Circulatory System

Functions:
-Transporting substances (oxygen, glucose, Carbon dioxide, nutrients, water, waste products)
-Controlling body temperature.
-Protecting the body (WBC and Antibodies)
Circulations
Pulmonary Circulation
-Deoxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary artery
-Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation
-Oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the body (cells) through the
aorta.
-Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the vena cava.
Pathway of the heart
Major parts of the heart
-Heart
-Blood Vessels
-Blood
Heart
-Size: Closed fist
-Shape: Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone. Base: Flat part opposite of end cone.
-Location: Thoracic cavity in mediastinum.
Pericardium (Heart Wall)
Three Layers of Tissue
-Epicardium: serous membrane of smooth outer surface of the heart.
-Myocardium: middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsible for heart
contracting.
-Endocardium: smooth inner surface of heart chambers.
External Anatomy
Four Chambers
-2 atria
-2 ventricles
Auricles
Major Veins
-Superior Vena Cava
-Pulmonary Veins
Major Arteries
-Aorta
-Pulmonary Trunks/Arteries
Heart Valves: Prevent blood from flowing back
Atrioventricular Semilunar
-Tricuspid -Aortic
-Bicuspid or Mitral -Pulmonary
Blood Vessels
Three types of Blood Vessels
-Artery: carries blood away from the heart
-Vein: carries blood back into the heart
-Capillary: carries blood to and from the body’s cells
Artery
-thick outer wall
-thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers
-narrow central tube (lumen)
Vein
-thin outer wall
-thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers
-wide central tube (lumen)
Capillary
-only one cell thick
Blood Vessels: Valves
Note: Veins have valves to prevent backflow
-The valves allow blood to flow in the correct direction but closes if blood starts to flow in the
wrong direction.
Blood
-the body’s means of transporting substances around
-It transports: oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients(glucose), minerals and waste
products.
Red Blood Cells
-Erythrocytes
-Disc-shaped; Made in the bone marrow
-Transport oxygen to the tissues.
-Contains a red-colored compound called HEMOGLOBIN which bonds with oxygen to form
OXYHEMOGLOBIN.
White Blood Cells
-Leukocytes
-Bigger than red blood cells
-Have large nuclei
-Act as the body’s defense system
-Some WBCs surround and consume harmful microbes
-Some produce chemicals called ANTIBODIES that fight infection.
Platelets
-Formed in red bone marrow
-Produce THROMBOKINASE: a chemical needed for blood clotting.
-Platelets help to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally.
-When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound.
Plasma
-the blood cells and platelets are suspended in this substance.
-it is made up of: 90% water; inorganic salts; glucose; antibodies; urea and other waste products;
plasma proteins.

Respiratory System
Functions:
-provides oxygen to the blood stream and removes carbon dioxide
-enables sound production or vocalization as expired air passes over the vocal chords.
-enables protective and reflexive non-breathing air movements such as coughing and sneezing, to
keep the air passages clear
-control of Acid-Base balance
-control of blood pH
Human Respiratory System
1.Nose: Air enters the body through the nostrils.
a. Contain hairs which trap dirt and foreign particles from entering the body.
b. Walls of nasal cavity are lined with mucus which also trap dirt and moistens the air.
 c. Large number of capillaries near the surface of the nostrils warm the air as it enters
the body.

2.Pharynx and Larynx

a. Air enters the Pharynx (throat) from the nasal cavity
b. The air then passes into the Larynx (voice box)
-composed of cartilage
-VOCAL CORDS: pairs of membranes stretched across larynx; their vibrations create sound
3.Trachea
a. Connects with the larynx and is covered by the epiglottis to prevent choking.
b. The Trachea is kept open by horseshoe rings of cartilage.
c. Lined with cilia and mucus which trap foreign matter
4.Bronchi and Bronchioles
a. Bronchi: 2 cartilage ringed tubes that branch off the trachea
-lined with cilia
-entrance way to the lungs
b. Bronchioles: branch off the bronchi
-divide and become smaller, thinner and less cartilage
5.Alveoli
a. Tiny air chambers at the end of the bronchioles
b. Walls are 1 cell thick and moist from mucus.
c. Surrounded by capillaries
d. Through the alveolar walls, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
6. Intercostal Muscles
-several groups of muscles that run between the ribs
-help form and move the chest wall
-mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing
-help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing
7. The Lungs
-are the primary organ of the respiratory system
-are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax)
-The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two
-The left lung is smaller to allow room for the heart

The Nasal Passages and Lungs

Air is drawn into the body via the nose or mouth. There are always advantages to breathing
through your nose:
-the air is warmed so that it is closer to body temperature
-tiny hairs and mucus in the nose filter the air, preventing larger dust and pollen particles
reaching the alveoli
-mucus moistens the air, making it easier for the alveoli to absorb.
Air then travels through the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli, where
oxygen passes into the bloodstream.