Late Magmatic ore Deposits

bikrambaruah (25) in geology • 9 months ago

The magmatic deposits which are formed toward the late close of magmatic period are called late
magmatic deposits.The late magmatic deposits contain those ore minerals which have crystallize at low
temperature from a residual magma .
The late magmatic deposits are formed due to one of the following :
Residual liquid segregation:

In certain mafic magmas residual liquid gets enriched in Fe,Ti and volatiles and settle at the bottom of
the magma chamber or crystallize in the interstices of the early formed crystal.

Residual liquid injection:

The iron-rich residual liquid accumulated in the above manner may be subjected to movement because
of:
a. Gentle tilting (causing lateral movement).
b. Pressure and be squirted out to places of lesser pressure.
In both cases it may be injected into adjacent rocks and even in the earlier consolidated parent silicate
mass.
Examples: Titanomagnetite Deposits, Adirondack Region, New York; Allard Lake Deposits; Magnetite
Deposits of Kiruna, Sweden.

Immiscible liquid segration:

Sometimes magma of an ore-and-silicate composition breaks down during cooling into two immiscible
fractions which accumulate to form liquid segregation deposits.
e.g. Sulphide minerals usually associated with platinum, gold, silver copper etc.

Immiscible liquid injection:

The immiscible liquid accumulations before consolidation when subjected to disturbances, get injected
into the surrounding rocks, forming immiscible liquid injection.
eg. Nickeliferous Sulphide Deposit of Sudbury (U.S.A.).

Alteration and replacement of the country rock due to invasion of magmatic emanation is called contact
metasomatism.
Deposits are usually calcareous.
Formation temp.: 400°-1000°c.
Operates at deep seated batholic masses of intermediate composition.
Eg.cassisterite,zinc,magnetite

Concentration of metallic minerals formed by precipitation of solids from hot mineral laden with water(
hydrothermal solution).
Mostly arise due to action of deeply circulating water heated by magma.
Condition to form
1.Presence of hot water to dissolve and transport.
2.Presence of interconnected opening.
3.Availability of sites.
4.Chemical reaction results in deposition.

Formed towards the end of crystallisation.

Occurs close to the roof magmatic masses.
Forms between 500°-800°c.

The are of two types:

Simple: made up of potash feldspar and quartz.
Complex: different zones can be distinguished in the rock indicating differentiation.
Occurs in dykes and veins .

Associated with volcanism and fumaroles.

Sublimates deposited at or near the surface at low PT.
Due to sudden cooling of vapours emanating from volcanoes

TYPES OF ORE DEPOSITS

APRIL 15, 2013 SANUJA SENANAYAKE
Notes: Not all ore deposits will contain secondary minerals. The epigenetic (different times) and
syngenetic (at the same time) is based on the time frame for the formation of the host rock and
the ore. Some ores cab be classified as both syngenetic and epigenetic.

Placer Deposit

Syngenetic
Primary: Gold
Secondary: Platinum, Uranium, Silver, diamonds
Other: NA
Host: magmatic basalt
Process: Magmatic intrusion and later transported by fluids
Examples: Gold Rush (India and any country river or flowing water)

Soil Deposits

Syngenetic and Epigenetic

Primary: Aluminum
Secondary: Iron
Other: NA
Host: Kaolinite
Process: Chemical and physical weathering due to erosion
Examples: in the tropical areas

Kimberlite Deposits

Epigenetic
Primary: Diamond
Secondary: NA
Other: Kimberlite Indicator Minerals (KIM)
Host: Kimberlite
Process: Formed in depths over 100 km under the temperature of 900 – 1200 C and high
pressure. Ideal conditions are in the old, cold, thick Archean (>2.5 Ga). Rapid igneous intrusions
known as Kimberlite pipes.
Examples: Ekati, Diavik and Snap Lake (unusual kim. sill), Canada

Mafic Igneous Intrusion Associated Deposits

Syngenetic
Primary: Nickle
Secondary: Gold, Copper, Molybdenum, (PEG)
Other: sulphides
Host: mafic and ultramafic magma and the type of rock depends on the degree of melting and the
type of country rock.
Process: Magmatic intrusions result in partitioning of elements and contamination of the melt by
assimilation of the host rock. Gravitation segregation of sulphur result in sulphide ore to form at
the bottom of the melt. It is also possible to produce this type of ore through the meteorite
impacts, rift/continental flood basalt-associated sills and dykes, volcanic flows and troctolite
intrusions.
Examples: Sudbury (meteorite impact-unusual), Voisey’s Bay and Thompson, Canada

