Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
User Manual
Marth 2014
[Program Setup: Install the downloadable version 4.0 version of DAYSIM, then copy the
DAYSIMps files into the Daysim\bin_windows folder, replacing any existing files.] 1
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Start DAYSIM but executing the shortcut to the DAYSIMps.jar file in the
Daysim\bin_windows folder.
[1] To begin creating a new file, select FILE then NEW.
[2] Enter the path and name of the project header file you would like to use,
then click OK. The .hea extension is required.
TIP ‐ In most cases, it is best to create a new folder on your hard drive in which
the header file and all associated files for this project will be located.
Otherwise, you will have files from multiple projects in the same folder.
Make sure there are no “space” keys in the folder name, header file name
and any project related file names. (Only letters and numbers are allowed.)
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[1] Select SITE then LOAD CLIMATE FILE.
[2] Select the type of weather file, .EPW or .WEA, that you have downloaded
and have available for your site, then click next and browse for your file.
A good source for .EPW files is:
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data.cfm
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[1] Select an appropriate time step. For a faster analysis, select 60 minutes. If
you select a shorter time period, sky conditions will be permitted to fluctuate
about the values provided in the weather file.
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[1] Under the BUILDING tab, select IMPORT OCCUPANCY FILE to load a DAYSIM
.occ file that lists the hours of operation for the space. More details on the
structure of this file are provided on the following page.
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Occupancy File Format
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An occupancy file (.occ) is an ASCII text file
indicating when the space is occupied with
the lights in operation and lists these
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operating conditions over the entire year.
The days of the week are entered into this
file as Mo, Tu, We, Th, Fr, Sa, Su. The first
line of the file [1] initializes the year based
on the day of the week that should be
assigned to January 1.
[2] Enter different spans of dates to specify
occupancy based on the days of the week,
with the hours of the day ranging from 0‐24
as shown. Occupancy can range from 0 to 1,
with 1 indicating occupancy 100% of the 3
time during this time interval. Fractions of
full occupancy are applied to the annual
energy calculations that DAYSIM performs.
Daylight autonomy and threshold
illuminance calculations will be performed
for times that have occupancy of 50% or
greater.
[3] Schedules for individual dates, such as
holidays, may also be entered.
Daylight savings time is likely to be a future
addition, but must be entered as a change to
the schedule at the present time.
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[1] Select BUILDING, then IMPORT 3D BUILDING MODEL, then select one of the
available formats.
[2] If you are using the .rad format, you can build your model in AutoCAD, then
use DXF2RAD (http://www.schorsch.com/download/dxf2rad/) to convert the
polygons in your.dxf file to the .rad format. It is best to build models as 3dfaces.
You will then need to add Radiance material descriptions at the beginning of the
.rad file, or in a separate .rad file. With dxf2rad, layer names are converted to
material names by placing an “l_” in front of the AutoCAD layer name. For
example, polygons in a layer named “floor” will be assigned a material name that
is “l_floor”. Material descriptions and formats can be found at the Radiance
website: http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/refer/ray.html#Materials. Most models
can be constructed using the plastic, glass, and trans materials. A Microsoft Excel
file, trans_input.xls, is located in the Daysim\bin_windows folder to assist you in
the creation of trans material input values.
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[1] To import a building model, browse to add the .RAD files for the base room
model (adjustable interior blinds or shades will be added later). You can select
more than one file at a time using the CTRL key. [2] Click on ADD FILE once you
have the files selected. [3] After all files have been added, click on IMPORT
BUILDING DATA INTO EXISTING PROJECT.
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[1] After a few seconds, your building/room model should appear on the
screen. You can change the VIEW POINT and UPDATE VIEW to view the
model from a different angle. If your building is rotated under the
BUILDING tab, it will be rotated within this view.
