Proceedings of

2000 International Joint Power Generation Conference

Proceedings of IJPG:
InternationalMiami
JointBeach,
Power Florida, JulyConference
Generation 23-26, 2000
July 23 - July 26, 2000 - Miami, Florida

IJPGC2000-15034

Paper Number ###

FOSTER WHEELER ENERGY INTERNATIONAL
FOSTER WHEELER LIMITED, SPECIAL PRODUCTS DIVISION

HOW EXPERIENCE AND DESIGN CAN IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF

CONDENSER STEAM DUMPS
Christopher P. Barszcz
John R. Presley P.Eng.
Foster Wheeler Limited
509 Glendale Ave. E.
Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario
LOS 1J0

ABSTRACT steam bypass system be discussed. It should be noted that the

Not too long ago, condenser "steam dumps", or more
correctly "turbine by-pass systems", were non-standard items,
only occasionally supplied Today, steam dumps are required
for most new condenser projects. Due to the potential for
serious damage to the condenser and other equipment by a
poor quality steam dump, it is essential that good design
principles be incorporated at the earliest stage of the project.
The following information, based on specific feedback from test
work and operating units, ensures the highest possible
reliability and performance.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Early in their history condensers were identified as an ideal
location to return steam, drains and vents back into the overall
cycle. As plants designers were asked to become more space
conscious to improve cost effectiveness condenser designers
were forced to include internal provisions for equipment such
as feedwater heaters and bled steam piping. In conjunction with
this the condenser was determined to be the best location to
dump Emergency and By-pass system flows. Other literature (
[1] Surface Allotment for Surface Condensers- W. Bow) has
tried to promote the need to maintain proper space within the
condenser so that steam can be effectively distributed and
condensed while maintaining acceptable velocities around tube
bundles. Velocity limits are important in preventing erosion
and excessive tube vibration. Unfortunately the pressure for
reducing space requirements has not lessened and this
combined with changes in technology like the introduction of
Combined Cycle Power systems has resulted in greater
challenges for the condenser designer. With space becoming
more of a premium outside and inside the condenser it is
important that guidelines for the design, and operation of the
design of a proper steam dump system is not solely the
responsibility of the condenser designer but includes proper
external system design as well as proper operation and
maintenance of several systems affecting the condenser.
Although it is understood that proper location and
distribution of all types of flows including flashing drains and
make-up is also very important, we are only addressing the
Steam By-pass flows here. Flows, which enter the condenser as
flashing liquid or cold liquid, require a different set of
guidelines. Discussion of industry experience and previous
study on these types of flows is left for future works.
2.0 INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE
2.1 First Experience
FWL experience with steam dump systems started in 1957
with a condenser supplied for US marine service. A sketch of
the condenser, steam dump and the steam dump cross section is
shown in Figure 1.
This condenser had a surface of 3,200 sq.ft, and was
capable of accepting 120,000 lb/hr of dumped steam (365
psig/437 F) through a single 5" connection located in the
exhaust neck. It is noted that the steam dump flow is 101% of
the normal turbine flow, and the space into which the steam is
discharged is quite small, due to the restricted space available
on a marine vessel.
Due to the need for the highest possible reliability, full
scale testing was undertaken. These tests included the steam
velocity profile, temperature profile and tube vibration
characteristics. The results of these tests, which are shown in
Figure 2, demonstrated the adequacy of the design,
subsequently verified by satisfactory performance.

Copyright © #### by ASME

1 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
 CONDENSER WITH
100 % S T E A M D U M P
MARINE VESSEL PROGRAM ... 1 9 5 9

TURBINE EXHAUST
TURBINE

DISCHARGEHEADER TUBE BANK

FIGURE 1 - Steam Dump First Experience in a Marine Condenser

Copyright © #### by ASME

2 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
 FULL-SCALE STEAM DUMP
T E S T RESULTS ... 1959

V E L O C I T Y PROFILE
DISCHARGE
HEADER
~368.8-435.8 M/S) (292.6 M/S) (60.9-228.6 M/S)
\ t210-1430 FT/S 960 FTIS 200-750 FT/S
• ..... " *

41" DUMP
- -. ' ~,,,.
,b/--." (355.6 rnm) (584.2 mm) (584.2 mm)

~ I N -~14"MAX. (91.4-164.5 M/S)