Greenstone Related Quartz Veins

Epigenetic
Primary: Gold
Secondary: Silver
Other: Chlorite, Actinolite, Amphiboles
Host: quartz vein
Process: Intrusion of epithermal fluids and regional metamorphism. Usually associated with
areas of wide spread regional metamorphism.
Examples: Abitibi Greenstone Belt

Porphyry Deposits

Epigenetic and Syngenetic

Primary: Copper
Secondary: Molybdenum and Gold
Other: Chalcopyrite, Bornite, Chalcocite
Host: magmatic rocks, stockwork (veins and breccias)
Process: Intrusion of heavy mineral rich fluids in subduction zones (leading to hydrothermal
alterations). Stockwork texture, veins amd breccia are typical types of rocks. If the formation is
caused due to hydrothermal alternation, then the ore is classified as an epigenetic formation.
Examples: El Teniente, Chile

Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) Deposits

Syngenetic
Primary: Zinc, Copper, Gold, Silver, Lead
Secondary: Cobalt, Tin, Barium, Manganese, Cadmium, Selenium, etc
Other: Sulphides
Host: stockwork sulphides and ophiolite
Process: Magmatic process which result in geothermal fluids (“black smokers”)
Examples: Since they form in tectonic settings, it has an age range between the modern seafloor
materials to as far as 3.4 Ga. Therefore, the deposits are globally distributed along old and young
spreading centers.
Sedimentry Exhalative Deposits (SedEx)

Syngenetic
Primary: lead, zinc, silver
Secondary: barite, gold, copper, tungsten
Other:
Host: Underwater sedimentary rocks
Process: Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOE) hydrothermal fluids (“black smokers”)
Examples: Sullivan, Canada

Mississipi Valley Type Deposit (MVT)

Epigenetic
Primary: zinc, lead
Secondary: carbonate
Other: sulphides
Host: carbonate hosted sulphides
Process: precipitation from circulating groundwater at relatively low temperature (brines
transported)
Examples: edges of the sedimentry basin in Canada.

Unconformity Associated Deposit

Epigenetic
Primary: uranium
Secondary: lead, radium, cadmium, thorium and REE
Other: NA
Host: Uraninite
Process: Unconformities in the basins, but there are 14 different types have been identified. In
Canada, they are usually found in unconformities between Proterozoic silliclastic basins and
metamorphic basement.
Examples: Athabasca Basin, Canada

Mode of Occurrence of Orebodies -

Morphology and Relationship with Host Rocks

 Mode of occurrence of an ore deposit is important from the mining point of view.
 Sedimentary ore deposits are roughly tabular, most others occur in a variety of forms.
 In replacement deposits knowledge of the form, as also of the internal structure and its
relationship with the enclosing rock is important.
 Form the point of view of form & structure, ore deposits may be classified into two
broad groups:
 1. Syngenetic deposits – which have formed at the same time as the rock in which they
occur. They are sometimes part of the succession like an iron-rich sedimentary
horizon. They have formed by the same process and at the same time as the enclosing
rock, and
2. Epigenetic deposits - which are believed to have come into being after the host rock in
which they occur, e.g. a vein or a dyke. They have been introduced into pre-existing
country rock after its formation.

Morphology of Syngenetic Ore Deposits:

1. Magmatic Segregation Deposits: are either connected by transition with the host rock or
are contained within them. They are generally irregular, roughly spherical, more often
tabular or lenticular in shape. The width and thickness ranges from a few inches to a few
hundred feet, and the length may exceed one mile. Examples - Chromite deposits in
peridotites, titanic iron ore in anorthosites.
2. Sedimentary Deposits: are part of the stratigraphic sequence. They are generally of
tabular, sheet-like or flat lenticular form. Are horizontal if not disturbed, and are
frequently folded and faulted. Beds containing metallic ore are <20 ft. thick, coal beds
may be more than a hundred feet thick, and rock-salt, gypsum and anhydrite beds may be
several hundred feet thick.