[2] Select the appropriate IMPORT UNITS, then select CONFIRM. Next,
select the DISPLAY UNITS you would like DAYSIM to display. [3]
[4] Click on CREATE ANALYSIS POINTS to create an analysis grid across the
space, or enter the name of an existing point file under LOAD ANALYSIS
POINTS [5].
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When creating a new Sensor Point File, you first need to select the layers that
contain the floor materials to define the shape of the area over which the
analysis points should be placed by listing them under the FLOOR MATERIALS
pull down menu [1]. DAYSIM will include layers containing polygons that lie on
the ground plane as a starting point, in which case exterior ground polygons may
also be listed. You must transfer exterior ground material or other layers from
the FLOOR MATERIALS list (left side) to the ROOM MATERIALS list (right side)
using the arrow keys [2] and the pull down menu.
[3] Next, complete the x, y and z entries for GRID SPACING, GRID OFFSET (x and
y position relative to the lower left starting point on the drawn image, and the
appropriate z position/height within your model – z is not relative), and the
SENSOR ORIENTATION. Note that the Z grid spacing is generally 0, otherwise
points in different columns of analysis points will be placed at different heights.
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[1] When you click on CREATE GRID, the point locations will appear in the
graphic image.
[2] If the layout is acceptable, click on SAVE and enter a name for the .PTS
file. To revise the points, enter new grid data and click on CREATE GRID
again, then SAVE the resulting analysis point locations to a file.
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[1] To include operable shading devices in your room model, you can click on
ADD GROUP Æ ADD SETTING, browse to add the .RAD files for the first group
shading settings, click on SAVE once you have files appropriately selected as
you want. [2]
Repeat ADD GROUP Æ ADD SETTING to add the second group if necessary.
These .rad files should describe the blinds, shades, etc. that are to be added to
the window apertures and include their material descriptions, unless these
materials have already been defined in the main room model. Avoid including
polygons in the shade files that will intersect polygons in your base room
model. 12
1
[1] The building model you entered can be rotated under the BUILDING
menu. Building rotation will only appear in the 3D view on this screen. All
other plan views of the space will display the room in an unrotated position,
with a North arrow indicating the direction of polar North.
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After entering the room and analysis points, you will need to describe the
electric lighting system. First, select LUMINAIRES, then CREATE NEW
SCHEDULE [1].
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Click on ADD LUMINAIRE TYPE [1] , then complete the cells on the entry line.
TYPE [2] refers to a schedule label for this luminaire. BF MIN [3] is the
minimum dimming level for the ballast or lamp and POWER MIN [4] is the
input power at the minimum dimming level. If a standard non‐dimming
ballast is being used, BF MIN should remain blank. Include all light loss
factors (except the ballast factor) in the OTHER LLF’s column [5]. You may
enter as many luminaire types as you wish. When finished, click on SAVE
TABLE [6], then click on LAYOUT TABLE [7].
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In the layout table screen, luminaire locations are specified through arrays
(columns and rows) of luminaires. Click on ADD LUMINAIRE TYPE [1] to get a
new entry line. Enter the luminaire type [2], then enter the X,Y, and Z
coordinates for the lower left luminaire in an array, then the number of
columns and rows followed by the spacing to use [3] . Z‐spacing can be used
to increase or decrease luminaire height from row to row (moving in the Y
direction). Avoid placing luminaires outside the room, particularly in the z‐
dimension. Note that Z‐spacing for a luminaire array will typically be zero.
IMPORTANT – Luminaire locations are entered in the model coordinate system
that is present in the model .rad files. If luminaires are inadvertently placed
outside the room, they will appear outside the shaded floor area.
Luminaires can be rotated within the grid or the entire grid can be rotated
about the lower left luminaire [4] . Positive tilt raises the luminaire nadir in 16
the zero‐degree horizontal photometric plane. Spin rotates the luminaire
about its axis after it has been tilted.
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Control zones are groups of lighting equipment that will be controlled together.
Select the control zones from the pull‐down menu in the ZONE column [1]. Up
to four possible lighting control zones are permitted in a single DAYSIM run.
