Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de cada
texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación en
inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability,
and other important considerations. Each form of business organization has
its own advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select
the one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business.
Selection of an appropriate business organization is a task that requires
accounting and legal expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships are
as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires
little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of the business
name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep
accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss statement for the
business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C, Internal Revenue
Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar year and can use the
cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations versus

other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate lower

than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import business
can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other sources. Sole
proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt retirement accounts.
(Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought to
protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the owner
may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the death or
disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.
VOCABULARIO SIGNIFICADO
advantages: circumstance or situation ventajas: circunstancia o situación que da
that gives superiority in something superioridad en alguna cosa.
disadvantages: circumstance of being desventajas: circunstancia de ser peor o
worse or being in a worse situation on estar en, pero situación una cosa
thing with respect to others or the respecto a otras de la misma naturaleza
same nature with which it is compared, con la que se compara. situación menos
less favorable situation in which a favorable en que se halla una persona o
cosa respecto a otras con la que se
person or thing is with respect to other compara
with which it is compared
attorney: person legally authorized to abogado: persona legalmente
advise and defend the rights and autorizada para asesorar y defender
interests of another person in legal los derechos e intereses de otra
matters and represent it in a lawsuit persona en material jurídica y
representarla en un pleito
sin: indicates lack or lack of something without: indica falta o carencia de
material or immaterial alguna cosa material o inmaterial
proprietorships: property rights propietarios: derecho de propiedad,
in the right, the domain or property, is en el derecho el dominio o propiedad,
the direct and immediate power over a es el poder directo e inmediato sobre
n object or good, by which is attributed un objeto o bien, por la que se atribuye
to its owner the ability to dispose of it, a su titular la capacidad de disponer
without further limitations than these del mismo, sin más limitaciones que
imposed by law las que imponga la ley
Returns: the return is the act of giving devoluciones: las devoluciones es el
something back to someone. it is a acto de entregar algo nuevamente a
process that is based on a certain alguien. es un proceso de se sustenta
good that was delivered with some en una derecho de posesión de una
type of specific objective determinada persona con respecto a
un determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo de objetivo
específico.
applied: that puts effort, interest and aplicado: que pone esfuerzo, interés y
perseverance in the accomplishment constancia en la realización de una
 of a work accomplishment of a work or
in the development of an activity,
especially in, the study
loans: a loan is an operation by which
a financial institution puts at our
disposal a certain amount of money
through a contract
skills: the ability is the innate aptitude,
talent, skill or ability that a person
holds to carry out and of course with
success, certain activity, work
Losses: small amount of blood or
discharge from the womb that is
abnormally expelled outside of the
menstrual period.
upon: heritage prefix of Latin origin that
enters the formation of manes with the
meaning of above, besides
judgment: faculty of understanding, by
virtue of which man can distinguish
good from evil and true from false
income: amount of money earned or
collected
Little: that has a smaller size tan
normal
sole: it applies to one or several thing
of which or of whose species there are
no others
trabajo o en el desarrollo de una
Actividad, en especial en el estudio
préstamo: un préstamo es una
operación por la cual una entidad
financiera pone a nuestra disposición
una cantidad determinado de dinero
mediante un contrato
habilidades: la habilidad es la
aptitudes innata, talento, destreza o
capacidad que ostenta una persona
para llevar a cabo y por supuesto con
éxito, determinado Actividad, trabajo
perdidas: cantidad pequeña de sangre
o flujo procedente de la matriz que se
expulse anormalmente fuera del pero
menstrual
sobre: prefijo patrimonial de origen
latino que entra en la formación de
nombres con el significado de por
encima de además de
juicio: facultad de entendimiento, por
cuya virtud el hombre puede distinguir
el bien del mal y lo verdadero de lo
falso
ingresos: cantidad de dinero ganada o
recaudad
pequeño: se tiene un tamaño menor
de los normal
único: se aplica a una o varias cosas
de las cuales o de cuya especie no
hay otras

3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al

interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se puede
encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.
 how to carry out a business
 there are different forms of commercial organizations
 the director controls all export and import operations
 the sole proprietors are simple and low in costs
  the owners are in charge of making all the decisions
 the individual companies are governmental
 the individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga transcripción
literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a presente
progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

how to carries out a business how to Carrie sing out a business
there’s are different forms of there´s are differencing forms of
commercial organizations commercial organizations
the director controls all export and the director controlling all export and
import in costs import operations
the sole proprietors are simple and the sole proprietors are simple and low
lows in cost in costing
the owners are in charges of make all the owners are in charge of making all
the decisions the decisions
the individual companies are the individual comparing are
governmental governmental
the individual owners have a lower rate the individual owners having a lower
than the tax rate rate than the tax rate
the owners are responsible for their the owners are responsible for their
business business

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms of commercial
organizations since the director controls all export and import operations, where
the sole proprietors are simple and low in cost and make all the decisions in front
of the business. Individual companies are governmental and have a lower rate than
the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its legal bases will
apply a better export or import in order to provide the company with better quality
and good recognition at the international level and to conquer or reach large
countries for its advertising and industry growth
Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de
formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato .doc
o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades propuestas,
saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.