Morphology of Epigenetic Deposits:

These have various forms. But among those that follow fissures (the fissure veins), the tabular or
sheet-like forms are the most common. Deposits in the zone of weathering are extremely
irregular and of limited extent.

1. Deposits in Limestones: Form depends upon bedding, fissuring, or contact with other
rocks. Replacement deposits in limestones are extremely irregular. They seldom form
large deposits.
2. Deposits in Metamorphic Rocks: In highly deformed metamorphic rocks, the ore deposits
occur in lenticular form. The deposits are characterized by the successive overlapping of
a number of lenses.

Morphology of Concordant Orebodies:

1. Concordant orebodies in sedimentary rocks are very important producers of many different
metals. They are particularly important for basemetals and iron. The orebodies may be an
integral part of the stratigraphic sequence (eg Phanerozoic ironstones) or epigenetic infillings of
pore spaces or replacement orebodies or syngenetic ores formed due to exhalation of
mineralizing solutions at the sediment-water interface. They usually show a considerable
development in two dimensions (parallel to bedding) and are limited in the third
dimension. Such deposits are referred to as stratiform. Stratabound ore deposits are any type of
orebodies, concordant or discordant, which are restricted to a particular stratigraphic
horizon. Concordant orebodies are found in different kinds of sedimentary rocks.
 Limestones: Basemetal sulfide deposits are often found in limestones. Increased permeability
due to dolomitization or fracturing, coupled with higher reactivity and solubility makes them
potential horizons for mineralization. Sometimes mineralization may occur as syngenetic
stratiform orebodies.

Argillaceous rocks: Shales, argillites, mudstones, slates are important rocks for concordant
orebodies eg Kupferschiefer of Germany (Upper Permian) is a copper bearing shale. Also the
Sullivan orebody of British Columbia occurs in Permian argillites.

Arenaceous rocks: Feldspathic sandstones (often altered), and alluvial gravels are hosts to
concordant ore deposits. Recent and fossil placers of gold, uranium and thorium are important in
rudaceous rocks.

Igneous rocks: Vesicular filling deposits, massive sulfide and volcanic exhalative deposits
commonly occur with extrusive igneous rocks, while platinum, chromite, magnetite, nickel and
titanium deposits occur as concordant orebodies in plutonic rocks.

Metamorphic rocks: Most concordant ore deposits in metamorphic rocks are sedimentary in
origin. They represent metamorphosed equivalents of deposits that originated as either
sedimentary of igneous deposits.

Morphology of Discordant Orebodies:

Discordant orebodies may be subdivided into those that have an approximately regular shape and
those which are highly irregular in their outline.

1. Regularly shaped orebodies: Regularly shaped orebodies are of two types – tabular and
tubular.

a) Tabular orebodies:These are extensive in two dimensions but have a restricted third
dimension. To this category belong the veins and lodes. Veins are considered to have resulted
mainly from the filling of open spaces, whilst the formation of lodes was due to extensive
replacement of preexisting rock. Since such a genetic distinction is often ambiguous, all tabular
orebodies are generally referred to as veins.

Veins are often inclined, and in such cases one can speak of hanging walls and foot walls. They
frequently pinch and swell as they follow up or down a stratigraphic sequence. Often only
swells are workable. An initial fracture in rocks changes attitude as it crosses lithologies of
different physical properties. When movement occurs to produce a normal fault, the less steeply
dipping sections are held against each other while the more steeply dipping sections are
dilated. When movement is reversed, the less steeply dipping sections are dilated.

b) These are relatively short in two dimensions but extensive in the third. When vertical to sub-
vertical, they are called pipes or chimneys. When horizontal or sub-horizontal they are
called mantos. In Eastern Australia, there are hundreds of pipes in and close to granitic
intrusions. Pipes may be of various types and origins – infillings of mineralized breccias in
 volcanic pipes are quite common e.g. copper bearing breccia pipes of Messina, S.
Africa. Mantos and pipes may be branched and the branches may be cross-connected. Mantos
and pipes are often found in association, the pipes frequently acting as feeders to the mantos.