You will be able to turn individual zones on and off later after they have been
analyzed. Different luminaire layout lines in the table may refer to the same
control zone. The graphic image illustrates the luminaire locations within the
room and differentiates control zones by the color of the luminaire.
Currently, only one zone may be dimmed at a time.
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After the luminaires have been entered, you are now ready to run a
simulation. Double‐click on SIMULATION [1] to view the Radiance parameter
settings [2], which may be changed to fine tune the analysis. The default
conditions should be satisfactory for most runs. Select RUN SIMULATION [3]
to start the calculation process.
For a relatively fast calculation to validate that a model appears to be working
and for general tutorial purposes, ambient bounces may be reduced to 3 or 4,
ambient divisions may be reduced to 300 and ambient resolution reduced to
150 to speed up the run.
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DAYSIM will ask you to confirm which calculations are to be performed [1],
and whether you want to start the calculations immediately or run them
later in batch mode [2]. Once the daylight calculations begin, a DOS
window will appear [3] that shows the Radiance operations in progress.
This process will likely take a few minutes, and longer when multiple blind
conditions or large, complex models are being considered.
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When the calculations are complete, the program will return to the calculation
parameters screen. Select ANALYSIS, then CONTOURS, then ILLUMINANCE [1] to
view the system’s performance.
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When the calculations are complete, the program will return to the calculation
parameters screen. Select ANALYSIS, then CONTOURS [1] to view the system’s
performance in terms of either Illuminance contours [2], Daylight Factor [3],
Daylighting Autonomy (DA), Continuous Daylight Autonomy (DAcon), or Useful
Daylight Illuminance (UDI) (these final three are all available under the Continuous
Daylight Autonomy tab [4]).
Threshold Illumination [5] permits a full annual analysis of the entire work plane
sensor grid to evaluate the fraction of time that total illuminance from daylight and
electric lighting is either above or below a selected target point. All times with an
occupancy value of 0.5 or higher are included in this analysis. This analysis can only
be performed following control algorithm selection, calibration and processing.
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After selecting illuminance contours and most of the other types of analysis, you
will be asked to indicate the daylight condition to display. Select the desired date
and time [1]. You can also select between the weather file and a standard clear
and overcast day [2] (clear & overcast skies are not yet operational).
If you have only entered a single shade or shades on a single window group (the
window groups are designated above by Shade 1 and Shade 2), only those data
entry cells will used.
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The SIGNAL is that of an open‐loop photosensor which considers the daylight
received by that device under the base case. A photosensor file, location and
orientation [2] must be entered, along with the photosenor signal that will activate
the first and second shade setting [3]. When using SIGNAL mode, the first signal must
be the smaller of the two signals. When facing downward, the 0 degree angle azimuth
angle on the photosensor is facing to the East in the plan view of the room.
For solar ANGLE control [4], the solar profile angles below which the first and second
shade conditions are to be applied must be entered. The first angle (Ang 1) must
have a higher solar altitude angle than the second (Ang 2).
To consider both signals and angles in determining which shade setting to apply, a
setting will be applied when the sun is below the profile angle and the listed signal is
exceeded. Ang 1 must be larger than Ang 2, with no restrictions on the signals.
After entering the shade control information, click on CALCULATE [6] to apply this 23
control algorithm to the daylight conditions.
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Daylight Autonomy consists of an annual analysis to determine the fraction of the
occupied time when daylight levels exceed a specified target illuminance [1]. Press
the CAL button [2] to process the data and revise the contour graph for a new
target illuminance entry. Spatial daylight autonomy is displayed above the room
graphic. [3] The times considered are all times with an occupancy of 0.5 (50%) or
greater.
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Continuous Daylight Autonomy consists of an annual analysis to determine the
fraction of the occupied time when daylight levels exceed a specified target
illuminance, with partial credit assigned for times when a portion of this value is
met by daylight [1]. Press the CAL button [2] to process the data and revise the
contour graph for a new target illuminance entry. The times considered are all
times with an occupancy of 0.5 (50%) or greater.
