhance disturbance. A system enters a state of voltage instability
stability of WAPDA power network and thus saving the total when a disturbance, sudden increase in load demand, or a
system blackout as happened on 24th September 2006. Section change in system condition causes a progressive and
VII presents the overall conclusions of this research to prevent u l rop in voltag The main factor causing
such blackouts in future. instability is the inability of the power system to meet the
demand for reactive power. Voltage instability is the cause of
system voltage collapse, in which the system voltage decays to
a level from which it is unable to recover [1][2][4].
 SYSTEM
. o.>_\ ~ ~ ~ LINEUDR
iii. SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WAPDA POWER
The primary power system of WAPDA is operated at 500 kV
and 220 kV voltage levels in an interconnected manner while
the secondary regional systems within each load center are
operated at 132 kV and 66 kV voltage levels. The salient
characteristics of WAPDA power system are as below:
* Longitudinal system network topology with bulk hydro
generation in northern part and bulk thermal generation
from mid-country to southern part of the network
* Big load centers, e.g., Lahore, Gatti etc. remote from
bulk generation resources
* Seasonal variation in dispatch of hydro generation and
accordingly reversal in direction of power flows on
500kV lines in northern part of system
iv. ANALYSES TO INVESTIGATE SYSTEM COLLAPSE
In this paper, the following technical analyses have been
carried out to investigate system collapse of 24th September
2006 by using Power System Simulator for Engineering
(PSS/E) software package:al
* Power flow simulations to analyze system performance
under steady state conditions.
* Time domain simulations to analyze system
performance under dynamic conditions.
* Eigenvalue/Modal analysis to assess system damping or
,\
oscillatory behaviour.
In the existing power network of WAPDA, three
uncompensated 500 kV transmission lines, i.e., two from
G.Brotha hydro power plant (HPP) to Gatti, each line 310 km
long, and one line from G. Brotha HPP to Lahore, 346 km
long, are used to transfer bulk power during summer season
from northern HPPs of Tarbela and G. Brotha to big load
centers of Lahore and Faisalabad (Gatti) and further onwards.
In addition, fourth 500 kV transmission line is also under
construction from Rewat to Lahore.
A. System Condition prior to Collapse
It was a typical summer day on 24th September 2006 and the
total system demand of WAPDA, prior to system collapse at
1343 hrs., was 11160 MW and the northern hydro plants were
meeting 53% of total system demand. Tarbela and G. Brotha
HPPs, that mainly feed 500 kV system, were generating
3 688MW and 1000MW respectively while Mangla HPP, that
mainly feed 220 kV network, was generating 800 MW.
However, the 5O
However
the 500kV transmission line from
transmission line from G.
G. Brotha HPP to
to
Lahore was shut down from 0600 to 1400 hrs. on 24th
September 2006 for maintenance work. The 500 kV power
system network of WAPDA at that time is shown in Fig. 1.
With the above generation dispatch pattern, the remaining
two 500 kV transmission lines from Ghazi Brotha to Gatti were
loaded to 111l0 MW and 1129 MW (very close to their stability
limits), and there was no capacity margin on these lines to
allow additional power to flow safely. Tarbela and G. Brotha
HPPs were also feeding Rewat 500 kV substation having
2x450MVA, 500/220kV transformers through direct 500 kV
lines. Moreover, 167 MW power was flowing from ISPR to
Rewat on 220 kV DIG line. As a result, the transformers at
Rewat substation were loaded 9400 o their capacity before
Rewat_sustationwere_loded_94_to_thei_capaciy_befor
JAM|
\p
0
|ELA
Uy4
0
A
AX.S PoGEz
CAM
"vEAV A
FLOW
,AR
P
UliTA
OPEN
KHAJl
EXISTING 500kV POWER
SYSTEM NETWORK
sTiM
4YOUSAFWALA
0i5 '
iOF WAPDA
(on 24th Sept. 2006 at 1343 Hrs)
LEGEND
| BCO
Fig. 1. 500 kV Power System Network of WAPDA
on 24th September 2006 at 1343 hrs.
disturbance and after feeding their nearby areas of Rewat and
Islamabad, were supplying more than 600 MW to the load
centers of Gujranwla and Lahore in its south through 220 kV
transmission network, in association with generation of Mangla
HPP. In addition, the voltages at the receiving ends of Gatti
and Lahore were 1.03 and 1.01 p.u. respectively before
initiation of disturbance.