2. Irregularly shaped orebodies: Irregularly shaped orebodies are of two types – disseminated
deposits and irregular replacement deposits.

a) Disseminated deposits: In these deposits, the ore minerals are dispersed throughout the body
of the host rock e.g. diamonds in kimberlite. In other deposits, the disseminations may be mainly
along close-spaced veinlets cutting the host rock and forming an intercalated network called a
stockwork. This kind of mineralization generally fades outwards into sub-economic
mineralization and the boundary of the orebody are the assay limits. They are therefore irregular
in form and may cut across geological boundaries. The overall shapes are cylindrical or cap-like.

Stockworks occur commonly in acid to intermediate plutonic igneous intrusions, but they may
cut across the contact into country rocks. Most of the world’s copper and molybdenum and
some tin, silver, mercury and uranium comes from such deposits.

b) Irregular replacement deposits: Many ore deposits have formed by replacement of preexisting
rocks, particularly carbonate-rich sediments. The replacement often occurs at the contact with
medium to large igneous intrusions (contact metamorphic or pyrometasomatic deposits). These
deposits are extremely irregular in shape, tongyes of ore may project along any available planar
structure – bedding, joint, fault etc. These orebodies are characterized by the development of
calc-silicate minerals such as diopside, wollastonite, andradite garnet and actinolite. For this
reason they are also called skarn orebodies.

The principal materials produced from pyrometasomatic deposits are iron, copper, tungsten,
graphite, zinc, lead molybdenum, tin and uranium.

Spatial Relations of Veins

Veins are tabular or sheet-like masses occupying fracture sets.

They are usually developed in fracture systems and therefore show regularities in their
orientation and mutual relationships.

The vein walls may be either sharp or gradational. Outcrops of veins depend upon their
mineralogy, surface conditions and the characteristics of the enclosing rocks. Depending on the
relation of a number of veins with each other and with the country rock, they have been
classified into a number of types:

Veins in relation to each other:

1. Veinlets or Seams: when the fissures are very small.

2. Composite Veins: veins irregularly connected and spread over a

considerable distance.

3. Vein System: a number of adjacent parallel veins.

4. Hammock Structure: when veins follow two or more sets of fractures

intersecting at an acute angle.

5. Linked Veins: a number of adjacent parallel veins connected by a

diagonal vein.

6. Sheeted Zone or Shear Zone: veins following fractures which are

closely spaced and parallel. The width of a sheeted zone is < 50
feet.

7. Stockworks: Irregular fractures in various directions along which

mineralization has spread.

8. Ladder Veins: Deposits filling short transverse fissures, sometimes

occurring in association with dykes.

9. Lenticular Veins: confined to schists. Sometimes formed due to

deformation

of older deposits.
10. Gash Veins: deposits filling non-persistent openings
 Veins in Relation to Country Rocks:

1. Bed Veins: those that follow bedding on sedimentary rocks.

2. Cross Veins: Veins crossing the bedding.

3. Chambered Veins: pinching and swelling of veins due to differences in

lithology of the country rock.

4. Horses: Large masses of country rock included in the vein material.

5. Contact Veins: when a vein follows a contact between two lithologies.

Magmatic Deposits / Prospecting Guidelines

Magmatic Deposits / Prospecting Guidelines

Abridged and adapted to HTML from Notes From The Prospecting School on the Web By Luca Riccio for
the B.C. & Yukon Chamber of Mine
Magmatic Base Metal Deposits
1.Chromite Deposits
2.Nickel-Copper Deposits
3.Platinum Group Metals PGM

Exploration (Prospecting) Guidelines

1.Exploartion for Chromite deposits
2.Exploration for Nickel-copper deposits
3.Exploration for Platinum deposits

Magmatic sulfide deposits fall into two major groups when considered on the basis of the value of their
contained metals, one group in which Ni, and, to a lesser extent, Cu, are the most valuable products and
a second in which the PGE are the most important.
The first group includes komatiite- (both Archean and Paleoproterozoic), flood basalt-, ferropicrite-, and
anorthosite complex-related deposits, a miscellaneous group related to high Mg basalts, Sudbury, which
is the only example related to a meteorite impact melt, and a group of hitherto uneconomic deposits
related to Ural-Alaskan–type intrusions.Most Ni-rich deposits occur in rocks ranging from the Late
Archean to the Mesozoic
PGE deposits are mostly related to large intrusions comprising both an early MgO- and SiO2-rich magma
and a later Al2O3-rich, tholeiitic magma, although several other intrusive types contain PGE in lesser,
mostly uneconomic quantities.
PGE deposits tend to predominate in Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic intrusions, although the limited
number of occurrences casts doubt on the statistical validity of this observation.
A number of key events mark the development of a magmatic sulfide deposit, partial melting of the
mantle, ascent into the crust, development of sulfide immisciblity as a result of crustal interaction,
ascent of magma + sulfides to higher crustal levels, concentration of the sulfides, their enrichment
through interaction with fresh magma (not always the case), cooling and crystallization.
Factors governing this development include