(127 mm MIN.- 355.6mm MAX,) NEG. NEG. 300-540 FTIS
!
! i
I
I l

T E M P E R A T U R E PROFILE TUBEBANK

345~-365 ° F
.8~-184.9° C) , ~ 330" F
425 ° F (165.5 ° C)
(218"3°
STEAM C)"'~, MAXIMUM

(OISC,HARGEHEADE. )
,,,, ~1 --1550-175OF
~""~ (68.30-79.4" C)

330 ° F
-,-
(105.5 ° C)
MAXIMUM
TUBE BANK (165.5 ° C)
MAXIMUM

FIGURE 2 - Model and Test Results of First Experience Steam Dump Arrangement

Copyright © #### by ASME

3 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
2.2 Expanded Service Requirements
This first generation steam dump was developed for one
specific service requirement, which was to allow the steam
turbine to be by-passed on a short term, emergency basis (until
the source could be stopped). In the following years, other
reasons for using a condenser steam dump became apparent.
The following is a list of the "Expanded Service
Requirements":
Emergency only: Characterised by a short duration for each
occurrence and a short cumulative operating time.
Hot Start Service: For this application, the steam dump would
be used to allow matching of the turbine temperature and the
superheater outlet steam temperature. For a unit in "peaking"
service, this could occur daily.
Extended Operation:
1) For some nuclear reactor units, the steam dump may
experience extended operation as the reactor may be held in
operation at relatively high load (to prevent reactor
"poisoning") while the steam turbine is being by-passed.
2) For co-generation plants, the gas turbine may continue
operation while the steam turbine is not in service. In this case,
the steam output from the HRSG may be directed to the
condenser via the steam dump and the steam quantity and
duration may be very high.
2.3 S u b s e q u e n t Industry Experience
As the number of condensers with steam dumps increased, the
industry began to see occasional problems. These problems fell
into one of the following categories:
• Mechanical failure of the internal dump pipes due to high
stresses caused by improper design of the perforations in
the dump pipe, the thermal expansion provisions or the
mechanical supports,
• Erosion of the condenser internals, including tubes and
structural components, due to poor selection of the
discharge location and/or inadequate internal provisions,
• Tube damage through impingement from the discharged
steam due to improperly directed or located dump lines,
• Overheating of the condenser internals due to improperly
conditioned steam and/or improper condenser operation
during steam bypass,
• Mechanical damage to the condenser and dump pipes due
to "water hammer" from improperly drained upstream
pipes,
• Damage to the steam turbine caused by impingement from
improperly directed steam.
The following are three typical cases, together with the
associated design recommendations arising from the situation.
2.3.1 C a s e 1
Unit 1 of this 250 MW nuclear station has a 200,000 sq ft
surface condenser with a hotwell discharge steam dump. First
4 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
operation occurred in 1971 and not long after it was noted that
severe general erosion in the hotwell area was evident.
This steam dump discharges 3,410,000 lb/hr of steam at
390 F (1200 btu/lb) and 200 psig. The steam quantity
diminishes from the initial 3,410,000 lb/hr (194% of normal
turbine discharge) to 1,550,000 lb/hr (88% of normal turbine
discharge) in 4 minutes. See Figure 3 for the general
arrangement of the steam dump.
The 24" diameter steam dump connection is located at one
end of the shell, slightly above the hotwell elevation. Inside the
condenser, the steam dump consists of a 24" diameter x 3/8"
thick carbon steel pipe with nine integral 42" o/d x 3/8" thick
stainless steel shrouds evenly spaced over the full length of the
hotwell.
The erosion, due to the entrainment of the water dripping
into the hotwell, was evident on the stainless steel tubes at the
bottom of the tube bundles as well as on the carbon steel
structural members and plates. The pattern of erosion showed
that the maximum damage occurred on surfaces at right angles
to the steam flow whereas those surfaces parallel to the steam
flow were not eroded at all. Also, the erosion pattern very close
to the distribution header discharge showed that the steam
expands at a very wide angle (i.e. 90 degrees included angle)
after release from the discharge header. See Figure 4 for
details.
Changes were made to the condenser to protect vulnerable
components from erosion (i.e. installation of impingement
plates and "dummy" pipes under the tubes).
The recommendation from this example were:
• High volume steam release in the hotweU area should be
avoided.
• Avoid steam discharge at right angles to the tube length to
eliminate the potential for erosion and tube vibration.
2.3.2 Case 2
This 533,646 sq ft, triple shell condenser serves a 680 MW
nuclear station. The steam dump consists of 4 x 18" diameter
connections in each shell located in the hotwell.
The steam dump was designed for a total steam quantity of
7,138,000 lb/hr at 1,204 btu/lb (422 F)/315 psia. This steam
flow represents 143% of the 100% maximum continuous rating
(MCR) flow from the steam turbine.
The 18" diameter pipes enter on each side of the hotwell
(two each side), pass below the tubes and then make a 90
degree turn upward into the centre steam lane, terminating
approximately 5ft above the tube nest. The steam discharges
into the centre steam lane between the two tube banks via two
rows of 1 1/8" diameter holes at 2" pitch. There is a single row
of holes on each side of the pipe and the steam discharges
parallel to the tube length. See Figure 5 for the general
arrangement.