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Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) determines the fraction of the year that daylight
falls between a given range of values. [1]. Press the CAL button [2] to process the
data and revise the contour graph for a new target illuminance entry. The times
considered are all times with an occupancy of 0.5 (50%) or greater.
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If you have selected to view illuminance contours, the next window to appear is
for the Electric Light Settings. If this is the first appearance of this window, you
will need to ADD a new control setting [1]. You will then see a table listing the
electric lighting zones. Initially, control zones should be set to ON in the second
column [2]. After selected a critical task location, which will be described on
the following pages, you can add a photosensor to the lighting zone being
controlled.
When you are ready to view the contours, click on CONTINUE [3].
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This screen displays illuminance contours for daylight across the space at a
specified date and time. You may view daylight or electric light alone, or in
combination, by clicking on the appropriate boxes [1]. The contours and pseudo
color shading may be toggled on and off separately [2] along with a color bar scale
[3]. Each colored box In the image represents the value at one analysis point.
Finer point spacing will provide higher resolution and smoother shading, but will
take longer to calculate. In the upper left corner, you can advance the time
condition one step at a time [4], or you may change the date and time manually
using the SET DAYLIGHT button [5].
Note that a small arrow appears in the upper left corner of the room indicating the
location of the polar north direction [6]. As the room model is rotated under the
BUILDING tab, this arrow will rotate to show the polar north location. Data on the
shading devices and luminaire zone settings are also provided [7].
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This screen shows illuminance contours for the electric light distribution across
the analysis grid (i.e., only electric light is turned on) [1].
If you wish to change the values assigned to the contours, click on CUSTOMIZE
DISPLAY [2].
Currently, if you remove both electric light and daylight from the display you will
need to click the COLOR and CONTOURS button after requesting one or the other
to be redisplayed [3].
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In the Customize Display screen, settings such as the contour font size and values
may be changed. Dimming level settings for the analysis of the critical task point
may also be modified.
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In order to calibrate a photosensor that will control an electric lighting zone,
you must first indicate the critical task point to be used for calibrating the
system. Turn on daylight and all electric lighting zones, then click on the
CRITICAL POINT checkbox [1] to begin this process.
Next, select the lighting zone that will be dimmed or switched [2]. Input the
target illuminance you would like to maintain at the critical work plane point,
then click the CAL button [3]. Contours of the dimming level required from
the selected lighting zone to achieve the target illuminance at each analysis
point within the room will appear, A small black square [4] indicates the
point requiring the highest light output from the controlled zone. If the
selected time provides too much daylight, no contours may be displayed.
You may enter an illuminance threshold [5] to have DAYSIM consider only
points that receive an illuminance greater than this value from the controlled
lighting zone in selecting the critical point. Open the CP Tool [6] for further
refinement and to locate the critical point. Move the X to the desired 31
location and click on the SET CP button to finalize the point location, which
will turn the X black.
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The gray area on this screen [1] represents the area that receives less than
100 lux from zone 1 since an illuminance threshold has been entered (the
critical point will not be located at positions where the controlled lighting
zone provides illuminance below this value). The square [2] is the point
requiring the highest output from zone 1. When you open the CP Tool, you
will see a white X on your screen, typically at the location of the square.
Move this X to the work plane location at which you wish to place the critical
point using the arrow buttons [3]. Click SET CP [4] and the X will turn black,
indicating the location of the critical point. You can eliminate additional
points, columns, or rows of data from consideration for this critical point
using the masking tool [5]. Points or areas that have been masked will
appear gray.
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After locating the critical work plane point to use for calibration, select the SET
ELECTRIC button on the contour screen to display the window shown here.
Change the control for the desired zone to either DIMMED or SWITCHED [1].