B. Power Flow Simulations and Analysis
The above steady state system condition, prior to
disturbance, has been simulated and later the effects of the
initiating disturbance on the behaviour of WAPDA system has
been studied in a systematic manner.
The sequence of events leading to blackout began just after
13:43 hrs. when one of the two 500/220kV transformers at
Rewat 500 kV substation was tripped due to an indiscriminate
relay operation, shown as tripping event-I (TE-1) in Fig. 2. It
resulted in overloading and subsequently tripping of the second
-parallel 500/220 kV transformer at Rewat (shown as TE-2). Next,
the afready enforced cross-trip scheme at Rewat associated with
the outage of 500/220 kV transformers at Rewat, automatically
tripped the 220 k<V D/C line from Rewat to ISPR (TE-3).
 The sequence of trippings (TE-1, 2 & 3) isolated the 220kV nearby areas and load centers of Gujranwala and Lahore. It
network between northern part and rest of the system from Rewat resulted in significant change in power flow pattern on northern
end. The above sequence of outages disconnected Rewat 500 kV 500 kV lines and 220 kV network in the above affected areas:
substation, which was serving as a source of bulk power for its
FPig2 FLOW 5 an snc LINE N flsfrSEu
t changes
* The load oneach of two G. Brotha to 5I kVM l ReTiEf powEr f5 lin
I T
increa fo
i ~~~~~~~~~5DO
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The load on these 500 kV linEs thei c Y ICElT T TI

~~~~~~11 [SUTRAC I

from 1100MW to10LMIuNtEhftn

increased 4 MVAERSUpDW to10PVREihoclltoso

M0RTHERS P GMT 114HRP0 R LUTE 0 2T CENTERO

*IAg ver lon rot of poeIorahlodcneso

Lahorand Gujranwala nthrou k koAPAhgh50kV

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in fian chne inpwrfosatrsseitrac
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to Gatti across nth 0 k ienrasdfo
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durin such emrecodtonths Vlie thatrboesuthedin volageiy
sustained~~~~~~~~~~~~LR oclainanreoeetool0.8puby scENltEry oes fetn ytmsaiiy nti ead
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loadscond. to rec loa cetr rcovey of thL systm repons fro 7 t 10 econs I ha bee evauate
I
indicaingvltagecollasHOe. oalwtewl-apdmde odeotadt tdh
C.Dyamie Siuation GjandwAalysi Timeug (seconds)fom
X L
second oafte initiattiono disurbdanc
aevre shownag inrigo acos3 Anl profile; of- the macine indicat that the systemi
these smlaiones adepict thwyami performancecofmWpDAtansientysal but sustasined osilain indcat the
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eoedsubne tolightlyAwith sustained oscillations.
traDnsmisso Smlaine. Thafetn fteditrac nth .EgnauAnalysis Tm scns
performance~~ of WAD ~ syte duin colpe(aecs)i Fhigenvaluyse/mprodmalcanalysdistrac
ofWPAS oe ystemolpe
sum maied doasbelow:mlaosovra e1d l1
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~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~fe disurbnc hasiaio bee carriednc outtoow furhe inesigt th
* Voltge atLahor 500 V busdippe to 06p.u withe results of dynmi smuation by computinthatte criticals
Thsustainedoscillation and reamcveredforaonl 0.68 p.u.ietl bybebtutie
A oscillatoymd()afcigsse tblty.ions tisdiregard,
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*Vlataerredce sLightly withsVustainpedosiltions.6 ..wt eut fdnmcsmlto ycmuigteciia

 The time response of each mode is of the form (eXt) where X
is the eigenvalue corresponding to that mode. For an
oscillatory mode, the eigenvalues lie in complex conjugate
pairs, i.e., X = c±+ jo. The real part (cG) and the imaginary
part(o) of an eigenvalue correspond to the damping and
frequency of oscillations of the mode respectively. The
eigenvalue can determine the stability of a mode such that the
negative value of real part indicates the damping of oscillations
with exponentially decreasing amplitude (stable system) while
the positive value of real part indicates undamped oscillations
with increasing amplitude (unstable system) [1]-[3]. Thus, for
a complex pair of an eigenvalue, the frequency of oscillation
and damping ratio of an oscillatory mode are calculated as [3]:
Frequency (f) = ' (1)
3200 MW tripped on over voltage and over frequency while
the rest of the system (mid-country and south) with the same
amount of generation deficit tripped on under voltage and
under frequency.