Above the tube bank, the steam discharges through four
rows of 3/4" diameter holes. Each row has 27 holes spaced
equally around the circumference of the pipe.
Copyright © #### by ASME
 During the commissioning phase, the steam dump pipes
inside the condenser, as well as the condenser itself, were badly
damaged due to a "water hammer" effect following the opening
of the by-pass valves. Subsequent inspection revealed that the
hotwell bottom plate had been split for a length of
approximately 18" at one of the steam dump pipe support
points. The upward movement of the pipe had also damaged
some of the tubes and internal bracing. The steam dump pipe
itself did not fail.
The water in the pipe was believed to be either due to
inadequate drainage upstream of the steam by-pass valve or
ingress from the hotwell via a drain hole in the steam dump
pipe due to abnormally high hotweli level. Although never
confirmed, the plant personnel believed that the latter
explanation was the most likely as abnormally high hotweli
levels had been observed and the distance between the high
water level HWL and the bottom of the pipe was only 4".
The recommendations concluded from this example are:
• Avoid hotwell entry points whenever possible, thereby
eliminating a pipe loop which can trap water.
• If the steam dump connection must be located in the
hotwell, ensure that there is adequate clearance between
the bottom of the steam dump pipe and the hotwell water
level. This is particularly important for multi-shell
condensers where drains into one shell may have to flow
into the other shell via a cross-over pipe.
2.3.3 Case 3
This condenser was a 125,000 sq.ft, two-pass Titanium
Tube unit which received 540,000 lb/hr of steam at 215 psi(a)
and 426 F (1225 Btu/lb). The steam was distributed through
two 16" Steam dump pipes each with three 30 .... cans" similar
to the design shown in case 1 (figure 4). The lines were located
in the upper exhaust neck with lines running parallel to the flow
and discharging perpendicular to the bundle axis. It was noticed
after some initial period of operation that a few of the top tubes
of the bundle sheared mid-span between supports near below
the first can. At some point in the investigation two items of
operational significance were noted. It was suggested that the
possibility existed that steam may have been introduced into
the condenser without desuperheating. In addition it was noted
that tubes in the top of the condenser bundle were running dry
at certain times during operation. At this point a tube section
analysis and a vibration analysis examining the possibility of
damage due to flow induced fluid elastic instability were
performed. The conclusion of the tube analysis was that the
tube sheared due to some type of overload with evidence of
high temperatures involved. Although evidence of fatigue was
not present, it was not ruled out. The follow up tube vibration
analysis determined that under normal Steam Dump operation
the calculated tube vibration was well within safe limits. It was
proposed that due to lack of water in the tubes during steam
dump operation the empty tubes expanded to a much greater
5 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
degree than the rest of the bundle imposing abnormal bending
stresses on the empty tubes. This combined with the greatly
reduced structural properties at extreme temperatures resulted
in failure with the same fluid forces.
The emphasis or recommendation from this example being:
• Proper monitoring of water level in condenser waterboxes
is critical to avoid overheating during steam by-pass
operation.
3.0 DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES
The design concepts developed for the marine program,
together with subsequent experience with other applications,
became the framework for Foster Wheeler's steam dump
design guidelines. The discussion of the development of these
guidelines begins with Detailed Analyses, and is followed by
General Guidelines and Operational Guidelines.
3.1 Detailed Analyses
It is important for two reasons to discuss the detailed
analyses that are available to the by-pass system designer.
Firstly, many of the general guidelines listed in the next section
were supported by detailed analysis and secondly a detailed
analysis may be necessary when given design parameters for
the by-pass system fall outside of the general guidelines.
The following is a brief overview of three aspects of
detailed analyses, which are available.
3.1.1 Vibration Analysis. Much work has been done over the
years regarding vibration of tubes in heat exchangers. The Heat
Exchange Institute (HEI) Standards for Steam Surface
Condensers [2] provides a simplified method which is based on
forces due to turbine exhaust flows at sonic velocities. This
only examines an allowable deflection in the tube due to the
force imposed on it. Other more detailed analyses are available
(Pettigrew [3], (Eisinger[4], Connors, H.J.[5]) which examines
tube natural frequency with respect to vortex shedding, fluid
elastic instability, and random turbulent forces. The computer
analyses have become extremely effective in predicting
damaging vibration however the one key to all these analyses is
the initial velocity distribution model. Steam distribution has to
be modeled and input into these programs. In the design of
condensers, steam distribution is extremely complex and
typically requires a number of conservative assumptions to
simplify the model.
Copyright © #### by ASME
 F I E L D E X P E R I E N C E ... 1971 FIELD E X P E R I E N C E ,.. 1982
HOTWELL ENTRY WITH HOTWELL ENTRY WITH
HOTWELL DISCHARGE EXHAUST NECK & CENTER LANE DISCHARGE

