WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

CHAPTER 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM (ANSWER)

Activity 1 (refer text book pg 11, 12,)

1. tiny, discrete
2. molecules, ions
3. smallest, take part
4. atoms, chemically
5. positively-charged
6. in
7. gas, liquid, solid, movement, different arrangement
8. absorbed, released
Activity 2 (refer text book pg 13,14,15)
1.
State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Draw the particles

arrangement

The particles are The particles are less The particles are further
Particles packed closely closely packed but not apart from each other.
arrangement together in an orderly in orderly
manner arrangement
Particles can only Particles can vibrate, Particles can vibrate,
Particles movement vibrate and rotate rotate and move rotate and move freely
about their fix throughout the liquid
positions.
Attractive forces Particles are Particles are attracted The attraction forces
between the attracted by very by moderately strong between particles are
particles strong forces. forces. weak forces
Energy content of Very low energy Moderately high Very high energy
particles energy.

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WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

2. When heat energy is supplied to particles in matter, its kinetic energy (increase/decrease) and
the particles in matter vibrate ( faster/ slower) When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic
energy of the particles (increase/decrease) and they vibrate ( faster/ slower).

3. A : Melting B : Boiling/ Evaporating C : Freezing

D : Condensation E : Sublimation F : Sublimation

4. (a) solid, melting point

(b) liquid, gas, absorbed, overcome, intermolecular

(c) Explanation on the heating process of matter

Point States of matter Explanation

A to B Solid Heating causes the particles to absorb
more energy and vibrate faster. The
temperature of the substance and the
kinetic energy increases.

B to C Solid and liquid Continuous heating does not cause the

temperature of the substance to increase.
The energy absorbed is used to overcome
the forces of attraction between the
particles. The constant temperature is
called the melting point.

C to D Liquid Continuous heating causes the

temperature of the liquid to increase. The
particles move faster because their kinetic
energy is increasing.

5. (a) Explanation on the cooling process of matter

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WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

Point State of matter Explanation

P to Q Liquid As cooling continues, particles lose more
kinetic energy, move slower and the
temperature decreases.

Q to R Liquid and solid The stronger bonds formed during freezing

release energy. This energy released is the
same as the energy lost to the surroundings
during cooling. Thus the temperature
remains unchanged. This constant
temperature is called freezing point

R to S Solid The temperature decreases as cooling

continues

(b) liquid, solid, exactly balanced,

Activity 3 (refer text book pg 16, 17,)

The Historical Development Of Atomic Models

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

1. Complete all the blanks and draw the structure of each atomic model.

Model Structure Characteristic

(Refer text book pg 16,17)

Dalton’s atomic model The atom was imagined as a small

(proposed by John indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball.
Dalton in 1805 )

J.J Thomson discovered the electrons, a

Thomson’s atomic negatively-charged particle.
model The atom was describe as a sphere of
(proposed by J.J positive charge embedded with electrons.
Thomson in 1897 )

Ernest Rutherford discovered proton, a

Rutherford’s atomic positively-charged particle in an atom.
model The central region of atom has a very small
(proposed by Ernest positively-charged particles, which contains
Rutherford in 1911 ) almost all the mass of the atom.

The electrons in an atom move in shells

Bohr’s atomic model around the nucleus which contains protons.
(proposed by Neils
Bohr in 1913 )

Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons,

Chadwick’s atomic the neutral particle in the nucleus.
model (proposed by The nucleus of the atom contains protons &
James Chadwick neutrons, and the nucleus is surrounded by
in 1932 .) electrons.

Activity 4
1. neutrons, electrons

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WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

2. protons, neutrons, electrons

Subatomic particle Symbol Relative mass Relative electric

charge
Proton p 1 +1

Neutron n 1 0

Electron e 1/1840 -1

3. protons

4. protons, neutrons

5. The nucleon number is also known as the mass number.

NUMBER OF NEUTRON = NUCLEON NUMBER -- PROTON NUMBER

= A - Z

Symbols Of Elements
The standard representation for an atom of any element shows the proton number and the
nucleon number of the element. It can be written as follows:

A
Z X
# A – Nucleon number
Z – proton number
X – symbol of element
1 21 Proton number 2
H Sc Nucleon number He
1 45 4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40

19 20 21
K Ca Sc
39 40 45

6. Consider part of the periodic table of the element above and complete the table below.

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WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

Element Symbol Proton No. of Nucleon No. of Standard

number neutrons number electrons representation
Scandium Sc 21 24 45 21
Aluminium Al 13 14 27 13
Argon Ar 18 22 40 18
Beryllium Be 4 5 9 4
Boron B 5 6 11 5
Calcium Ca 20 20 40 20
Carbon C 6 6 12 6
Chlorine Cl 17 18 35 17 35
17 Cl
Fluorine F 9 10 19 9
Helium He 2 2 4 2
Hydrogen H 1 0 1 1
Lithium Li 3 4 7 3
Magnesium Mg 12 12 24 12
Neon Ne 10 10 20 10
Nitrogen N 7 7 14 7
Oxygen O 6 10 16 6 16
8 O
Phosphorus P 15 16 31 15
Potassium K 19 20 39 19

Activity 5 ( refer text book pg 20)

1. same number, different number

2.

Element Number of Symbol of Number of Number of Number of Name of

isotopes isotopes protons electrons neutrons isotopes
1
1 H 1 1 0 Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen 3
1 1 1 Hydrogen-2

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

1 1 2 Hydrogen-3

16
8 O 8 8 8 Oxygen-16
Oxygen 3
8 8 9 Oxygen-17
18
8 O 8 8 10 Oxygen-18
6 6 6 Carbon-12
Carbon 3 6 6 7 Carbon-13
14
6 C 6 6 8 Carbon-14
Chlorine 2 35
17 Cl 17 17 18 Chlorine-35
17 17 20 Chlorine-37
Bromine 2 35 35 45 Bromine-80
35 35 46 Bromine-81

3. Uses of isotopes in our daily lives (refer text book pg 21)

a. Gamma rays of Cobalt-60 : to treat cancer

b. Carbon-14 : to estimate the age of bone/ artifacts

c. Phosphorus-32 : to treat skin cancer/ to study the metabolism of phosphorus by plants

d. Sodium- 24 : to detect the leakages of underground pipes

e. Iodin -131 : to treat thyroid patients/ to diagnose thyroid glands

Activity 6

1. 2,8,8

2.

23 Number of proton 11
Number of electron 11
Na Number of neutrons 12
11 Proton number 11
Nucleon number 23
Electron arrangement 2.8.1

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 WAJA F4 Chemistry Chapter 2 : The Structure of Atom

x 3. the outermost occupied

x

4.
Atom of Elements Electron Arrangement Number of valance electron
Oxygen 2.6 6
Aluminium 2.8.3 3
Chlorine 2.8.7 7
Neon 2.8 8
Pottasium 2.8.8.1 1
magnesium 2.8.2 2