Thermodynamics Lecture 6 (Jul 27) convective heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2 K.

How
Theory of Heat much energy can be removed during 15 minutes of
Work and Heat are both energy transfers, but a clear operation? (Conv)
4. A log of burning wood in the fireplace has a surface
understanding of their definitions and distinction is
temperature of 450◦C. Assume that the emissivity is 1 (a
necessary for correct analysis of thermodynamic
perfect black body) and find the radiant emission of energy
problems. per unit surface area. (Rad)
What is Heat?
Where does heat come from? Energy Balance:
What are the units of heat? PE1 + KE1 + U1 + p1V1 + Q = PE2 + KE2 + U2 + p2V2 + W
What is time rate of heat? PE1 + KE1 + H1 + Q = PE2 + KE2 + H2 +W
HEAT is defined as the form of energy that is transferred across Problems:
the boundary of a system at a given temperature to another 1. During a reversible process executed by a non-flow system,
system (or the surroundings) at a lower temperature by virtue of the pressure increases from 344.74 kPaa to 1378.96 kPaa in
the temperature difference between the two systems accordance with pV=C; and the internal energy increases
22,577 J; the initial volume is V1=85l. Find the heat.
(Figure: Hot block of copper placed in a bucket of warm water) (ANS. -18,045 J)
HEAT cannot be contained, it can only be observed when it 2. A steady-state, steady flow thermodynamic system receives
crosses a boundary, and this means HEAT is a transient 100 lb/min of a fluid at 30 psia and 200F and discharges it
phenomenon. from a point 80ft above the entrance section at 150 psia and
600F. the fluid enters with a velocity of 7200 fpm and
Unit for heat is Joules (SI) and Btu (English) leaves with a velocity of 2400 fpm. During the process,
1 J = 1 Nm there are supplied 25,000 Btu/hr of heat from an external
Power is the rate of heat transfer per unit time, unit is Watts source, and the increase in enthalpy is 2.0 Btu/lb.
1 W = 1 J/s (SI) Determine the work done in hp. (ANS. 5.48 hp)
1 Btu/s = 1.055 kW (English) (1 Btu = 778 ft-lbf)  energy units
1 hp = 0.746 kW = 550 ft-lb/s (English) (1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s)  power units
(1 hp = 2544 Btu/hr)  power units
HEAT transfer modes
dT 3. 4 kg/s of fluid enters a device with an initial pressure of 700
Conduction: Q  kA
dx kPa, initial velocity of 70 m/s and initial fluid density of 3.0
kg/m3. The fluid leaves the device at 182 kPa, 150 m/s and
Convection: Q  hAT
0.80 kg/m3. The heat loss from the device is 19 kJ/kg and
Radiation: Q   ATs4 the work done by the fluid is 232 kW. Determine the
change in internal energy, in kJ/kg.
Where   5.67  10 8 W  Boltzmann’s constant (ANS. u = -79.97 kJ/kg)
m2  K 4

Comparison of heat and work:
1. Heat and work are both transient phenomena. Systems
never possess heat or work, but either or both cross the
system boundary when a system undergoes a change of
state.
2. Both heat and work are boundary phenomena. Both are
observed only at the boundary of the system, and both
represent energy crossing the boundary.
4. A fluid enters an apparatus at 480 ft/sec, initially, the
pressure of the fluid is 120 psia, the specific volume of 5
ft3/lbm and the internal energy is 383 Btu/lbm. The fluid
leaves the apparatus at 25 psia, specific volume of 18
ft3/lbm, an exit velocity of 1200 ft/s and internal energy of
120 Btu/lbm. The heat radiation loss is 10 Btu/lbm.
Determine the work steady flow, W.
(ANS. 256.62 Btu/lbm)

Problems:
1. Find the rate of conduction heat transfer through a 1.5-cm-
thick hardwood board, k = 0.16 W/m K, with a temperature
difference between the two sides of 20degC. (Cond)
2. A water heater is covered with insulation boards over a total
surface area of 3 m2. The inside board surface is at 75degC,
the outside surface is at 18degC, and the board material has
a conductivity of 0.08 W/m K. How thick should the board
be to limit the heat transfer loss to 200 W? (Cond)
3. The black grille on the back of a refrigerator has a surface
temperature of 35◦C with a total surface area of 1 m2. Heat  
transfer to the room air at 20◦C takes place with an average