STEAM DISCHARGESAT 50 % DISCHARGEDINTO

RIGHT ANGLES TO TUBES EXHAUSTNECK &
50 % DISCHARGEDINTO
CENTER LANE

FADER

JNDLE

STEAM DUMP ARGES

100 % DISCHARGE HEADER TUBES
INTO L. . . . . . . .
FLEXIBLE SUPPORT DRAIN HOLES

F I G U R E 3 - First C a s e S t e a m Discharge in Hotwell FIGURE 5 - Second Case Center Steam Lane Discharge

F I E L D E X P E R I E N C E ... 1971
HOTWELL ENTRY WITH TYPICAL EXHAUST NECK
HOTWELL DISCHARGE PROTECTION SPRAY

DUMP
HEADER

HOTVVEL~

(3/8" (10 f ~E

CONDENSATE PUMP
DISCHARGE

~ ~ ~ ........... / STEAMDUMP
42" 4
(3/8" (10 r

FIGURE 4 - First C a s e Showing Erosion Pattern F I G U R E 6 - E x h a u s t N e c k Fog Spray S y s t e m

Copyright © #### by ASME

6 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
3.1.2 Stress Analysis. Two applications where a detailed
stress analysis can be utilised is for the design of by-pass piping
runs and checking bending stresses in condenser shell plate,
where the by-pass lines enter the condenser.
A computer generated piping analysis would be one type
of detailed analysis which is used to generate a table of forces
and loads imposed by thermal and pressure related forces
through piping and onto supports as well as onto the condenser
shell. This type of analysis should always be performed by the
designer of the piping outside of the condenser. The results are
compared with forces and moments tables provided by the
condenser manufacturer that list the maximum X, Y and Z
forces and moments allowed on the condenser shell.
Typically the classical structural analysis (Roark's
Formulas for Stress and Strain [6] for example) would be
performed to check the adequacy of added stiffening required
around connections where the forces and moment guidelines
provided by the condenser manufacturer are exceeded.
3.1.3 Jet Stream Analysis Effectively when the bypass flow
exits the distribution header orifices into the condenser the
resulting flow is a sonic jet expanding into a vacuum.
Dissipation of the velocity and momentum of this flow was
described earlier in the "First Experience" test where the first
general guidelines for safe distances and velocities away from
the discharge header were established.
Further analytical models have been established on the
properties of jet flow in a vacuum. Based on this research
Fowler [7] suggested safe distance for critical internal
components from the source of this bypass jet flow. These
formulations along with almost half a century of practical
experience have been used to develop the general guidelines
discussed below.
3.2 General Desi.qn Guidelines and Considerations
The general design guidelines and considerations provided in
the following discussion are based on the operational
experience and detailed analyses completed on a number of
previous installations. Although these items cover the
significant major items they do not cover all aspects of steam
dump design.
Undoubtedly, the most important design consideration in a by-
pass system design are the limits imposed on the flow
conditions at the connection to the condenser (listed below).
Flow energy must be reduced through steam conditioning
valves to safe levels before entering the condenser Admitting
flows with excessive temperatures and pressures runs the risk
of overheating and damaging both condenser and LP turbine
internals. (Some of these guidelines are also be found listed in
HEI for Steam Surface condensers). It should be noted however
that more is not always better as in the case of conditioning.
When reducing the steam pressure and enthalpy the designer
7 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
needs to be careful not to provide wet steam to the condenser
which can result in deleterious erosion to condenser internals.
In addition to limits on flow enthalpies and pressures the
amount of flow in each line should also be limited. When flows
quantities are too large header diameters become
unmanageable.
Located down stream of the conditioning valve and within
the condenser is a second stage of desuperheating which
reduces the steam to saturated levels. This is a curtain or fog
spray that is located between the internal distribution header in
the condenser and the turbine connection. The fog spray
provides protection from overheating to condenser internals
such as expansion joints, as well as inhibiting high temperature
from detrimentally effecting turbine internals. (See figure 6.0)
When designing fog sprays adequate distance from the spray to
the header is required to allow even mixing and avoid water
droplet erosion.
Some of the other considerations mentioned below are
protection for thermal and mechanical stresses on the
connection point to the condenser. Limits on stress and
temperature should be followed, avoiding cracking of
components due to excessive stress levels.
Orifice design in the condenser distribution header is also
critical The condenser manufacturer, through years of
experience has developed orifice sizing criteria that will keep
the back-pressure in the by-pass line at the required levels. One
aspect of the design that is sometimes lost in overall system
design is the fact that the design of the final distribution header
within the condenser is based on a single condition point.
Therefore the plant designer must work with the bypass-
designer and provide the one case for design that will work
over the range of conditions the bypass line will see. Another
aspect of orifice design is the type of discharge. Based on the
pressure the designer can provide either a single or multi-
pressure reduction design. The single pressure reduction would
be a perforated pipe. A multi-pressure reduction design would
be a perforated pipe with an external shroud. A final aspect of
the orifice design encompasses structural considerations. Based
on experience the designer has developed limits on hole size
and ligament spacing to prevent structural damage due to stress
intensity caused by the holes or slots in the pipe which must be
followed.
When laying out the piping both inside and outside of the
condenser consideration must be made of low points where
condensate can collect. A frequent cause of damage to the
condenser internals has been the result of slugs of water being
picked up from low points in the pipe design bending
condenser shell plates, and tearing condenser piping supports.
The f'mal aspect of the internal header design is the
distribution of the steam within the condenser and how it
interacts with the critical condenser internals. The items listed
below provide guidelines and design considerations to avoid
damaging vibration as well as damage do to the momentum of
the steam impinging on structural components.
7 Copyright © #### by ASME

