Instructor: Engr.

Ali Ejaz
Department of Civil Engineering
Capital University of Science and Technology
 Course Contents/ Lecture Breakdown
1. Surveying Drafting and Computations
q Maps and plans, plotting contour maps, profiles and cross sections
q End areas and volumes, prismodial formula
q Area computations, area by graphical analysis
q Use of surveying software

2. Highway and Railway Curves

q Route surveys, circular curves, deflections and chord calculations
q Setting out circular curves by various methods
q Compound curves, reverse, vertical, parabolic curves
q Computation of high or low point on a vertical curve
q Design considerations, spiral curves, spiral curve computations
q Approximate solution for spiral problems, super elevations

3. Construction Surveys
q Introduction, horizontal and vertical control
q Buildings, rail roads
q Pipeline and other construction surveys
 Course Contents/ Lecture Breakdown
4. Hydrographic Surveys
q Objectives of hydrographic survey and electronic charting
q Vertical control, depth and tidal measurements
q Position fixing techniques
q Sounding plan, horizontal control

5. Control Surveys
q Geodesy universal transverse Mercator grid system,
q Modified transverse Mercator grid system
q Lambert projection
q Computations for lambert projection

6. Global Positioning System

q Background information, global positioning, receivers
q Satellites errors
q GPS surveying techniques and applications
q Survey planning, initial ambiguity resolution
q Vertical positioning
Text Book(s):
Surveying principles and Application, B
Kavanagh, 8th Edition.

Reference Book(s):
1. Elementary Surveying-An introduction to
Geometrics, Wolf P.R. & Ghilani C. D, 11th
Edition.
§ INSTRUCTIONS:

§ BE PUNCTUAL,
§ NO MOBILE PHONES,
§ BE ATTENTIVE,
§ FEEL FREE TO CLARIFY
IN CLASS OR IN OFFICE,
§ UNIVERSITY RULES ARE
TO BE FOLLOWED
§ STRICTLY, NO
RELAXATION
§ BRING YOUR
CALCULATOR
Ever wondered that
how
does Google Map
work?
§Each point on
earth is
referenced by
two numbers
named:
§Latitude
§Longitude
An imaginary axis about which the Earth
rotates
• Equator divides
the Earth
horizontally in
two equal halves

• Prime Meridian
divides the
Earth vertically
in two equal
halves
§Prime meridian
divides Earth into:
§ Eastern Hemisphere
§ Western
Hemisphere
§Equator divides
earth into:
§ Northern
Hemisphere
§ Western Hemisphere
Lines of Latitude are:
• Known as parallels
• Run in East-West direction
• Measure distance north or south of
Equator
• Parallel to each other and never meet
• Cross prime-meridian at right angles
• Lie in plane that cross the Earth’s axis
at right angles
• Longest at Equator and get shorter
towards poles
Lines of Longitude are:
• Known as meridians
• Equal in length
• Run in north-south direction
• Halves of great circles
• Meet at poles, farthest at equator
• Meet equator at right angle
• Measure distance east/west of
prime meridian
• Lie in planes that pass through
Earth’s axis
For Latitudes:
North of Equator is
positive
South of Equator is
negative

For Longitudes
East of Prime-meridian
is positive
West of Prime-meridian
is negative
During survey work,
The whole area is
divided into
geometrical figures
like rectangles,
triangles,
trapezoids etc.
An example of Cross-staff
survey
An example of Cross-staff Corresponding plan
 METHODS OF
COMPUTATION
OF AREA

REGULAR FIGURES
 METHODS OF
COMPUTATION
OF AREA

REGULAR FIGURES
1.By dividing area into triangles
Triangles are drawn to equalize
irregular boundary line.
Then, base and altitudes are
determined according to scale to
which plan was drawn.

Area of each triangle=

½*(Base*Altitude)
Total area=Sum of areas of all
triangles
2. By dividing the area into
squares

Approximate method
Squares of equal sizes ruled out on a
tracing paper.
Each square represents a unit area
The tracing paper is placed over the
plan and the number of squares
covered by the plan are counted.
Total area= Number of
squares*Unit area of 1 square
3. By drawing parallel lines and converting them
to rectangles
Series of equidistant parallel lines are drawn
on tracing paper
Tracing paper is laid on plan
Whole area is divided into strips
Curved ends of strips are replaced by
perpendicular lines

Total area= (Sum of lengths of all

rectangles)*Strip width
§ A large square or
rectangle is formed
within the plan
§ Then, ordinates are drawn
at regular intervals from
the side of square to the
curved boundary.
§ The middle area is
calculated by usual way.
The boundary area is
calculated according to one of
the following rules:
• The mid-ordinate rule
• The average ordinate rule
• Trapezoidal rule
• Simpson’s rule
1. MID-ORDINATE RULE
• Boundary between the ends
of ordinates is considered
straight.
• Ordinates are drawn at
equal intervals called
common interval.
ℎ" , ℎ$ , … , ℎ& = 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑂& + 𝑂&4"
ℎ& =
2
𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 = (ℎ" ×𝑑) + ℎ$ ×𝑑 + ⋯ + (ℎ& ×𝑑)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 = 𝑑×(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠)
2. AVERAGE
ORDINATE RULE