 the solubility of sulfur in silicate melts and how this varies as a function of partial mantle melting
and subsequent fractional crystallization,
 the partitioning of chalcophile metals between sulfide and silicate liquids, and how the results of
this vary during mantle melting and subsequent crystallization and sulfide immiscibility (degree
of melting and crystallization, R factor and subsequent enrichment),
 how effectively the sulfides become concentrated and the factors controlling this, and
 processes that occur during the cooling of the sulfide liquid that govern aspects of exploration
and mineral beneficiation.

Base Metals

Magmatic Base Metals Deposits

Chrome - Nickel/Copper - Platinum Group Metals (PGM)

Magmatic Deposits are so named because they are genetically linked with the evolution of magmas
emplaced into the crust (either continental or oceanic) and are spatially found within rock types derived
from the crystallization of such magmas. The most important magmatic deposits are restricted to mafia
and ultramafic rocks which represent the crystallization products of basaltic or ultramafic liquids. These
deposit types include:
1.Chromite Deposits

Chromite deposits are the end product of the separation of solid phases (Cr-rich spinets, (Fe, Mg) (Al,
Cr. Fe) 2O4) from a liquid and their accumulation into chromite-rich layers. The processes involved in the
formation of chromite layers are fractional crystallization and gravity settling. Chromite crystallizes into
mineral grains within the silicate liquid and, because they are heavier than the liquid, they sink to form a
cummulate layer at the base of the intrusive.
There are two main types of chromite deposits:

1. Stratiform and
2. Podiform.

Stratiform chromite deposits consist of laterally persistent chromite-rich layers (a few mm to several m
thick) alternating with silicate layers. The silicate layers include ultramafic and mafic rocks such as
dunite, peridotite, pyroxenite and a variety of others, less commonly gabbroic rocks. They are generally
found within basal portions of mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions of Archean age such as the Bushveld
Complex in South Africa. Canadian examples of stratiform chromite deposits include the Bird River Sill
deposits in Manitoba. These deposits contain substantial reserves of poor-quality chromite (average
10.7% Cr203). Podiform chromite deposits consist of pod to pencil-like, irregularly shaped massive
chromite bodies and they are predominantly found within dunitic (olivine-rich) portions of ophiolite
complexes. The rocks associated with podiform chromites are generally referred to as "Alpine-type"
peridotites and they are usually found along major fault zones within mountain belts.

2. Ni-Cu+/-Co Deposits

Ni-Cu Deposits are the end of a magmatic process known as "liquid immiscibility''. This process involves
the separation from the parental magma of a sulphur-rich liquid containing Fe-Ni-Cu. Upon cooling, the
sulphur-rich liquid produces an immiscible sulphide phase (droplets of sulphide liquid in silicate liquid,
like oil in water) from which minerals such as pyrrhotite (FeS), pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8, and chalcopyrite
(CuFeS2) crystalize. Typical magmatic Ni-Cu deposits tend to occur in embayments at or near the base of
their intrusive hosts.
They occur at the base of the intrusives because

a. immiscible sulphide liquids are heavier than silicate liquids and therefore sink to the bottom of
the magma chamber and
b. b) without the presence of sulphur, metals such as Ni become incorporated into silicate crystal
structures, such as pyroxene. Ni-Cu deposits are found in layered intrusions, stocks and
ultramafic sills and flows. The largest deposits are of Archean and Proterozoic age.