Note that only one zone can currently be controlled via a photosensor. For the
controlled zone, enter the location and orientation of the photosensor [2], then
import a photosensor distribution file [3]. When facing downward, the 0 degree
angle azimuth angle on the photosensor is facing to the East in the plan view of
the room.
When in DIMMED or SWITCHED mode, the CONTINUE button will be inactive
until signals are calculated, a control algorithm is selected, and the system is
calibrated.
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After the sensor signals have been calculated, you are ready to select and
calibrate a control algorithm. Select one of the standard control algorithms from
the pull‐down menu [1], then click on the CALIBRATION button [2] to set up the
control algorithm. The daylight condition applied in calibrating the photosensor
is important and will be the one that last appeared in the contour window. For
dimming systems, the daylight condition must require a dimming level for the
dimmed lighting zone that is above the minimum setting (BFmin). It is best if it
is close to the minimum value (below 50% light output).
The calibration windows for the different control algorithms are shown on the
following pages.
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This is the input window for an OPEN LOOP DIMMING control algorithm.
This algorithm assumes the photosensor receives no signal from the
electric lighting system at night and provides full light output at this signal.
Enter the target illuminance [1] for the daytime calibration condition,
then select UPDATE [2] and SAVE [3]. You may change the daylight
condition using the RESET button [4] on the right. If the control algorithm
is to also turn the controlled zone off after it reaches the minimum
dimming level, click the OFF CONDITION box [5].
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Here is the input window for a CLOSED‐LOOP PROPORTIONAL DIMMING control
algorithm. This algorithm requires a nighttime target illuminance [1] as well as a
target illuminance at the critical point under the selected daylight condition [2].
Enter these two values, then select UPDATE [3] and SAVE [4]. You may change
the daylight condition using the RESET DAYLIGHT CONDITION[5] button on the
right. If the system will turn the controlled zone off after reaching the minimum
dimming level, click the OFF CONDITION box [6].
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This is the input window for a CLOSED‐LOOP CONSTANT SETPOINT
DIMMING control algorithm. The algorithm requires entry of a
photosensor signal [1] that the control system will attempt to maintain by
dimming the electric lighting zone. Enter a target illuminance at either a
nighttime or daytime condition to establish this signal, then select UPDATE
[2] and SAVE [3]. If you want the system to turn off the controlled zone
after reaching the minimum dimming level, click the OFF CONDITION box
[4].
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This is the input window for an OPEN‐LOOP SWITCHING control algorithm.
Open‐loop control should have no electric light contribution to the
photosensor signal. The difference between the OFF and ON signal, known
as the dead band, can therefore be relatively small. Enter values for the
OFF and ON signal [1], and the desired TARGET ILLUMINANCE [2] to apply
for comparison to an optimal control condition, then select UPDATE [3] and
SAVE [4].
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This is the input window for the CLOSED‐LOOP SWITCHING control
algorithm. The difference between the ON and OFF signal (the dead
band) must be greater than the signal from the switched zone to avoid
oscillations in switching control. Enter the ON signal and OFF signal [1],
then select UPDATE [2] and SAVE [3]. The target illuminance [4] is used
to establish an “optimum” control condition that exactly meets the target
value at all times for comparison to the system’s actual performance.
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Threshold illumination, which can be accessed from the ANALYSIS pull down menu,
addresses the performance of the control system over the entire year relative to a
single target illuminance value is applied at each point [1]. The fraction of time that
the combination of daylight and electric light is either above or below a specified
target value, indicated by either < or > [2], is computed and graphed for all work
plane analysis points. Since this analysis is for an operating control system, it can only
be applied following calibration and processing of a lighting control photosensor and
algorithm. Only those times of the year with an occupancy value of 0.5 (50%) or
higher are included in this analysis.
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The general performance and the energy savings provided by the photosensor
control system can be analyzed by selecting ANALYSIS, then GRAPHS, then
either TIME PLOT, HISTOGRAM, or PHOTOSENSOR SIGNAL VS DIMMING LEVEL
[1]. For the time plot and histogram, you will be asked to select a date and
start time for these graphs.