• Boundary between the

ends of ordinates is
considered straight
• Ordinates are drawn at
equal intervals.
𝑂" + 𝑂$ + ⋯ + 𝑂&
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 = ×𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 ×𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
3. TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

§ Boundaries between the ends of

ordinates are assumed to be
straight.
𝑶𝟏 + 𝑶𝟐
§ Thus, areas enclosed between 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ×𝒅
𝟐
base line and irregular 𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟑
boundary line are considered 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ×𝒅
trapezoidal. 𝟐
𝑶𝒏 + 𝑶𝒏4𝟏
𝒏 − 𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ×𝒅
𝒅 𝟐
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = × 𝑶𝟏 + 𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑶𝒏4𝟏
𝟐
𝒅
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = × 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 + 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 + 𝟐× 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔
𝟐
3. Trapezoidal Area (Cont…)

Total area= To the sum of 1st and last ordinates, add twice the sum of
intermediate ordinates. Multiply this sum by the common distance.
Then, divide the product by 2.

Limitation: There is no limitation in using this rule. This rule can be

used for any number of ordinates.
4. Simpson’s Rule
§ Boundaries between the
ends of ordinates are
assumed to form an arc
of parabola.
§ Also known as “
Parabolic rule”

𝑶𝟏 , 𝑶𝟐 & 𝑶𝟑 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

 4. Simpson’s Rule (Cont..)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝐹𝑒𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝐹𝐷𝐶
+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑒𝐷𝐸𝐹 … 1

2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑒𝐷𝐸𝐹 = ×𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝐹𝑓𝑑𝐷
3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 𝐸𝑒×2𝑑
𝑂" + 𝑂b
𝐸𝑒 = 𝑂$ −
2
𝑂" + 𝑂b
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝐹𝐷𝐶 = ×2𝑑
2
Putting in eq. (1)
𝑂" + 𝑂b 2 𝑂" + 𝑂b
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝐹𝑒𝐷𝐶 = ×2𝑑 + × 𝑂$ − ×2𝑑
2 3 2
4. Simpson’s Rule (Cont..)
d
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = b ×{𝑂" +
(4×𝑂$) + 𝑂b}
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑑
= × 𝑂b + 4×𝑂h + 𝑂i
3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑑
= × 𝑂" + 4𝑂$ + 2𝑂b + 4𝑂h + 2𝑂i + ⋯ + 𝑂&
3
𝒅
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = × 𝑶𝟏 + 𝑶𝒏 + 𝟒× 𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝟐× 𝑶𝟑 + 𝑶𝟓 + ⋯
𝟑
4. Simpson’s Rule (Cont..)
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ×{ 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 + 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝟑
+𝟒 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 + 𝟐 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

Limitation: This rule is applicable

only when the number of divisions
are even OR the number of ordinates
are odd.
It can be used for:
§ Offsetsare taken at
irregular intervals for
boundary area
§ Areaof any closed
traverse is required
From the given set of points, take any point
as the origin (Here, g is origin)
Coordinate Method (Cont.…)
Arrange your coordinates as follows

m 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 𝑦p 𝑥" + 𝑦" 𝑥$ + 𝑦$ 𝑥b + 𝑦b 𝑥h + 𝑦h 𝑥h + 0×0 + (0×0)

m 𝐷 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 = (𝑦" ×0) + 𝑦$ 𝑥" + 𝑦b 𝑥$ + 𝑦h 𝑥b + 0×𝑥h + 0×𝑥h + (𝑦p ×0)

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × m 𝑆 − m 𝐷
2
By Latitude and Meridian
Distance/Longitude (M.D Method)
• The meridian distance of a traverse
line is equal to the length of a line
running east to west from the
midpoint
of the traverse line to a reference
meridian.

• The reference meridian is the

meridian that passes through the
most westerly traverse station.
By Latitude and Meridian
Distance (M.D Method)
"
• 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = $ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
• 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 =
𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 +
" "
$
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 + $ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶
• 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷 =
𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 +
" "
$
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 − $ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷
By Latitude and Meridian
Distance
(M.D Method)
• For the initial traverse line in a closed
traverse, meridian distance/longitude is
equal to half of its own departure
• For each subsequent traverse line, the
meridian distance/longitude equals the
meridian distance of preceding line, plus one
half of the departure of the preceding line,
plus one half of the departure of line itself.
NOTE: It is the algebraic sum that results;
meaning that positive departures are added
while negative departures are subtracted.
By Latitude and Meridian Distance (M.D
Method)

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐿×𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐿 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑀×𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑀 +

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁×𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑁 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐽×𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐽 +
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝐾×𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝐾
The area within lines of a closed traverse is the algebraic of the products
of the latitude of each line with its longitude
Double Meridian Distance

• For convenience, it is customary to use Doubled Meridian Distance

(DMD) rather than Meridian Distance in calculations.
• M.D of initial traverse line equals half of its departure while D.M.D of
initial traverse line equals its departure.
• DMD of any subsequent line= DMD of previous line + departure of
previous line + departure of the given line

𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ×𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝑴𝑫 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆
𝟐