APPLIED MATHEMATICS

Exam 2

Please write down your computational steps or proof procedure clearly on the
answer sheets so that partial credits could be given.

1. (4%) Consider the gravitational potential V(x, y) = -

Jx2GM+ y2 , where G
and M are constants. The gravitational field is given by the negative gradient
of the gravitational potential. Find the gravitational field of V(x, y).

2. For the vector field A(x, y, z) = (xe-z, 4yz 2 , 3ye-z):

(a) (4%) Find the divergence of the vector field A.

(b) (4%) Find the curl of the vector field A.
3. (4%) Find k for which the following equations have a nontrivial solution.
\
kx + Sy + 3z = 0 \
\
\
Sx +y- z =0 0 '0 \
kx + 2y + z = 0

2
~ (a) (6%) Show that {v11 v2 } form a basis for IR .
(b) (3%) Show that the basis {v1 ,v2 } is an@$§rrribbasis.
(c) (3%) Expand the vector u = (2, 1) in terms of the orthonormal basis
{v1, v2}.
5. (4%) Consider the following functions defined in the interval -1 :::; x :::; 1:

Are f(x) and g(x) orthogonal?

6. (4%) Consider a matrix A and a vector v given by

Show tha.t.v is an eigenvector of A, and what is the eigenvalue? Also, calcu-

late ~

7. (4%) For a matrix A, if A- 1 = ( ~ ~ ) , what is the matrix A?

See the reverse side for additional problems

~IS '1-'0 IS '-......:>"'I~ ""'">'17 IS
:2 '-..... + (_-2_) -}).. t4-"'-
~)olt ~ 4--"'""'~
~ls ..._~~Js
8. In linear algebra, linear transformations can be represented by matrices.
(a) (4%) Construct the matrix P with respect to the standard basis {e 1 , e2 }
in ~2 that represents a ~n onto the line x + y = 0.
(b) (4%) Show that the projection matrix satisfies P 2 = P, and find det(P).
9. Consider the following two matrices

H = ( ~~i ~i) '

u= _1 ( 1 3i)
vff5 3i 1
(a) (2%) Determine whether the matrix His Hermitian.
(b) (2%) Determine whether the matrix U is unitary.
(c) (3%) Find the eigenvalues of the matrix H.
(d) (3%) Show that utsu =A, where A is a real diagonal matrix.
(e) (2%) Show that the trace of the matrix H is equal to the sum of its
eigenvalues.
(f) (2%) Show that the determinant of the matrix His equal to the product
of its eigenvalues.
10. Consider the real symmetric matrix

A= ( ; !1)
(a) (7%) Find the eigenvalu~s and the normalized eigenvectors of the ma-
trix.
(b) (2%) Show that the eigenvectors obtained in (a) are orthogonal.
(c) (4%) Construct a matrix Q by writing the normalized eigenvectors ob-
tained in (a) as the columns of the matrix Q. Also, show that the
matrix Q is an orthogonal matrix.
(d) (4%) Show that the eigenvalue decomposition of the matrix is given by
A= QDQT, where Dis the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements
are the corresponding eigenvalues.
(e) (4%) Show that the diagonalization of the matrix is given by D =
QT AQ. ....!_ ~

(f) (5%) Compute A2015 u 0 , where u 0 = ( ~ ) . Q= l ~ '7 j

JS ~
(g) (7%) The exponential of a matrix M is defined by the infinite series
M2 M3 oo Mk
eM =l+M+2!+3f+···= L kf•
k=O
where I is the identity matrix. Compute the exponential of the matrix
A. Also, find the determinant of eA. Is this equal to etr(A)?
(h) (5%) A quadratic equation is given by 2x 2 +4xy-y2 = 1. Transform this
equation into its canonical form (IH~~). Does this equation represent
a circle (1!1), ellipse ( 1!1), hyperbola (~at!~) or parabola (:tfm¥11~)?

I
qq
-30\-3\
Lr,
(o.)
CD h2
E2 -~

~ \ =-
- I
2- -~-2I "I tofo o-r i t1 de peMdet-~t

( ~, ~ )~ CA v, t- bv~ ~-1( )
0 ((A ' b) =- ( 'X~'4
t -x "' ~0\ _J2:2. b
:2..