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The TIME PLOT graphs show the total illuminance provided by the photosensor
system compared to the illuminance under optimum control (the dimming level
that meets the target illuminance whenever possible). You can change the
length of the plot from a single day to a week under the LENGTH pull‐down
menu [1]. Any longer time period is generally not useful due to the limited size
of the graph. Note that the time interval between points on the graph can be
changed using the INTERVAL pull‐down menu [2]. In addition, the data graphed
can be changed from the critical point to the average illuminance across the
entire calculation grid [3]. To display a single day of data, move the TIME to
1:00:00 AM [4], otherwise the graph will start in the middle of a day. Note that
above the target Illuminance, if both the optimum and algorithm set the electric
light to minimum or off, the illuminance provided by the algorithm will exactly
coincide with the optimum. Differences will appear when the dimming level is
between the maximum and minimum output. 42
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The HISTOGRAM output contains bins of data for the total light provided at
the critical point from the control algorithm (blue) compared to a system
that provides optimal control (green) in maintaining the target illuminance
at the critical point. In addition to illuminance, the data plotted may be
shown as dimming level or lighting power values [1]. When illuminance is
plotted, the illuminance at the critical point or the average of all points may
be plotted [2]. The length of this study may be selected by the user to
include either a day, week, month or year [3] with the start point being the
date and time entered at the top of the screen [4]. Click on the UPDATE
button [5] to refresh the results after changing the settings. In spaces with
high daylight conditions that set the dimming level to minimum a large
fraction of the time, the two conditions will show very similar performance.
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This graph shows data for the DIMMING LEVEL plotted over an entire week. You can
change the data that are plotted from ILLUMINANCE to DIMMING LEVEL or POWER
INPUT under the DATA menu [1]. Poor performance is likely to occur at daylight
conditions that require a level of dimming above the minimum.
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If the Energy Table button is selected [1], DAYSIM will compute the energy savings
over the entire year, month by month. Energy consumption is listed separately for
the controlled zone and the entire room (see tabs [2]). The base case incorporates no
lighting control. The optimal case dims or switches to maintain the target illuminance
at the critical point with minimal energy consumption, while the algorithm case
applies the photosensor signal processed through the calibrated control algorithm at
every time period. The percent occupancy is used to weight the energy values at
every hour of the year in computing total energy in al of these cases.
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The ECONOMIC ANALYSIS button [1] permits the user to compute the simple payback
period and rate of return for the control system. This analysis is based on the first
cost of the control system [2], energy costs [3], and a demand charge [4], if
applicable. The peak demand reduction is assumed to be the average of the largest
five demand load reductions at the peak demand hour [5] for each month of the year.
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General Tips and known problems:
1) Do not import any files from the DAYSIM folders that are stored within your
project folder (occ, rad, res, etc.). This may cause the system to attempt to copy a
file onto itself, which will destroy the file.
2) Close DAYSIM and restart DAYSIM before moving to another input file.
3) If errors occur in the building input files, you will likely see an error message.
Errors in the shade files, however, may cause a simulation to halt with no error
message. It may be possible to catch an error message by running the simulation
batch file from a command prompt.
4) To recalculate the electric lighting, it may be necessary to first re‐enter one of the
luminaire locations in the luminaire layout table, then resave the layout, prior to
rerunning the simulation.
5) Calibration must be performed at a daylight condition that requires a level of
dimming above the minimum.
6) It is best to place each project (.hea file) within a unique folder, but not required.
7) If the program appears to get stuck, check the Windows Task Manager to see if a
Radiance program or Java program is still consuming significant resources. Some
simulations take significant time to run to completion.
8) It should be possible to copy an entire folder to a folder of another name to
duplicate a project that you wish to modify. Spaces are not permitted in folder
and file names.
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