The following is a list of the guidelines discussed above:
• The service condition of the stream dump should be
defined by the purchaser, i.e. emergency only; quick start
only (temperature matching); extended operation
(cogeneration plants.).
• Limit the steam inlet conditions 1200 btu/lb, 250 psia.
• The inlet steam condition should be dry saturated or
slightly superheated (approximately 50 F) to reduce wet
steam erosion.
• Provide a thermal sleeve on piping with temperatures
greater than 450 F.
• If flow quantities exceed 500,000 lb/hr add a second
connection.
• Include a fog spray within the condenser.
• For pressure up to 175 psia use holes in a single discharge
header and for higher pressure use a discharge header with
integral external shrouds (baffles).
• Check orifice sizing and hole diameter and layout are
within manufacturers established guidelines.
• Check forces and moments provided by the piping design
are within allowable limits for the condenser plate around
the connection.
• Keep pipe routing simple. Preferred routing is in the
condenser neck followed by the centre steam lane. (See
figures 7 & 8)
• Preferred flow discharge is parallel to the tubes.
• The location of the distribution pipe and arrangement of
discharge must be adequate to allow the steam velocity to
reduce from sonic at the discharge orifice to approximately
500 ft/s (@ 2 in Hg) 4 ft from the discharge point. Critical
structural internals should be a minimum of 6-8 ft from the
discharge orifice.
• Check that steam velocities in the main steam lanes and
bundle periphery are below the critical values, so that
damaging vibrations are avoided.
• The location of the inlet connection, and the internal and
external pipe routing, must be arranged to prevent any low
points, to ensure full drainage of the internal pipes and
headers.
• Check that manufacturers provided limits of forces and
moments on the condenser shell plate are not exceeded.
3.3 Operational Guidelines
Design of the desuperheat system is the first line of
defence against damage to condenser internals.
Desuperheat devises must be operating properly, flow
injection systems must be functional. Operation of the
system should be monitored and maintained. Proper design
includes providing adequate mixing distance from the
condenser.
8 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME
• Level gauges should be present at the top of the
waterboxes and should be maintained and monitored.
Waterboxes should be kept full so that overheating of top
tubes does not occur during Steam Bypass Operation. A
continuous priming system and/or air release valve may be
required to prevent air build up in the top of the waterbox.
• Cooling water should always be flowing through bundles
adjacent to steam dump to avoid overheating of the tube
bundle.
• A note on HEI Standards for Steam Surface Condensers
[2]: HEI has a section on connection guidelines which is a
good initial reference for customers and AE's who design
bypass systems and other fluid systems that are routed to