WAPDA power system collapsed due to its incapability to
transfer excessive power on the uncompensated 500 kV lines
from G.Brotha to Gatti due to the following problems:
Insufficient system damping resulting in sustained
oscillations (small signal instability).
Itnadeq ter vowe supportan.
theiload ters (oltage instablt)
In addition, there was no automatic control equipment installed
either at power stations or in the transmission system to control
the above phenomenon and prevent system collapse.

Damping Ratio ((7)(2) V. POWER SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

o)2+ w2 In this paper, the impact of the following automatic power
system controllers has been evaluated to resolve the problems
From the modal analysis of WAPDA power system, an of small signal and voltage instabilities faced by WAPDA
oscillatory mode with eigenvalue of -0.0133 + j 3.588 has been power system after disturbance that led to the collapse:
identified. The frequency of oscillation and the damping ratio a. Power System Stabilizer (PSS) installed at the generating
of this mode have been computed as 0.571 Hz and 0.001 stations
respectively. The presence of this inter area oscillatory mode b. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controller
with a very poor damping ratio confirms that the generators on
one side of the 500 kV lines from G. Brotha to Gatti were
oscillating against the generators on the other side of lines with A. Power System Stabilizers (PSS)
a frequency of 0.571 Hz after disturbance and WAPDA system Power System Stabilizer is a traditional, economical and a very
was experiencing the phenomenon of small signal instability,
effective controller to enhance small signal stability performance
E. Results ofAnalyses Identifying System Constraints that of the power system. This equipment is installed as a
Caused System Blackout supplementary control in the excitation system of a generator.
The function of a PSS is to add damping to the generator rotor
The operaton of WAPDA power system i general follows the oscillations, which is achieved by modulating the generator
criteria that under N-1 outage condition, i.e., the outage of any excitation so as to develop a component of electrical torque in
generating unit, transmission line or transformer etc., the system phase with rotor speed deviations [1], [2], [5]. The block diagram
should remain stabilized and continue to operate within limits. of speed input type PSS is shown as Fig. 4.
This N-I contingency provision, prior to system collapse on 24th
September 2006, had already been availed as one of the parallel B. FACTS Controllers
500 kV line in northern part of WAPDA power system was under FACTS controllers are power electronics based controllers
shut down and the remaining two 500 kV lines transferring bulk that can increase the loadability of lines or "distance" to
hydro generation in north to the mid-country load centers were voltage collapse. In general, FACTS devices are used for the
loaded close to their stability limits and
.. there was no margin in ~~~~~dynamic
g g
control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of AC
the system to handle any outage condition.
transmission lines. FACTS controllers can be divided into
The steady state and dynamic analyses depicting system shunt, series and combined series-shunt categories. The
performance after disturbance clearly indicate that the system commonly used shunt type controllers include Static Var
was not able to transfer additional power from north to mid- Compensator (SVC) and Static Compensator (STATCOM);
country load centers through two long 500 kV lines from Series type controllers include Thyrister Controlled Series
G.Brotha to Gatti. The high amount of active power on these Capacitor (TCSC) and combined series-shunt type controllers
500 kV lines was also associated with unusually very high include Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) [6]-[8].