\1'= ~CA-r-¥b ~t-'4 J V, 4- (

)

~-x
rfi
) V ~) 5p(}ln
2..
R
~ J2 l.

,fi -~ E_
~]~[I0 ~J~r
[~ J~JL-~
(b)
Ji.
'2.

)\ ( rB )'i- (,fi )"a. ~ \

2 2..
('4 ') ~+(J; ~~= \
-) or- -tho nor ml11 \ 6a..s 1s
(C J LA::: CA v, 1- bv L '>

J~ 0.- ~ b:: 2 -J-2

' -2.)
;JL Qt-JI
2_ "2
b= I

\_A:: _@2 rG v ' - rG2 v 2. ~

5 J_\ ")( fc:s/-1 )dx ~ +¥3x -xclx "+ cl 3 4
X - t) 1~1 :0 0
) or-thogoM\ V
b' -2>. -\ -3 \ 3- 4-:A "t 1\ '\.
~-A 3 ; -"A(_3-/\}(1-fi.)~~-b(3-:A)f2(l-~')-t3A
-2 I l-fi
3
=-'A 3 +4-A'- ?,A-\ 8 t b>. -t L -) j,-t- 3)1"' - A -t 4)1... T 4-A -1 6
= -)\:2.('\-4) -t4-('A-4-) ~-(At'2)(A-2)(~-4)
-? -1 - 31
-2 ~ -~ ) [_II ~ J _:) [II J
J
"'"-2 ,
l
1
"> 2.
2 , 2 -1
I )
1 (A-If'= 8~q(-~ ~~ ~ a~±);A
8.
(o-)
P=[UJ

det ( P) "' ~ - ~ "'0

(c)

3\J , 1 1 - , 1 [1 3 '~J
I =10 l_:-33· l l j 31 I

(e) tr-(1-\) = 10+"2 = 12 =\ tl 4

CJ) det (H) ~ 2 0 -9 ~I I : : I x I \ ~

10,
<CA) j 2-r. 2
\- -2 t/\-27'+:A 4 -4 ="A "2--~ -b== (/\-3)(/\+2) =o
2 -1-:A

-\

(cj ::1

[ ~ 0l [-2 J 0
0

~
0
" 0 .!2f b "'
5
(::('> [s 1 = [[-2)
. ~IS
t 4-xj
">oi.S
+ )(-2)
-z..o1S
-r2x 5
>'DIS J
5 j
c-~) c-2 1~~5 -t ))< 3 c- 2 )t)l5 >oiS

-
-[_
2 ~IS + bX
2_:>-01~ + X
IS] [ 2
3 >oiS"
-+ 21 (-2)

= _j'-01 b +
'X)I$
+3
+ 2X "L>olb
:J
~>DI b
1

~-4- 6 4- ~b
det(eA )~ 25I ( 4~,_e -t-\6 -r~-+ - t8e-4~)

=-~ (2se) ==
2.5

etrA ::= e~+3

e ~) de1- l e ) ~ e
A trA
(h) [- ~~9 -+Sih9l[ x;] :::[~ J,
-s,ne CDS8 J ta ~

--Lt {rxo. 'X'co~9i~'s~n8

( ~:: -x' s'1n8 +~' c,o~e

2 ~~z. C.0~ 8 + 2 x'~' CJv~9 s1n8 i ~,2. sm~)

2

+ 4- (-'X'' w~G sih9 -r )('~' eote- X~~ sin,e -r ~~ Sin9 co ~e)

- ('X'' s'1h8 -2 x ·~'co~gs\h8 -r~'\:,o~ g)
2

~ (2-x'~-~' 1 )cos~ t 6i~'GO~es~)'\e -t ( ~·l_x')) sin)e

-T 4 ( ~~2_ X11 J GOS9 &in9 T 4 x'~' (Co)~ -S\h>-8)

~ x'~J 1.~ =0
bc.o~9 sinG -t 4 (Go~ 13- sm~)
" 6 sm28 + 4 Go~ 2.9 ' sin~G· -t ,

'""'\ I "2. I I \A I "2...

--.::.X
. -t-c
s