The ore in Ni-Cu deposits can be massive, net-textured or disseminated. Typical examples of Ni-Cu
deposits include the Sudbury orebodies (layered intrusion hosted), the Kambalda orebodies in Australia
(ultramafic flow hosted) and the orebodies in the Thompson District of Manitoba (ultramafic sill hosted).
3. PGM Deposits

Platinum Group Metals (Platinum, Pt; Palladium, Pd; Iridium, Ir; Rhodium, Rh; Osmium, Os; and
Ruthenium, Ru) have genetic affinities to both Ni-Cu-sulphides and chromites. However, while the
fundamental processes involved in the formation of Ni-Cu and chromite deposits are relatively simple,
the concentration and deposition of PGM appears to be a not too well understood, diverse sud
multistage process.
Several lines of evidence indicate that PGM can

 concentrate during high-temperature deposition of chromites,

 be incorporated into immiscible liquids,
 be remobilized and reconcentrated during metasomatic and hydrothermal activity.

To date significant PGM production has come from:

  The Merenski Reef of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa,
 .The Ni-Cu deposits of the Noril'sk-Talnakh District in the U.S.S.R.,
 By-product of several Ni-Cu deposits (Sudbury, etc.),
 Placers derived from zoned (Alaskan-type) uyltramafic intrusions (Columbia, Goodnews Bay,
Tulameen),
 .Metasomatic dunite pipes of the Bushveld Complex. The bulk of present world production
comes from the Bushveld and Russian deposits and most presently known reserves are within
Merenski-type environments (Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes).

The ores of the "Merenski" reef form thin (less than 1 m) but laterally persistent, disseminated,
sulphide-poor horizons within polycyclic mafic-ultramafic cumulate sequences one-third of the way up
from the base of the Bushveld intrusion. Principal ore minerals are pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite,
PGM sulphides, arsenides and tellurides. The Noril'sk-Talnakh orebodies are essentially typical Ni-Cu
deposits containing anomalously high concentrations of PGM (6 g/tonne material).

They occur at or near the base of complexely differentiated gabbro-dolerite intrusions (50 to 350 m
thick) emplaced during late Permian to Triassic time during rifting of the Siberian platform. The sills are
considered to be feeders to overlying plateau basalts.
The mineralogy of the ores include pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite and a great variety of PGM
minerals. Placers derived fromAlaskan-type intrusions are the results of the breakdown, transport and
concentration of Pt-Fe alloys mainly associated with Fe-rich chromite layers from the dunitic portions of
thse complexes.

The metasomatic dunite pipes of the Bushveld Complex played a significant role as high-grade platinum
producers during the early days of platinum mining in South Africa. They consist of central zones of Fe-
rich dunite enveloped by shells of dunite and pyroxenite.
The pipes which transect at right angles the critical zone of the complex, are 20 to 200 m in diameter
and contain axially located pay zones with surface dimensions not exceeding 20x25 m. The ores are
pegmatitic and may contain slabs of chromitite. Spot assays as high as 1,990 grams per tonne Pt. were
recorded from dunite pipes.
Before concluding this brief summary on PGM deposits, it should be stressed that most disseminated
sulphide zones carrying appreciable PGM values are characterized by:

1. Pegmatitic textures
2. the presence of hydrous minerals within otherwise anhydrous layered successions. These
features,which point to high fluid activity during magmatic segregation, are important
prospecting guides.
Exploration (Prospecting) Guidelines

Chromite Deposits

Stratiform:
1.Identify well layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions;
2.Prospect below the mafic cumulate portions of the intrusions (i.e. below the portion which is
completely gabbroic).;Podiform:& 1.Carefully prospect within all dunitic portions of Alpine-type
peridotites (Harzburgite-Dunite components of ophiolite complexes).

Ni-Cu Deposits

1.Prospect in the lowermost portion of layered and not so well layered mefic-ultramafic intrusions (both
cratonic and synorogenic), komatiitic flows and sills;
2.Pay special attention to embayments in basal contacts.

PGM Deposit

1.Identify layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions and differentiated sills (possibly cratonic);

2.Sample any sulphide-bearing material, especially if carrying visible pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite
mineralization;
3.If prospecting for Merenski-type occurrences, look for very thin (1 m) but laterally persistent
disseminated sulphide-bearing horizons within complexly interlayered peridotite-pyroxenite-troctolite-
anorthosite and gabbro sequences;
4.Look for sulphide-bearing material near contact zones of mafic-ultramafic complexes composed of
several intrusive phases;
5.Look for unusual textures and mineralogy. Namely look for pegmatitic textures and developmen