amount of reactive power that resulted in the overloading and Considering the performance of WAPDA system during
tripping of these lines. The excessive power flows on lines, collapse where reactive power support is required to enhance
also resulted in huge voltage drop across them causing voltage voltage at the load center, a shunt type FACTS controller, i.e.,
collapse at the receiving end load centers of Gatti, Lahore and SVC has been selected for application as it is the most widely
Guj ranwa la. The trippin g of 5 00 kV lines com pletely isolated used shunt connected controller to resolve dynamic voltage
tenorthernnorher
partwhterst
WAPD
pat o
WADA
of system
ystm wit srlsgnration, ofe
a problems and thus increase system loadability [8]. The
wth suplu geeralOnofaccuracy and fast response enable SVC to provide voltage
control by supplying and/or absorbing reactive power to/from B. Effects ofSVC
the system [9]. The block diagram of SVC is shown as Fig. 5. The size, location and voltage level connection for SVC has
Vm been optimized through detailed analysis by evaluating
dynamic system performance after disturbance. As a result of
Speed STk +s 1tSTi the analysis, the +500 MVAR SVC at 220 kV bus bar of
Fi i I+ST0}8i1 ~+ST3 iT ST4i 4 Lahore 500 kV substation in the load center gives the most
optimum results. The dynamic performance of WAPDA
vift~ system with this SVC has been shown in Fig. 7 and its results
Fig. 4. Block diagram of PSS are presented as follows:
* Voltage at Lahore 500 kV bus reduces to 0.75 p.u.
during first swing and later recovered to 0.97 p.u. with
v K 1+ ST LT " sustained oscillations by end of 10 seconds.
l
+ ST 1l
+lST3 1 ST * Active power flow on lines rises during initial two
swings with large excursions. Power oscillations
B| 8continued with slight reduction in amplitude and are not
stabilized by the end of 10 seconds.
Fig. 5. Block diagram of SVC Reactive power flow on the line is significantly reduced
as compared with Basecase, i.e., its magnitude rises to
VI. PSS AND FACTS CONTROLLERS AS REMEDIAL 950MVAR during first swing and then reduced to
MEASURES TO PREVENT SYSTEM COLLAPSE 425MVAR during subsequent swings by the end of 10
seconds. Oscillation damping is, however, very poor.
In this paper dynamic analyses have also been carried out to Angle variations also indicate slight improvement
study the effects of PSS and SVC on WAPDA power system during initial swings but sustained oscillations of lower
after subjected to the same type of system disturbance, which amplitude are also observed by the end of 10 seconds.
isolated the 220 kV northern network that resulted into the
It is observed that with the application of SVC, the voltage
system blackout on 24th September 2006. The effectiveness of recovery
these automatic controllers, individually and in combination, osilaisiS is improved
pver significantly
ignicanti l butsgathe damping of
sthabit oft
has been evaluated to enhance the small signal stability and
voltage stability of WAPDA power system in order to prevent system is not improved adequately.
system blackout. C. Effects ofCombined Application of PSS andSVC
A. Effects of PSS The combined application of PSSs at the generators and
The dynamic performance of WAPDA power system, after +500 MVAR SVC at Lahore substation has also been studied.
system disturbance, with speed input type PSSs applied to the The dynamic performance of WAPDA System after
excitation system of the generators on each side of the critical disturbance is shown in Fig. 8 and the results of dynamic
500 kV lines from G. Brotha to Gatti is shown in Fig. 6 and the simulations are presented as under:
results of dynamic simulations are presented as under: * Voltage at Lahore 500 kV bus goes down to 0.81 p.u. in
* Voltage at Lahore 500 kV bus goes down to 0.74 p.u. the first swing and recovered to 0.987 p.u. by the end of
during first swing and later recovered to 0.896 p.u. by 10 seconds.
the end of 10 seconds. * Active power flow on line, after rise in the first swing,
* Active power flow on line rises during initial two stabilized during subsequent swings with excellent
swings. Later, active power oscillations damp down and improvement in oscillation damping 5 seconds onwards.