the. condenser. These basic guidelines are based largely on
manufacturer's experiences with steam dump design as are
described in this paper.
4.0 SUMMARY
As was shown in the above cases and discussions the
successful bypass design involves the examination of a number
of parameters from flow conditions to steam distribution as
well as structural considerations. It also points out that the
design requires co-ordination at various phases in the project
between plant designers, system designers and condenser
designers.
The general guidelines and operational guidelines provided
here are based on years of valuable experience form the basis
for most turbine steam turbine bypass distribution system
design. Detailed analysis is available for cases that cannot meet
the standard guidelines as well as checking and developing
general guidelines.
As plants become more complex and designers are forced
to provide cost effective arrangements additional pressure is
placed on condenser manufacturers to accept higher and more
aggressive flows into their equipment. The experiences and
design philosophies discussed in this paper provide the
condenser designer, the plant designer and operators guidelines
which result in a safe and reliable Steam turbine system for
today's plant requirements.
Copyright © #### by ASME
 REFERENCES:
TYPICALSTEAM DUMP
EXHAUST NECK ENTRY WITH 1. Bow, W.J. (Foster Wheeler), "Space Allotment for Surface
EXHAUST NECK DISCHARGE
Condensers" Presented at EPRI Condenser Symposium,
Orlando Florida June 7-9, 1983 10 pgs.
2. Heat Exchange Institute, Inc. "Standards for Steam Surface
100 % DISCHARGED Condensers" Ninth Edition, by Heat Exchange Institute
INTO EXHAUST NECK
STEAM DUMP /
1995.
3. Pettigrew, M. (AECL), "Fluid Elastic Instability of Heat
|[ ~ ~ ~ STEAM DISCHARGES
Exchanger Tube Bundles: Review and Design
Recommendations" Journal of Pressure Vessel
Technology Transactions of ASME, May 1991, Vol. 113
p.242-256
4. Eisinger, F. (Foster Wheeler), Prevention and Cure of Flow
induced Vibration Problems in Tubular Heat Exchnagers"
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology Transactions of
ASME, May 1980, Vol. 102 p.138-145
I ~ ~ ; _ 2 N - ~ ..-a~ ! 5. Connors, H. J., "Fluid Elastic Vibration of Tube Arrays
Excited by Crossflow," Flow-Induced Vibrations in Heat
Excchangers, ASME-WAM New York, 1970 p.42-56
TUBE BUNDLE ~" %DRAIN HOLE
6. Young, Warren C. "Roark's Formulas for Stress and
Strain" Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1989.
FLEXIBLE SUPPORT 7. Fowler, J.E. (General Electric) "Factors Affecting the
Design of Turbine - Condenser Connections", Journal of
Engineering for Power, July 1977 p.429-436.
FIGURE 7 - Exhaust Neck Entry

TYPICAL STEAM DUMP

EXHAUST NECK & CENTER LANE DISCHARGE

50 oV~DISCHARGED INTO EXHAUST NECK &

50 oVo DISCHARGED INTO CENTER LANE

STEAM DISCHARGES
TO TUBES

STEAM DUMP /
DISCHARGE HEADER

N I ARD HOLE DEMAT

OTTO
B END
OF DISCHARGE HEADER
(not shown)

FIGURE 8 -Exhaust Neck and Center Lane Discharge

Copyright © #### by ASME

9 Copyright (C) 2000 by ASME