stabilized in subsequent swings. * Reactive power flow on lines is greatly reduced, i.e.,
* Reactive power flow on line significantly reduced as from first swing of 860 MVAR stabilized in subsequent
compared with Basecase. Reactive power after first swings to 400 MVAR from 5 seconds onwards.
swing of 970 MVAR stabilized during subsequent * Angle variations after initial rise also indicate excellent
swings to 570 MVAR by the end of 10 seconds. improvement in system damping with smooth reduction
* Angle profile also shows improvement is system in amplitude of oscillations from 5 seconds onwards.
damping with reduction in amplitude of oscillations The most optimum improvement in dynamic performance of
during subsequent swings indicating system WAPDA power system is achieved by applying both PSS and
stabilization by the end of 10 seconds. SVC, after subjected to system disturbance. By using these
Although, the system gets stabilized by applying PSSs at power controllers simultaneously, the system stabilized with
the generators, however, further improvements in terms of the fastest voltage recovery and highest degree of oscillation
voltage recovery as well as damping of oscillations are still damping. In other words, the effectiveness of PSS to improve
required to achieve satisfactory system performance. small signal stability and SVC to improve system voltage
stability has been demonstrated to mitigate the effects of vii. CONCLUSIONS
system disturbance and prevent system collapse/blackout. The conclusions of this research are summarized as below:
D. Summary ofEigenvalue Analysis The two long uncompensated 500 kV lines from G. Brotha
*
to Gatti transferring bulk power from northern hydro
The impact of PSS and SVC individually as well as in stations to mid-country load centers in WAPDA power
combination on improvement of small signal stability of the system, prior to disturbance, were fully loaded close to
system has also been studied and is presented in Table 1. The their stability limits as one ofthe parallel 500 kV lines was
eigenvalue analysis proves that the optimum system o aneac hton hr a osaiiymri
damping/small signal stability improvement is achieved with in WaPDtenanersystem Tohandlewasny otagtc daitgion
the simultaneous application of PSS and SVC:
in
WAD.oe
in the
ytmt adeayotg odto
absence of any automatic control device.
F-. n"" | * The steady state and dynamic analyses have demonstrated
Vf {1S %kfi f- M that WAPDA power system, after disturbance, was
t\\k_/z~>
incapable of transferring excessive power on the 500 kV
lines from G. Brotha to Gatti and experienced small signal
|SA
|instability due to insufficient system damping and
]a_ RELC 4 voltage instability due to inadequate reactive power
support at the receiving ends near load centers.
. The blackout of WAPDA power system occurred due to
B-<Tn]-ten
(seconds) T_ j j~~~~~~~ complete isolation of northern part with rest of the system
after tripping of 500 kV lines from G. Brotha to Gatti on
Time (seconds) overload and voltage collapse in mid-country load centers.
Fig. 6. System performance after disturbance with PSS * The effectiveness of power system controllers, i.e., PSS
and SVC has been demonstrated to mitigate the effects
of disturbance by increasing transfer capability of
-:/ / L f1 1 gr t t WAPDA power system through enhancement of small
_ N signal and voltage stability, and thus preventing the
- ,' ,, -T _system wide blackout. By using these power controllers
~ 9~
~~~~~~~~~~~~.. |imultaneously, WAPDA system stabilized Mwith the
most optimum voltage recovery and system damping.
The incidents of cascaded trippings of more than one
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _4C -] element can happen any time in a power system due to a
>__
1 1_ ,1u -1-= ,1 -1n-Tlvast1 number IL of uncertainties. However, the effects of such
incidents can be managed by the application of PSSs and
Time (seconds)
Fig. 7. System performance after disturbance with SVC FACTS controllers at the critical locations and, therefore,
system wide blackouts can be prevented.

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It<. [2]
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]-
_ [3] S. H. J. Zaidi, "The Significance of Small Signal Stability Analysis,"
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Fig.
System performance afterdistArbLE ce with PSS and SVC
8.
8. System performance after disturbance with PSS and SVC
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(G ±+ je))
i 0)) (Hz) Ratio_(E,)
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